tpo1 34阅读题目解析版

TPO10-1-1原文：hasoneoftheworld'soldestcontinuouscivilizations—despiteinvasionsandoccasionalforeignrule.Acountryasvastas withsolong-lastingacivilizationhasacomplexsocialandvisualhistory,withinwhichpotteryandporcelainyamajorrole.Thefunctionandstatusofceramicsin variedfromdynastytodynasty,sotheymaybeutilitarian,burial,trade-collectors',orevenritualobjects,accordingtotheirqualityandtheerainwhichtheyweremade.Theceramicsfallintothreebroadtypes—earthenware,stoneware,andporcelain—forvessels,architecturalitemssuchasrooftiles,andmodeledobjectsandfigures.Inaddition,therewasanimportantgroupofsculpturesmadeforreligioususe,themajorityofwhichwereproducedinearthenware.Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewareswerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorth wereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewaresproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryof 'sceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewaresorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslip—aswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.TradebetweentheWestandthesettledandprosperousdynastiesintroducednewformsanddifferent.Oneofthemostfar-reachingexamplesistheimpactofthefineninth-centuryAD.porcelainwaresimportedintotheArabworld.Soadmiredwerethesepiecesthattheyencouragedthedevelopmentofearthenwaremadeinimitationofporcelainandinstigatedresearchintothemethodoftheirmanufacture.FromtheMiddleEast acquiredabluepigment—apurifiedformofcobaltoxideunobtainableatthattimein —thatcontainedonlyalowlevelofmanganese.Cobaltoresfoundinhaveahighmanganesecontent,whichproducesamoremutedblue-graycolor.Intheseventeenthcentury,thetradingactivitiesoftheDutchEastresultedinvasttiesofdecoratedporcelainbeingbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedandinfluencedtheworkofawidevarietyofwares,notablyDelft.ThethemselvesadaptedmanyspecificvesselformsfromtheWest,suchasbottleswithlongspouts,anddesignedarangeofdecorativepatternsespeciallyfortheEuropeanmarket.JustaspainteddesignsonGreekpotsmayseemtodaytobepurelydecorative,whereasinfacttheywerecarefullyandpreciselyworkedoutsothatatthetime,theirmeaningwasclear,soitiswithpots.Totwentieth-centuryeyes,potterymayappearmerelydecorative,yettothetheformofeachobjectanditsadornmenthadmeaningandsignificance.Thedragonrepresentedtheemperor,andthephoenix,theempress;thepomegranateindicatedfertility,andapairoffish,happiness;mandarinducksstoodforweddedbliss;thepinetree,peach,andcraneareemblemsoflonglife;andfishleafromwavesindicatedsuccessinthecivilserviceexaminations.OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeanings eobscuredorevenlost.Fromearlytimespotswereusedinbothreligiousandsecularcontexts.TheimperialcourtcommissionedworkandintheYuandynasty(A.D.1279-1368)animperialceramicfactorywasestablishedatJingdezhen.Potsyedanimportantpartinsomereligiousceremonies.Longandoftenlyricaldescriptionsofthedifferenttypesofwareexistthatassistinclassifyingpots,althoughthesesometimesconfuseanalreadylargeandcomplicatedpicture.Paragraph2:Thefunctionandstatusofceramicsinvariedfromdynastytodynasty,sotheymaybeutilitarian,burial,trade-collectors',orevenritualobjects,accordingtotheirqualityandtheerainwhichtheyweremade.Theceramicsfallintothreebroadtypes—earthenware,stoneware,andporcelain—forvessels,architecturalitemssuchasrooftiles,andmodeledobjectsandfigures.Inaddition,therewasanimportantgroupofsculpturesmadeforreligioususe,themajorityofwhichwereproducedinearthenware.Theword“status”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofThefunctionofceramicsremainedthesamefromdynastytoTheuseofceramicsastradeobjectsisbetteredthantheuseofceramicsasritualTherewaslittlevariationinqualityforanytypeofceramicsoverSomereligioussculpturesweremadeusingtheearthenwaretypeofParagraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewareswerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthwereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewaresproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryof'sceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewaresorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslip—aswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.Theword“evolve”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Whilestonewaresandporcelainsarefoundthroughoutmosthistoricalperiods,religioussculptureislimitedtotheancientperiod.Religioussculpturewascreatedinmostperiods,butitshistoryislessclearthanthatofstonewaresorporcelainsbecausesomeoldformstobeusedevenwhennewonesweredeveloped.Whilestonewaresandporcelainschangedthroughouthistory,religioussculptureremaineduniforminformanduse.Thehistoricaldevelopmentofreligioussculptureisrelativelyunclearbecausereligioussculpturessometimesresembleearthenwarearchitecturalornaments.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorCeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultipleEarthenwareceramicswereproducedinbeforestonewaresTheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainParagraph4:TradebetweentheWestandthesettledandprosperousdynastiesintroducednewformsanddifferent.Oneofthemostfar-reachingexamplesistheimpactofthefineninth-centuryAD.porcelainwaresimportedintotheArabworld.Soadmiredwerethesepiecesthattheyencouragedthedevelopmentofearthenwaremadeinimitationofporcelainandinstigatedresearchintothemethodoftheirmanufacture.FromtheMiddleEasttheacquiredabluepigment—apurifiedformofcobaltoxideunobtainableatthattimein—thatcontainedonlyalowlevelofmanganese.Cobaltoresfoundinhaveahighmanganesecontent,whichproducesamoremutedblue-graycolor.Intheseventeenthcentury,thetradingactivitiesoftheDutchEastresultedinvasttiesofdecoratedporcelainbeingbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedandinfluencedtheworkofawidevarietyofwares,notablyDelft.ThethemselvesadaptedmanyspecificvesselformsfromtheWest,suchasbottleswithlongspouts,anddesignedarangeofdecorativepatternsespeciallyfortheEuropeanmarket.Theword“instigate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph4,oneconsequenceofthetradeofceramicsthetransferofadistinctivebluepigmentfromtotheMiddleanimmediatechangefromearthenwareproductiontoporcelainproductioninEuropeanproductionofwaresmadefortheEuropeanmarketadecreasednumberofporcelainvesselsavailableontheEuropeanParagraph5:JustaspainteddesignsonGreekpotsmayseemtodaytobepurelydecorative,whereasinfacttheywerecarefullyandpreciselyworkedoutsothatatthetime,theirmeaningwasclear,soitiswithpots.Totwentieth-centuryeyes,potterymayappearmerelydecorative,yettothetheformofeachobjectanditsadornmenthadmeaningandsignificance.Thedragonrepresentedtheemperor,andthephoenix,theempress;thepomegranateindicatedfertility,andapairoffish,happiness;mandarinducksstoodforweddedbliss;thepinetree,peach,andcraneareemblemsoflonglife;andfishleafromwavesindicatedsuccessinthecivilserviceexaminations.OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeanings eobscuredorevenlost.Theword“whereas”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningInparagraph5,theauthorcomparesthedesignsonpotstothoseonGreekpotsinordertoemphasizethatwhilepotsweredecorative,Greekpotswerearguethatthedesignsonpotshadspecificmeaningsandwerenotjustarguethattwentieth-centuryscholarsarebetterabletounderstandthesedesignsthanwereancientscholarsexinhowscholarshaveidentifiedthemeaningofspecificimagesonWhichofthefollowingismentionedinparagraph5asbeingsymbolicallyrepresentedonceramics?rulersloveofloyallytosuccessinParagraph5suggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthedecorationsonTheyhadmoreimportanceforaristocratsthanforordinaryTheirsignificancemayhaveremainedclearhadthenotcomeunderforeignTheycontainsomeofthesameimagesthatappearonGreekTheirsignificanceisnowascleartotwentiethcenturyobserversasitwastotheearlyParagraph6:Fromearlytimespotswereusedinbothreligiousandsecularcontexts.TheimperialcourtcommissionedworkandintheYuandynasty(A.D.1279-1368)animperialceramicfactorywasestablishedatJingdezhen.Potsyedanimportantpartinsomereligiousceremonies.Longandoftenlyricaldescriptionsofthedifferenttypesofwareexistthatassistinclassifyingpots,althoughthesesometimesconfuseanalreadylargeandcomplicatedpicture.Theword“these”inthepassagerefersreligioustypesofParagraph4:TradebetweentheWestandthesettledandprosperousdynastiesintroducednewformsanddifferent.Oneofthemostfar-reachingexamplesistheimpactofthefineninth-centuryAD.porcelainwaresimportedintotheArabworld.■Soadmiredwerethesepiecesthattheyencouragedthedevelopmentofearthenwaremadeinimitationofporcelainandinstigatedresearchintothemethodoftheirmanufacture.FromtheMiddleEasttheacquiredabluepigment—apurifiedformofcobaltoxideunobtainableatthattimein—thatcontainedonlyalowlevelofmanganese.Cobaltoresfoundinhaveahighmanganesecontent,whichproducesamoremutedblue-graycolor.■Intheseventeenthcentury,thetradingactivitiesoftheDutchEastresultedinvasttiesofdecoratedporcelainbeingbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedandinfluencedtheworkofawidevarietyofwares,notablyDelft.■ThethemselvesadaptedmanyspecificvesselformsfromtheWest,suchasbottleswithlongspouts,anddesignedarangeofdecorativepatternsespeciallyfortheEuropeanmarket.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Foreigntradewasalsoresponsibleforcertaininnovationsincoloring.Wherecouldthesentencebestfit?Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatnotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.CeramicshavebeenproducedinforaverylongTheAsaresultofBeforehadcontact…AnswerchoicesTheproducedearthenware,stoneware,andporcelainpotteryandtheyusedtheirceramicsforavarietyofutilitarian,architectural,andceremonialpurposes.Theshapeanddecorationofceramicsproducedforreligioususeinwereinfluencedbyceramicsproducedforexport.Asaresultoftraderelations,ceramicproductionchangedandinfluencedtheceramicsproductionofothercountries.burialceramicshavethelongestandmostvariedhistoryofproductionandwerefrequentlydecoratedwithwrittentextsthathelpscholarsdatethem.BeforehadcontactwiththeWest,themeaningofvariousdesignsusedtodecorateceramicswaswellunderstood.Ceramicsmadeinimperialfactorieswereusedinbothreligiousandnon-religious1.2.3.4.5.6.7.9.10.11.12.13.14.Theproduced…Asaresultoftrade… hadcontact…质量；Ddesign 没有办法用来准确定位，因为整篇都在说它，所以这题通过选项定位。A这些陶瓷的功能是历朝历代都一样的，通过function和dynastytodynasty定位到第一行，这句的动词是varied变化，也就是它们的功能一直在变，所以A错；B陶瓷作为贸易物品这个作用比它们作为仪式物品得到了更好的记录，通过trade和ritual定位到第二行，这里说所以它们可能是功能性的，陪葬用的，trade收藏品，甚至是ritual用品，根据它们的质量和制造时间判定。这句话之后再没有同时出现trade，ritual这两个东西了，这里只是两者作为并列的例子出现，没有比较关系，所以B错；C各个时代不同种类陶瓷的质量几乎没差别，quality在刚刚那句话最后一个小分句出现，那里说各种陶瓷分类要accordingto根据quality和era，所以质量肯定有差别，C错；D一些雕塑是土质的，通过religious找到最后一句话，用于的雕塑大部分是用earthenware土质的，some范围小于themajority，D肯定对。延长，扩充；Dvanished，第四题，B，句子简化题。先看原句，逗号后面的for表示原因，前半句是主句，说雕塑的传统绵延了大部分历史时期，but但是没有石质瓷器或者瓷器描述的清楚，delineate描butreligioussculpturestonewareorporcelains做对比，前者的历史没有后者描述清楚，后面从句先不看，来选项中找一下，只有BD说了religioussculpture的历史没有其他清楚，现在来看for后面的原因，it指代religioussculpture雕塑拥抱了，也就是融合了古俗和后来的形象，B的because后面说旧的形式仍然在用当oldformsoldcustom，newoneslaterB。D的becauseD也没说新旧融合，所以肯定错；A石质陶器和瓷器在大多历史时期都存在，而雕塑仅限于古老时期；C石陶器和瓷器随着历史不断改变，而雕塑在形式和用途上都保AC错。原句翻译：，古老的土质陪葬瓷器的习俗和后来的形象以及建筑装饰。high-firedqualitygoodqualityA说反three-colormultiplecolors；C土质陶器在石质陶器之前产earthenwarestonewareearthenware，但是早在stonewareC也对；DSong定位到肯定对，D也不能选。第六题，D，词汇题。instigated唆使，，选Dcaused引起，导致。Aimproved改善Binvestigated；Cnarrowed变窄第七题，C，细节题。问中国陶瓷贸易的一个结果是什么。细节题，trade在第一句就出现，这段都在说贸易，而且通过one知道结果肯定不只一个，所以这题没办法通过题干定位，继续选项定位。A独特的蓝色颜料从中国传到中东，通过 和MiddleEast定位到本段中间，说从中东，中国得到了一种蓝色颜料，A说反了；BCD三项都有European，所以到文中找European，最后一句话，说中国采用了很多来自于西方的特别的容器形式，suchas例子不管，并专门为欧洲市场设计了很多装饰性的样品，所以本题选C，中国为欧洲市场制造的陶器。B错，因为文中说中国的porcelain被带到欧洲在上一句，但是并没有说欧洲从earthenware到porcelain的转变；D错，因为最后一句说vessel只人采取了vessel的形式，没有说欧洲市场vessel数量减少。惊人地；Dbecause意图，通过和Greek定位到第一句话，因为后文再没有它俩同时出现了，所以对比只在第一句，说就像希腊壶的图画装饰，可能在今天似乎只是纯粹的装饰，whereas表转折，B主张中国瓷器的设计有独特的含义，不只是装饰。A强调中C认为二十世纪的学者比古老学者更能理解这些设计；D解释为什么学者要鉴定中国瓷器上特定图案的含义；CD错，因为这题只能看第一句，强调中国壶和希腊壶一样，还没说symbolicallyrepresented在原文找不到直接对应，同时这题选项很短，所以根据选项定位。A中国的者，在第三句话发现emperor，说龙代表，凤代表皇后，皇后是者，所以本题选A。B对祖国的爱；C对朋友的忠诚；D贸易的成功；在第三第十一题，B，推断题。问第五段暗示了关于中国陶瓷装饰的哪一项。Suggest推断题，本后一句，当欧洲装饰被引进后，这些意义就变得模糊甚至丢失了，所以本题选B它们式是：Theirsignificancemayhaveremainedclearifthehadnotcomeunderforeigninfluence.其中foreigninfluence对应原文的Europeandecorativethemes。A它们对的意原文说的和希腊的装饰都有意义，没说图案相同；D它们意义对现在20世纪的观察第十二题，B，指代题。问“these”指代什么。指代题，these出现在句子中间，应该指代前它们有时，通过although转折知道these就指描述，所以本题选B。A仪式；C器皿类型；D陶壶；都没办法和前半句内容形成转折。foreigntrade的影响，通过coloring知道后文应该有具体说颜色，贸易影响encourageddevelopment…andinstigatedresearch，之后说中国从中东将它们用于各种功能性的、建筑的和仪式的目的，第二段主旨，正确；B用于用途的瓷器的形状和装饰受到出口瓷器的影响，无中生有；C因为贸易的原因，中国瓷器生产发生了改变并且影响了其他国家的瓷器生产，第四段主旨，正确；D中国的陪葬瓷器内容，正确；F窑厂制造的瓷器被用于和非领域，虽然第六段首句说瓷器可用在和非领域，但是没说是imperialfactories做出来的瓷器，窑厂的瓷器可能只用于领域，所以F在文中找不到确凿，不能选。釉的高温炻器。六朝时期（公元265-589年，中国北方就有窑炉在烧制优质的高温瓷器。从7世纪到10世纪，河北以及省产的白瓷逐渐演变成为享有盛名的宋瓷（公元960-1279年）——长久以来被认为陶瓷业历史中的巅峰时期之一。雕塑。。来巨大的影响人对这些瓷器赞不绝口，于是他们鼓励制陶来仿制瓷器，并激励人们研究制作方法从中东获得了一种蓝色颜料——一种纯化的氧化钴，当时在色的锰元素17世纪大量中国装饰类瓷器通过荷兰东公司的活动流入欧洲，这刺激和影响了广泛多样的瓷器的生产，特别是代尔夫特。自己改良了很多种。。20。陶瓷器皿在很早期就已用于和日常生活中分派了制作工作，并于元朝（公元1279-1368年）在景德镇设立了一座官窑。陶瓷器皿在一些仪式上也有着重要的地。TPO10-1-2原文：VariationsintheOneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.Weknowthatoverthepastmillenniatheclimatehasundergonemajorchangeswithoutanysignificanthumanintervention.Wealsoknowthattheglobalclimatesystemisimmenselycomplicatedandthateverythingisinsomewayconnected,andsothesystemiscapableoffluctuatinginunexpectedways.Weneedthereforetoknowhowmuchtheclimatecanvaryofitsownaccordinordertointerpretwithconfidencetheextenttowhichrecentchangesarenaturalasopposedtobeingtheresultofhumanactivities.Instrumentalrecordsdonotgobackfarenoughtoprovideuswithreliablemeasurementsofglobalclimaticvariabilityontimescaleslongerthanacentury.Whatwedoknowisthatasweincludelongertimeintervals,therecordshowsincreasingevidenceofslowswingsinclimatebetweendifferentregimes.Tobuildupabetterpictureoffluctuationsappreciablyfurtherbackintimerequiresustouserecords.Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofGenerally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,hencetheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoas temperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calcitessembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.Whatthe recordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).Totheextentthatthecoverageoftheglobalclimatefromtheserecordscanprovideameasureofitstruevariability,itshouldatleastindicatehowallthenaturalcausesofclimatechangehavecombined.Theseincludethechaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere,theslowerbutequallyerraticbehavioroftheoceans,changesinthelandsurfaces,andtheextentoficeandsnow.Alsoincludedwillbeanyvariationsthathavearisenfromvolcanicactivity,solaractivity,and,possibly,humanactivities.Onewaytoestimatehowallthevariousprocessesleadingtoclimatevariabilitywillcombineisbyusingcomputermodelsoftheglobalclimate.Theycandoonlysomuchtorepresentthefullcomplexityoftheglobalclimateandhencemaygiveonlylimitedinformationaboutnaturalvariability.Studiessuggestthattodatethevariabilityincomputersimulationsisconsiderablysmallerthanindataobtainedfromthe Inadditiontotheinternalvariabilityoftheglobalclimatesystemitself,thereistheaddedfactorofexternalinfluences,suchasvolcanoesandsolaractivity.Thereisagrowingbodyofopinionthatboththesephysicalvariationshaveameasurableimpactontheclimate.Thusweneedtobeabletoincludetheseinourdeliberations.Somecurrentysesconcludethatvolcanoesandsolaractivityexinquiteaconsiderableamountoftheobservedvariabilityintheperiodfromtheseventeenthtotheearlytwentiethcenturies,butthattheycannotbeinvokedtoexintherapidwarminginrecentdecades.Paragraph1:Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.Weknowthatoverthepastmillenniatheclimatehasundergonemajorchangeswithoutanysignificanthumanintervention.Wealsoknowthattheglobalclimatesystemisimmenselycomplicatedandthateverythingisinsomewayconnected,andsothesystemiscapableoffluctuatinginunexpectedways.Weneedthereforetoknowhowmuchtheclimatecanvaryofitsownaccordinordertointerpretwithconfidencetheextenttowhichrecentchangesarenaturalasopposedtobeingtheresultofhumanactivities.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingmustwefindoutinordertodeterminetheimpactofhumanactivitiesuponclimate?ThemajorchangesinclimateoverthepastThedegreetowhichtheclimatevariesThebestmethodformeasuringclimaticThemillenniumwhenhumansbegantointerferewiththeParagraph2:Instrumentalrecordsdonotgobackfarenoughtoprovideuswithreliablemeasurementsofglobalclimaticvariabilityontimescaleslongerthanacentury.Whatwedoknowisthatasweincludelongertimeintervals,therecordshowsincreasingevidenceofslowswingsinclimatebetweendifferentregimes.Tobuildupabetterpictureoffluctuationsappreciablyfurtherbackintimerequiresustouserecords.Accordingtoparagraph2,anadvantageofrecordsoverinstrumentalrecordsistheyaremore-reliablemeasuresofclimaticvariabilityinthepasttheyprovidemore-accuratemeasuresoflocaltheyprovideinformationonclimatefluctuationsfurtherbackintheyrevealinformationaboutthehumanimpactontheParagraph3:Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.Generally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,hencetheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoasdata.temperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calcitessembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Becausephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofsubstancesareunchanging,theyareusefulrecordsofclimatefluctuationsovertime.Forhundredsorthousandsofyears,peoplehavebeenobservingchangesinthechemicalandphysicalpropertiesofsubstancesinordertoinferclimatechange.Becauseittakeslongperiodsoftimefortheclimatetochange,systematicchangesinthepropertiesofsubstancesaredifficulttoobserve.Changesinsystematicallydepositedsubstancesthatareaffectedbyclimatecanindicateclimatevariationsovertime.Accordingtoparagraph3,scientistsareabletoreconstructtemperaturerecordsstudyingregionaldifferencesintemperaturestudyinganddatingchangesinthepropertiesofobservingchangesinpresentdayclimateinferringpastclimateshiftsfromobservationsofcurrentclimaticParagraph4:Whattherecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).Theword“striking”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningParagraph3:Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.Generally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,hencetheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoasdata.temperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calcitessembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.Paragraph4:Whattherecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10.000years(theHoloceneperiod).Accordingtoparagraphs3and4,datahavesuggestedallofthefollowingabouttheclimateEXCEPT:RegionalclimatesmaychangeTheclimatehaschangedverylittleinthepast10,000GlobaltemperaturesvarymorethanregionalImportantnaturalchangesinclimatehaveoccurredoverlargeParagraph5:Totheextentthatthecoverageoftheglobalclimatefromtheserecordscanprovideameasureofitstruevariability,itshouldatleastindicatehowallthenaturalcausesofclimatechangehavecombined.Theseincludethechaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere,theslowerbutequallyerraticbehavioroftheoceans,changesinthelandsurfaces,andtheextentoficeandsnow.Alsoincludedwillbeanyvariationsthathavearisenfromvolcanicactivity,solaractivity,and,possibly,humanactivities.Theword“erratic”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAllofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph5asnaturalcausesofclimatechangetheslowmovementoffluctuationsintheamountoficeandchangesinoceanParagraph6:Onewaytoestimatehowallthevariousprocessesleadingt