专四语法讲解定语从句课件

定语从句AttributiveClause1.定语从句的句法特点及关系代词、副词：用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,as关系副词：when,where,why1.IhaveneverbeentoLondon,butthatisthecity_____.(97,50)A.whereIliketovisitmostB.I’dmostliketovisitC.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.whereI’dlikemosttovisit[B]2.I’dneverbeentoLhasa,butthat’sthecity_____.(99,47）A.I’dmostliketovisitB.whichIliketovisitmostlyC.whereIliketovisitD.I’dlikemuchtovisit[A]2.关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。We’llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Iknowthereasonwhyshestudiessowell.Thisistheroomwhereheputupforthenight.真题举例1.Haveyoueverbeeninasituation_____youknowtheotherpersonisrightyetyoucannotagreewithhim?(02,54)A.bywhichB.thatC.inwhereD.where[D]2.Sherememberedseveraloccasionsinthepast_____shehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling.(98,42)A.whichB.beforeC.thatD.when[D]that有时可以代替关系副词when,where或者why引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。Everytime(that/when)thetelephonerings,hegoesnervous.Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.

Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.3.限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)2)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。真题举例1.We’vejustinstalledtwoair-conditionersinourapartment,_____shouldmakegreatdifferencesinourlifenextsummer.(02,55)A.whichB.whatC.thatD.they[A]2.Theyovercomeallthedifficultiesandcompletedtheprojecttwomonthsaheadoftime,_____issomethingwehadnotexpected.(03,61)A.whichB.itC.thatD.what[A]3.Thephysicisthasmadeadiscovery,___ofgreatimportancetotheprogressofscienceandtechnology.(97,45)A.IthinkwhichisB.thatIthinkisC.whichIthinkisD.whichIthinkitis[C]4.As在定语从句中的用法

1)引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

(1)as多与such或thesame连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。eg.Suchpeopleasyoudescribedarerarenowadays.Wearefacingthesameproblemsasyoudidyearsago.

(2)as也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：

Theelephant’snoseislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.2)As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：Asisexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.Theearthrunsaroundthesun,asisknownbyeveryone.常见的这类结构有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。5.介词+关系代词的用法“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构:“介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,toat,of,without等，关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that。Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.Thisistheforeignguestwithwhomourdeanshookhandsjustnow.

如果从句中主宾成分齐全，便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如：Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.真题举例Theparty,_____Iwastheguestofhonor,wasextremelyenjoyable.(06,53)A.bywhichB.forwhichC.towhichD.atwhich[D]

6.注意whose的用法

whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如

真题举例Abovethetreesarethehills,_____

magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.(03,53)A.whereB.ofwhoseC.whoseD.which[C]【译文】树丛之上是巍峨的群山，倒映在水面之上清晰可见。7.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；(2)先行词是不定代词any,anything,nothing,little,all,everything时，关系代词用that；

Iwasveryinterestedin_____shetoldme.(09,56)A.allthatB.allwhichC.allwhatD.that[A](3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next，last,only,very修饰时，用that；(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导；(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。真题举例1.Heisquitewornoutfromyearsofhardwork.Heisnottheman

hewastwentyyearsago.(2003,52)A.which B.thatC.who D.whom[B]【详解】这里的theman并不指某个人，而是强调某个状态、属性、身份，所以不能选择who/whom，同时which也不合题意。因此本句中的限制性定语从句需要用关系代词that引导，表示强调。故[B]正确。2.Myuncleisquitewornoutfromyearsofhardwork.Heisnolongertheman

hewasfifteenyearsago.(2011,51)A.whichB.whomC.who D.that[D]3.Firmsthatusecomputershavefoundthatthenumberofstaff

isneededforqualitycontrolcanbesubstantiallyreduced.(2000,50)A.whose B.as C.what D.that[D]名词性从句一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。主语从句Thattheearthgoesaroundthesuniswell-knowntoeverybody.Whether

hewillcometothemeetingisuptohisboss.(此时不能用if)Whoever

sayssoisaliar.Whenandwherethe2008OlympicGameswillbeheldhasbeendecided.注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：

Itisreportedthat…椐报道…

Itmustbepointedoutthat…必须指出的是…

Itislikelythat…很可能的是..;.

Itisagoodthingthat…很好的是…

Ithappensthat…碰巧的是…表语从句that引出的表语从句里，that可以省略；whether有时也可用来引出表语从句，而一般不用if，但asif却可以。如：Myideais(that)weneedmorehands.Thequestioniswhethertheywillbeabletohelpus.Allthiswasovertwentyyearsago,butitseemsasifitwasonlyyesterday.宾语从句1.After_____seemedanendlesswait,itwashisturntoenterthepersonnelmanager’soffice.(10,54)A.thatB.itC.whatD.there[C]2.Weconsider______heshouldhaveleftwithouttellinganyonebeforehand.(09,57)A.strangewhyB.itstrangewhatC.itstrangethatD.thatstrange[C]3.Thegovernmenthaspromisedtodo_____liesinitspowertoeasethehardshipsofthevictimsintheflood-strickenarea.(04,53)A.howeverB.whicheverC.whateverD.wherever[C]4.After_____seemedanendlesswait,itwasherturntoenterthepersonnelmanager’soffice.(99,41)A.thatB.thereC.whatD.it[C]5.Theteamcanhandlewhatever_____.(97,47)A.thatneedshandlingB.whichneedshandlingC.itneedshandlingD.needstobehandled[D]在doubt,doubtful后的宾语从句中，如果主句为肯定句，宾语从句的连接词常用whether或if；在否定句或疑问句中，则用that。eg.IdoubtverymuchwhetherIshallbeabletocome.Wedon’tdoubtthathecandoagoodjobofit.同位语从句同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that,而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news,idea,fact,doubt,evidence,promise,rumor,hope,truth,belief,message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。ThenewsthatourfootballteamatlastdefeatedKoreamadethefanswildwithjoy.Thenewsthatmadethefanswildwithjoywasfromtheradio.

Thereismuchevidencethatthecrimerateinthiscityisontherise.Einsteincametotheconclusionthatthemaximumspeedpossibleintheuniverseisthatoflight.

1）Thereisnodoubt____thecoupledidtherightthingincomingbackhomeearlierthanplanned.(11,63)A.whetherB.thatC.whyD.when[B]

2）Thereisnodoubt_____thecompanyhasmadetherightdecisiononthesalesproject.(01,54)A.whyB.thatC.whetherD.when[B]有关同位语从句的问题(1)引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.(2)同位语从句有时与先