【课件】Unit+1Discover+Useful+Structures人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册

UNIT1SCIENCEFICTIONTopracticesomenewwordsorexpressionsbydoingexercisesReplacetheunderlinedpartswithwordsofsimilarmeaningsfromthetext.Rewritethesentencesifnecessary.11Webelieveheisamanofabsolutehonesty,

andtrusthiswordscompletely.

integrity

2Henrytoldmethathewasinahurryashehadarrangedto

seethedentistat10:00a.m.hadanappointmentwith3Rumoursarelikesharpknives,cuttingone'sself-respectintopieces.Weshouldbeawareofthisandnotspreadunkindnewsaround.dignity4Becauseoftheholiday,thestudentswereallowedtogohomeearly.weredismissed5Whoeverischargedwithacrimeshouldbepresumedinnocentuntilprovenotherwise.notguiltyMatcheachwordwiththeproperdefinitionbelow. 2Amoneythatsomeoneispaidregularly,usuallymonthly,bytheorganisationheorsheisworkingforBmoneygivenforworkdone,goodsreceived,etc.Cmoneypaidforworkorservices,typicallyonadailyorweeklybasisDextraamountofmoneyaddedtosomebody'swagesasarewardforhardworkorgoodperformancesalarypaymentwagebonusEmoneyreceivedfromwork,investmentsandsoonFmoneypaidtoaprofessionalpersonororganisationforadviceorservicesGmoneypaidforajourneyonpublictransport,suchasthebus,train,ortaxiHmoneysavedforaspecialpurposeincomefeefaresavingCompletethepassageusingthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.TheninpairsshareyouropiniononAldevelopment.3fascinatingtestoutdismisssciencefictionmorelikedignityintelligentItwouldnotbesurprisingifwefounditdifficulttodistinguishbetweenrealityand____________inthefuture.Forexample,robotsfirstappearedinsci-finovels,butnowrobotsoldiershavealreadybeen____________inwar.sciencefictiontestedoutRobotexpertshavealsobuiltrobotsthatcansee,talk,anddootherthingslikehumans.Althougharobotthatlooks____________ahumanthanamachinecouldmakemanypeopleabituncomfortable,wehavetoadmitthatitisa_____________possibility.Sophia,currentlysaidtobethemostadvancedAlrobotintheworld,isagreatexample.Shehasbeeninterviewedmanytimes,appearedonthecoversofmagazines,andbecomethefirstnon-humanintheworldtobegivencitizenshipbyacountry.morelikefascinatingWhenitcomestogames,2017becameayearinwhichAldefeatedhumansinsomanygamesthatAlresearcherssaythatitwillnotbelongbeforeAlcanwinatalmosteverything.So,havewelostthe_____________ofbeingthemostintelligentcreature?Maybeinthefuture,asAlbecomesevenmore______________;itwillbecomeamajorthreattohumans.However,somepeople_____________thisfear.TheybelieveifAlcanhandletaskslikecalculating(计算)anddrivingforus,wewillhavemoretimeforcreating,thinking,and“beinghuman”.dignityintelligentdismissToreviewthepassivevoice①Itwasgoingtobetestedout

byLarry'swife,Claire.②Nowshewasbeinglookedafter

byarobotthatlookedsohuman,anditwasdisturbing.③Clairethoughtitwasridiculousthatshewasbeingofferedsympathy

byarobot,butshegraduallyadmiredhiswisdomandintegrityandbegantotrusthim.Scanthereadingtextandunderlinealltheverbsinthepassivevoice.Thendiscusswithapartnerwhythepassivevoiceisused.④Ashewasnotallowedtoaccompanyher

totheshops,hewroteoutalistofthingsthathewouldneedforhisworkonthehouse.⑤Tonyexpectedthatthehouse,whichwasbeingcompletelytransformed,wouldbeready.⑥Thesaleswomantherewasrudetoher,sosherangTonyandtoldhimshewasbeingtreatedbadly.Thepassivevoiceisusedtofocusonthepersonorobjectthatexperiencesanactionratherthanthepersonorobjectthatperformstheaction.Itisusedwhenwedon’tknowtheperformer,ortheperformerisunimportant(andthereforeomitted),ortheperformeristobehighlighted(andthereforeplacedtowardtheend).被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。使用被动语态的句子，谓语动词的形式是“be+动词过去分词”。语义上主语为动作的承受者或对象，主要用于需要强调动作承受者、不必要指出动作执行者的情况，或出于语篇衔接连贯在“be+动词过去分词”结构中，助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，变化规则与系动词be相同。时态被动语态的构成例句一般现在时am/is/are+过去分词Theschoolwallsarepaintedeveryyear.一般过去时was

/were+过去分词Iwasinvitedtothetalkshowyesterday.一般将来时will/shall+be+过去分词Thematterwillbelookedintointhefuture.现在完成时have/has+been+过去分词Theshiphasbeenrepaired.现在进行时am/is/are+being+过去分词Twomenarebeingquestionedbythepolice.过去进行时was

/were+being+过去分词TheroadswerebeingbuiltwhenIpassedby.1.常见时态的被动语态2.特殊结构的被动形式(1)

双宾动词的被动结构双宾动词变为被动结构时,一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,直接宾语不变。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,间接宾语之前则应加介词to或for。

egHe

gave

her

some

money.

She

was

given

some

money.

Some

money

was

given

to

her.(2)

带复合宾语的动词的被动结构

带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语为主语补足语)。

egHisfathercalledhimJack.

HewascalledJackbyhisfather.(3)带情态动词的被动语态，由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。

egTheproblemmaybesolvedinanumberofdifferentways.Inourschool,librarybooksmustbereturnedintwoweeks.(4)“be+过去分词+不定式”的被动结构

egHeisreportedtohavebrokenaworldrecord.

Sheissaidtoknowthreelanguages.(5)“it+be+过去分词+从句”式的被动结构

egIt’ssaidthatshehassomesupernaturalpowers.

It’sreportedthattheyhavediscoveredanewstar.常见的结构还有：Itisknownthat...众所周知Itissuggestedthat...有人建议Itisbelievedthat...人们相信(6)“get+done”构成被动语态用来表示状态或情况,常考的形式如：

getmarried结婚

getengaged订婚

gethurt/wounded受伤

getlost迷路

getdrunk喝醉了

getcaught/stuck/trapped被困

getdressed穿好衣服

getrunover被(车)轧3.主动形式表示被动意义(1)有些不及物动词主动形式可表被动意义。

a.某些连系动词，如feel,look,prove,smell,sound,taste等。

egThefoodtastedbetterthanitlooked.b.某些与can’t,won’t等连用的不及物动词，如move,lock,shut,open等。

egItcan'tmove.

Thedoorwon'tshut.c.某些可与well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如read,write,wash等。

egMynewpenwriteswell.

Theclothdoesn’twasheasily.(2)非谓语动词的某些主动形式表示被动意义a.在“be+形容词+不定式”结构中，不定式表示的动作与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动意义。常见形容词有：cheap,easy,comfortable,difficult,hard,light,heavy,expensive,pleasant,interesting,fit等。

egThequestionisdifficulttoanswer.

Volleyballisveryinterestingtowatch.b.在beworthdoing和betoblame结构中，动词-ing形式或动词不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。

egThefilmiswellworthseeing.

Thepolicyispartlytoblameforcausing

theworstunemploymentinEurope.c.当want,need,require表示“需要”时，其宾语可用动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义。

egThecarpetreallywantscleaning

(=tobecleaned).

Mosthouseplantsrequirewatering

(=tobewatered).4.不能用于被动语态的情况(1)谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,benefit,lack等。(2)谓语是不可拆开的takeplace,consistof,loseheart,belongto等短语动词。(3)宾语是无实意的代词it。(4)宾语是表示身体的某一部分的名词。(5)宾语是某些抽象名词。(6)have在任何情况下都不能用于被动语态。(7)一般来说，当动词的宾语是动词-ing形式或者是不定式时不能变成被动语态。(8)将来进行时和完成进行时没有被动语态。如果遇到这种情况时，可以用一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态来代替。被动语态特殊情况1.双宾动词的被动结构双宾动词变为被动结构时,间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,直接宾语不变。如将直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,间接宾语之前则应加介词to或for。He

gave

her

some

money.

→She

was

given

some

money.

→Some

money

was

given

to

her.2.“get+done”表被动语态getmarried

结婚getengaged

订婚getlost

迷路getdrunk

喝醉了getdressed

穿好衣服getcaught/stuck

被困gethurt/wounded

受伤3.主动形式表示被动意义1）某些感官动词，如feel,look,prove,smell,sound,taste等，用主动表被动。Thefoodtastedbetterthanitlooked.Thetheoryprovestobeture.2）有些动词，如move,lock,shut,open等，与can't,won't等连用，表示被动意义。Thetablecan'tmove.Thedoorwon'tshut.3）其他常见的主动表被动用法。Mynewpenwriteswell.Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.Thefilmiswellworthseeing.Whoistoblamefortheaccident？Mosthouseplantsrequirewatering.4.有些词或词组，如lack，takeplace,consistof,belongto,breakout，datefrom/backto无被动形式。

Helacksconfidence.Thefinalexaminationwilltakeplacenextmonth.Abigfirebrokeoutlastweek.ThisbuildingcandatefromtheSongDynasty.选用括号内合适的内容完成下面句子或对话。1.Letters________________(aresent,willbesent)bythepostmanat8everyday.2.Thisbag________________(wasfound,found)onthebusyesterday.3.Thedress________________(doesn’twash,can’tbewashed)inhotwater.4.Thistower__________________(hasnotbeenrebuilt,hasnotrebuilt)sincethe1930’s.aresent

wasfoundcan’tbewashed

hasnotbeenrebuilt5.Themachine________________(wasbeingtested,tested)justwhenthemanagercame.6.Thenewplan________________(willannounce,willbeannounced)intwodays.7.Look!Yourcar________________(isbeinglifted,islifting)offtheground.

wasbeingtested

willbeannouncedisbeinglifted8.WhenIstopped,mycar________________(hit,washit)frombehind.9.—Whatwerewedoingat11o’clock?—We____________________(werebeinginterviewed,wereinterviewing)byareporter.washitwerebeinginterviewed用括号内动词的正确形式填空。1.TheXi'anCityWallisthemostcompletecitywallthathassurvivedChina'slonghistory.It_________(build)originallytoprotectthecityduringtheTangdynastyandhasnowbeencompletelyrestored.(2021年全国甲卷)2.Thelittlehome____________(paint)white.Itwassweetandfresh.Marylovedit.(2021年6月浙江卷)wasbuiltwaspainted1Whatisdonecannot_________.(undo)2Janet______________chairwomanofthestudentunionlastmonth.(elect)Completethesentenceswithappropriateformsoftheverbsinbrackets.ThentrytotranslatethesesentencesintoChinese.undonewaselectedn.女主席木已成舟。珍妮特上个月当选为学生会主席。3Twohundredgrammesofflourshould___________tothecakemix.(add)4A3,000-seatvenue______________forthecircusperformanceinNovember.(build)n.克(重量单位)n.面粉n.活动场地beaddedwillbebuilt蛋糕里需要加入两百克面粉。一个拥有三千座位，供马戏表演使用的场地于十一月/将在十一月建成。5Workingefficiency______________________sincethisnewsoftwarewasadopted.(improve)6Onlyonepieceofcarry-onluggage____________foreacheconomyclasspassenger.(allow)hasbeenimprovedisallowed自从采用了新软件，工作效率就被提升了。经济舱的乘客每人仅允许携带一件随身行李。7Itisagreathonourformeto____________toaddressthisinternationalAIconference.(invite)8WhenIenteredtheroom,Ifoundthatthesalesman'ssalary________________________atthemeeting.(discuss)beinvitedwasbeingdiscussedn.售货员；推销员我很荣幸能被邀请在AI大会上发言。我进会议室的时候发现正在讨论销售员的薪水。9WithexamsbeingadaptedintoBraille,ablindseniorhighschoolstudentscored630pointsoutof650intheCollegeEntranceExanimation.Heisexpectedto______________toatopuniversity.(admit)beadmitted使用转换为盲文的高考试卷，一位高中的视障学生考取了630分(总分650)。他有望被一所名校录取。Readtheintroductiontoasciencefictionnovelandcompletethepassageusingthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.exploretranslatediscoverregardrepresentsetuprecruitwritegetcaughtupconnectSciencefiction_____________bymanypeopleasamirrorthroughwhichourfuturecanbefreelyimaginedand____________________.TheThree-BodyProblem,_________byChinesewriterLiuCixin,isoneofthoseastonishingpredictionsaboutthefuture.isregardedexplored/representedwrittenTheworkwasfirstpublishedinaChinesesci-fimagazinein2006andprintedasathree-volumebookin2008.Whenthefirstvolume_________________intoEnglishbyChinese-AmericanauthorKenLiu,itattractedattentionaroundtheworld,becomingthefirstAsianwinner