四级保命阅读讲义2014 6真题有卷子不必

PassageQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingThequestionofwhetherourernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalartsinhighereducationisn’taneither/orproposition(命题)，althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM（science,technology,engineering,maths）-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.Thelatestcongressionalreportacknowledgesthecriticalimportanceoftechnicaltraining,butalsoassertsthatthestudyofthehumanities(人文学科)andsocialsciencesmustremaincentralcomponentsofAmerica’seducationalsystematalllevels.Botharecriticaltoproducingcitizenswhocanparticipateeffectivelyinourdemocraticsociety, innovative（创新的)leaders,andbenefitfromthespiritualenrientthatthereflectiononthegreatideasofmankindovertimeprovides.Parentsandstudentswhohaveinvestedheavilyinhighereducationworryaboutgraduates’jobprospectsastechnologicaladvancesandchangesindomesticandglobalmarketstransformprofessionsinwaysthatreducewagesandcutjobs.Underthesecircumstances,it’snaturaltolookforwhatmayappeartobethemost“practical”wayoutoftheproblem“Majorinasubjectdesignedtogetyouajob”seemstheobviousanswertosome,thoughthisignoresthefactthatmanydisciplinesinthehumanitiescharacterizedas“soft”often,infact,leadtoemploymentandsuccessinthelongrun.Indeed,accordingtosurveys,employershaveexpressedapreferenceforstudentswhohavereceivedabroadly-basededucationthathastaughtthemtowritewell,thinkcritically,researchcreatively,andcommunicateeasily.Moreover,studentsshouldbepreparednotjustfortheirfirstjob,butfortheir4thand5thjobs,asthere’slittlereasontodoubtthatpeopleenteringthework todaywillbecalledupontoymanydifferentrolesoverthecourseoftheircareers.Theoneswhowilldothebestinthisnewenvironmentwillbethosewhoseeducationshavepreparedthemtobeflexible.Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight—pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology—tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.WhatdoesthelatestcongressionalreportSTEM-relatedsubjectshelpstudentsfindjobsintheinformationThehumanitiesandSTEMsubjectsshouldbegivenequalTheliberalartsinhighereducationhelpenrichstudents’spiritualHighereducationshouldbeadjustedtothepracticalneedsofWhatisthemainconcernofstudentswhentheychooseaTheirinterestinrelevantTheacademicvalueoftheThequalityofeducationtoTheirchancesofgettingagoodWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthesocalledsoftTheybenefitstudentsintheirfutureTheybroadenstudents’rangeofTheyareessentialtostudents’healthyWhatkindofjobapplicantsdoemployerslookThosewhohaveastrongsenseofThosewhoaregoodatsolvingpracticalThosewhoarelikely einnovativeThosewhohavereceivedawell-roundedWhatadvicedoestheauthorgivetocollegeSeizeopportunitiestotaptheirTrytotakeavarietyofpracticalPreparethemselvesfordifferentjobAdoptaflexibleapproachtosolvingPassageQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingEnergyindependence.Ithasaniceringtoit.Doesn’tit?Ifyouthinkso,you’renotalone,becauseenergyindependencehasbeenthedreamofAmericanfordecades,andnevermoresothaninthepastfewyears,whenthemostrecentoilpriceshockhasbeenpartlyresponsibleforkickingoffthegreatrecession.“Energyindependenceanditsrhetorical修辞的companionenergysecurity”arehoweverslipperyconceptsthatarerarelythoughthrough.Whatisitwewantindependencefrom,exactly?Mostpeoplewouldprobablysaythattheywanttobeindependentfromimportedoil.Buttherearereasonsthatwebuyallthatoldfromelsewhere.Thefirstreasonisthatweneedittokeepoureconomyrunning.Yes,thereisatrickle（涓涓细流）ofbiofuel（生物）available,andmore eavailable,butmostbiofuelscauseeconomicwasteandenvironmentalSecond,Americanshavebasicallydecidedthattheydon’treallywanttoproducealltheirownoil.Theyvaluetheenvironmentalqualitytheypreserveovertheiroilimportsfromabroad.VastareasoftheUnitedStatesareoff-limitstooilexplorationandproductioninthenameofenvironmentalprotection.TowhatextentareAmericansreallywillingtoenduretheenvironmentalimpactsofdomesticenergyproductioninordertocutbackimports?Third,therearebenefitstotrade.Itallowsforeconomicefficiency,andwhenwebuythingsfromcesthathavelowerproductioncoststhanwedo,webenefit.Andalthoughyoudon’treadaboutthismuch,theUnitedStatesisalsoalargeexporterofoilproducts,sellingabout2millionbarrelsofpetroleumproductsperdaytoabout90countries.ThereisnoquestionthattheUnitedStatesimportsagreatdealofenergyand,infact,reliesonthatsteadyflowtomaintainitseconomy.Whenthatflowisinterrupted,wefeelthepaininshortsandhigherprices,Atthesametime,wederivemassiveeconomicbenefitswhenwebuythemostaffordableenergyontheworldmarketandwhenweengageinenergytradearoundtheworld.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutenergyindependenceforItsoundsveryItensuresnationalItwillbringoilpricesIthaslongbeeneveryone’sWhatdoestheauthorthinkofTheyprovetobeagoodalternativetoTheydonotprovideasustainableenergyTheycauseseriousdamagetotheWhydoesAmericarelyheavilyonoilItwantstoexpanditsstorageofcrudeItsownoilreservesarequicklyrunningItwantstokeepitsownenvironmentItsownoilproductionfallsshortofWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutoilItprovesprofitabletobothItimproveseconomicItmakesforeconomicItsavesthecostofoilWhatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingtheTostresstheimportanceofenergyToexintheincreaseofinternationaloilPassageQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingWhenyoungwomenwerefoundtomakeonly82percentofwhattheirmalepeersdojustoneyearoutofcollege,manywereatalosstoexinit.Allthetraditionalreasonsputforwardtointerpretthepaygap--thatwomenfallbehindwhentheyleavethetoraisekids,forexample,orthattheydon’tseekasmanyengagementroles--failedtojustifythisone.Thereyoungwomendidn’thavekidsyet.Andbecausetheywerejustoneyearremovedfromtheirundergraduatedegrees,fewofthesewomenyethadthechancetogoafter(muchlessdecline)leadershiproles.Butthereareotherreasonswhythepaygapremainssopersistent.Thefirstisthatnomatterhowmanywomenmaybegettingcollegedegrees,theuniversityexperienceisstillanunequalone.Thesecondisthatourhighereducationsystemisnotdesignedtofocusontheeconomicconsequencesofourstudents’yearsoncampus.Nowthatwomenarethemajorityofcollegestudentsandsurpassmeninboththenumberofundergraduateandadvanceddegreesawarded,onemightthinkthecollegecampusisaprettyequalce.Itisnot.Studiesshowthatwhilegirlsdobetterthanboysinhighschool,theystarttotrailoffduringtheircollegeyears.Theyenrollindifferentkindsofclasses,tendtomajorinlessrigorous（非常严格的）subjects,andgenerallyheadoffwithlessambitiousns.Asaresult,it’snotsurprisingthateventhebesteducatedyoungwomenentertheworkcewithaslightTheircollegeexperienceleavesthemsomewhatconfused,stillstumbling（栽倒）overthedilemmastheirgrandmothers’generationsoughttodestroy.Aretheysupposedtobeprettyorsmart?Strongory（的）?Alltheirlives,today’syoungwomenhavebeenpushedtoembracebothperfectionandpassion—topursuescienceandsports,mathandtheater—anddoitallaswellastheypossiblycan.Nowondertheyarenotnegotiatingforhighersalariesassoonastheygetoutofschool.Theyaretooexhausted,andtooscaredoffailing.Traditionally,itisbelievedthatwomenearnlessthanmen theyhavefailedtotakeasmanyrigoroustheydonotfeelasfitformanagementtheyfeelobligedtotakecareoftheirkidsattheydonotexhibittheneededleadershipWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAmerica’shighereducationItdoesnotofferspecificcareercounselingtoItdoesnotconsideritseconomicimpactonItdoesnottakecareofwomenstudents’specialItdoesnotencouragewomentotakerigorousWhatdoestheauthorsayabouttoday’scollegeItisdifferentformaleandfemaleItisnotthesameasthatofearlierItismoreexhaustingthanmostwomenItisnotsosatisfyingtomanyAmericanWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutwomenstudentsinTheyhavenoideahowtobringouttheirTheydropacoursewhentheyfindittooTheyarenotaspracticalasmeninchoosingTheydon’tperformaswellastheydidinhighHowdoestheauthorexinthepaygapbetweenmenandwomenfreshfromWomenaretoowornouttobeWomenarenotreadytotakemanagementWomenarecaughtbetweencareerandWomenarenotgoodatnegotiatingPassageQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingReadingleadership ture,you’dsometimesthinkthateveryonehasthepotentialtobeaneffectiveIdon’tbelievethattobetrue.Infact,IseewayfewertrulyeffectiveleadersthanIseepeoplestuckinpositionsofleadershipwhoaresadly petentandseriouslymisguidedabouttheirownabilities.Partofthereasonthishappensisalackofhonestself-assessmentbythosewhoaspireto（追求）leadershipinthefirstWe’veallmetthetypeofindividualwhosimplymusttakecharge.Whetherit’sadecision-makingsession,abasketballgame,orafamilyouting,theycan’thelpgrabbingtheleaddogpositionandclingingontoitfordearlife.Theybelievethey’renaturalbornleaders.Truthisthey’renothingofthesortTrueleadersdon’tassumethatit’stheirdivine（神圣的）righttotakechargeeverytimetwoormorepeoplegettogether.Quitetheopposite.Agreatleaderwillassesseachsituationonitsmerits,andwillonlytakechargewhentheirposition,thesituation,and/ortheneedsofthemomentdemandit.Manybusinessexecutivesconfuseleadershipwithaction.Thesebelievethatconstantmotionsomehowgeneratesleadershipasabyproduct.Facedwithanysituationthatcan’tbesolvedbythesheer ofactivity,theygenerateadustcloudofimpatience.Theironeleadershiptoolisvolume:iftheythinkyouaren'tworkingashardastheythinkyoushould,theirdemands eincreasinglylouderandharsher.Trueleadersunderstandthevalueofaction,ofcourse,butitisn’ttheironlytool.Infact,itisn’teventheirprimarytool.Greatleadersseemorethaneveryoneelse:answers,solutions,patterns,problems,opportunities.Theyknowit’svitallyimportanttodo,buttheyalsoknowthatthinking,understanding,reflectionandinterpretationareequallyimportant.Ifyou’retooconcernedwith estotheextentthatyoumanipulateandintimidateotherstoachievethose thenyouaren’tleadingatall,you’redictating.Atrueleaderissomeonewhodevelopshisorherteamsothattheycananddohittheirtargetsandachievetheirgoals.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheleadersheManyofthemareusedtotakingFewofthemareequaltotheirManyofthemfailtofullydeveloptheirFewofthemarefamiliarwithleadership WhyaresomepeopleeagertogrableadershipTheybelievetheyhavethenaturalgifttoTheybelieveinwhatleadership tureTheyhaveprovedcompetentinmanyTheyderivegreatsatisfactionfrombeingWhatcharacterizesagreatleaderaccordingtotheBeingabletotakepromptactionwhenchancespresentHavingawhole-hearteddedicationtotheirdivineHavingafullunderstandingoftheirownmeritsandBeingabletoassessthesituationcarefullybeforetakingHowwillmanybusinessexecutivesrespondwhentheircommandfailstogenerateTheyreassessthesituationat eimpatientandTheyresorttoanytoolTheyblametheirteamWhatistheauthor’sadvicetoConcentrateononespecifictaskataUsedifferenttoolstoachievedifferentBuildupastrongteamtoachievetheirShowdeterminationwhenfacedwithtoughPassageQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingHospitals,hotocurbmedicalerror,haveinvestedheavilytoputcomputers,smartphonesandotherdevicesintothehandsofmedicalstaffforinstantaccesstopatientdata,druginformationandcasestudies.Butlikemanycures,thissolutionhascomewithanunintendedsideeffect:doctorsandnursescanbefocusedonthescreenandnotthepatient,evenduringmomentsofcriticalcare.Apollshowedthathalfofmedicaltechnicianshadadmittedtextingduringaprocedure.Thisphenomenonhassetoffanintensifyingdiscussionathospitalsandmedicalschoolaboutaproblemperhapsbestdescribedas'distracteddoctoring.'Inresponse,somehospitalshavebegunlimitingtheuseofelectronicdevicesincriticalsettings,whileschoolshavestartedremindingmedicalstudentstofocusonpatientsinsteadofdevices.“Youjustifycarryingdevicesaroundthehospitaltodomedicalrecords,butyoucansurftheInternetordo,andsometimesismoretempting,”saidDr.PapadakosattheUniversityofRochester“Mygutfeeling(本能的感觉)islivesareindangersaidDrPapadakos.We’renoteducatingpeopleabouttheproblem,andit’sgettingworse.”Asurveyof439medicaltechniciansfoundthat55percentoftechnicianswhomonitorbypassmachinesacknowledgedthattheyhadtalkedonsduringheartsurgery.Halfsaidtheyhadtextedwhileinsurgery.Thestudyconcluded,“Suchdistractionshavethepotentialtobedisastrous.”Medicalprofessionalshavealwaysfacedinterruptionsfroms,andmultitaskingissimplyafactoflifeformanymedicaljobs.Whathaschanged,saydoctors,especiallyyoungerones,isthattheyfaceincreasingpressuretoinctwiththeirdevices.Thepressurestemsfromamantra(信条)ofmodernmedicinethatpatientcaremustbe“datadriven,”andinformedbythelatest,instantlyaccessibleinformation.Bymanyaccounts,thetechnologyhashelpedreducemedicalerrorbyprovidinginstantaccesstopatientdataorprescriptiondetails.Dr.PeterCarmel,oftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,saidtechnology“offersgreatpotentialinhealthcare,”butheaddedthatdoctors’firstpriorityshouldbewiththepatient.Whydohospitalsequiptheirstaffwithcomputers,smartphonesandotherToreducemedicalTocopewithTofacilitateTosimplifymedicalWhatdoestheauthorrefertoby“distractedThedisservicedonebymoderndevicestodoctors,nurses,aswellasThetendencyofmedicalinstitutionsencouragingtheuseofmodernTheproblemofdevicespreventingdoctorsfromfocusingontheirThephenomenonofmedicalstaffattending alaffairswhileWhatdoesDr.PeterPapadakosworryMedicalstudentsarenot ytrainedtousemodernDoctors’ ctionwiththeirdevicesmayendangerpatients’DoctorsarerelyingtooheavilyonmodernelectronicPressuresonthemedicalprofession eWhydodoctorsfeelincreasingpressuretousemodernPatentstrustdoctorswhousemodernUseofmoderndevicesaddstohospitals’DataisgiventoomuchimportanceinpatientPatients’datahastoberevisedfromtimetoWhatisPeterCarmel’sadvicetoTheyfollowcloselytheadvancesinmedicalTheyfocustheirattentiononthepatient’sTheyobservehospitalrulesandTheymakethebestuseofmodernPassageQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingIhavecloselywatchedmygeneration,knownasTheMillennials,for29yearsnow.JoelSteinwroteanextensivepieceonMillennialsandheremainsratheroptimisticaboutourpotential.Ihesitatetosharehisoptimismbecauseofaparadox(的现象)weseemtoexhibit,namely,thattherearemoreavenuesforustoentertainourselvesthaneverbefore,yetwearemoreboredthaneverbefore.Entertainmenthasneverbeenmorevaried.Wehavemorecablechannels,evisionshows,andmoviesthaneverbefore.Internetprovidersallowinstantviewingofalmostanymovieorevisionprogramevercreated.SocialdrinkingandpartyingarealsowidelyavailableforMillennials.Everygenerationdevelopsthesehabitsatacertainage,butMillennialsseemtobeextendingthisphaseoflifeastheypostponemarriage.SomeofthisisundoubtedlyduetotheGreatRecession.Millennialsarehavingadifficulttimefindingjobs;onlypercentof16-to-24-year-oldsareemployed,thesmallestsharesinc