Lesson Six 托福推断题第六节

TOEFL

READINGSession

Six一. 教学目标¡1.否定事实信息题作业讲解¡2.推断题解题思路¡3.看逻辑分割二. 题型识别¡Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

about

X¡The

author

of

the

passage

implies

that

X

.

.

.¡In

paragraph

X

the

author

suggests

that…¡题干中出现infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most

likel三. 解题基本原则¡何为推断？¡A

＞B，B＞C¡可以推出？¡A＞C三. 解题基本原则¡不要求逻辑上绝对严密¡较大的可能性三. 解题基本原则¡细节题¡细节题+正向¡细节题+反向三. 解题基本原则反向推理4大信号词：¡转折¡否定¡反义词¡时间和地点三. 解题基本原则¡无¡反¡混¡偏¡满三. 解题基本原则反向推理4大信号词：¡

Example：¡文章内容：当John

18岁时候，John成为了一名大学生。三. 解题基本原则¡利用关键词到原文中定位¡精读，分析相关句子¡在选项中寻找可能的推论¡排除错误选项四. 练习¡

Oil

pools

are

valuable

underground

accumulations

of

oil,

and

oil

fields

are

regionunderlain

by

one

or

more

oil

pools.

When

an

oil

pool

or

field

has

been

discovered,wells

are

drilled

into

the

ground.

Permanent

towers,

called

derricks,

used

to

be

buhandle

the

long

sections

of

drilling

pipe.

Now

portable

drilling

machines

are

set

uare

then

dismantled

and

removed.

When

the

well

reaches

a

pool,

oil

usually

rises

upthe

well

because

of

its

density

difference

with

water

beneath

it

or

because

of

thepressure

of

expanding

gas

trapped

above

it.

Although

this

rise

of

oil

is

almost

alwcarefully

controlled

today,

spouts

of

oil,

or

gushers,

were

common

in

the

past.

Gaspressure

gradually

dies

out,

and

oil

is

pumped

from

the

well.

Water

or

steam

may

bepumped

down

adjacent

wells

to

help

push

the

oil

out.

At

a

refinery,

the

crude

oil

frunderground

is

separated

into

natural

gas,

gasoline,

kerosene,

and

various

oils.Petrochemicals

such

as

dyes,

fertilizer,

and

plastic

are

also

manufactured

from

thpetroleum.¡

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

paragraph

3

about

gushers?¡

A.They

make

bringing

the

oil

to

the

surfaceeasier.¡

B.They

signal

the

presence

of

huge

oilreserves.¡

C.They

waste

more

oil

than

they

collect.¡

D.They

are

unlikely

to

occur

nowadays.四. 练习¡

B.they

received

different

amounts

of

solar

energy¡

C.their

interiors

contained

different

amounts

of

heat¡

D.their

early

atmospheres

contained

different

levels

of

oxygen

and

nitrogen¡

Venus

and

Earth

are

commonly

regarded

as

twin

planets

but

not

identical

twins.

They

are

aboutthe

same

size,

are

composed

of

roughly

the

same

mix

of

materials,

and

may

have

beencomparably

endowed

at

their

beginning

with

carbon

dioxide

and

water.

However,

the

twinsevolved

differently,

largely

because

of

differences

in

their

distance

from

the

Sun.

With

asignificant

amount

of

internal

heat,

Venus

may

continue

to

be

geologically

active

with

volcanoes,rifting,

and

folding.

However,

it

lacks

any

sign

of

a

hydrologic

system

(water

circulation

anddistribution):

there

are

no

streams,

lakes,

oceans,

or

glaciers.

Space

probes

suggest

that

Venusmay

have

started

with

as

much

water

as

Earth,

but

it

was

unable

to

keep

its

water

in

liquid

form.¡

It

can

be

inferred

from

paragraph

2

that

Earth

evolved

differently

than

Venus

did

in

part

because¡

A.there

was

more

volcanic

activity

on

early

Venus

than

on

early

Earth四. 练习¡

B.they

received

different

amounts

of

solar

energy¡

C.their

interiors

contained

different

amounts

of

heat¡

D.their

early

atmospheres

contained

different

levels

of

oxygen

and

nitrogen¡

Venus

and

Earth

are

commonly

regarded

as

twin

planets

but

not

identical

twins.

They

are

aboutthe

same

size,

are

composed

of

roughly

the

same

mix

of

materials,

and

may

have

beenHowever,comparably

endowed

at

their

beginning

with

carbon

dioxide

and

water.

the

twinsevolved

differently,

largely

because

of

differences

in

their

distance

from

the

Sun.

With

asignificant

amount

of

internal

heat,

Venus

may

continue

to

be

geologically

active

with

volcanoes,rifting,

and

folding.

However,

it

lacks

any

sign

of

a

hydrologic

system

(water

circulation

anddistribution):

there

are

no

streams,

lakes,

oceans,

or

glaciers.

Space

probes

suggest

that

Venusmay

have

started

with

as

much

water

as

Earth,

but

it

was

unable

to

keep

its

water

in

liquid

form.¡

It

can

be

inferred

from

paragraph

2

that

Earth

evolved

differently

than

Venus

did

in

part

because¡

A.there

was

more

volcanic

activity

on

early

Venus

than

on

early

Earth四. 练习¡

D.They

encouraged

people

to

leave

rural

areas

and

move

to

the

cities..¡

The

greater

reliability

of

food

supplies

was

a

factor

in

the

decline

of

urban

death

rates.

Even

moreimportant

were

the

gains

in

urban

sanitation,

as

well

as

measures

such

as

inspection

of

housing.Reformers,

including

enlightened

doctors,

began

to

study

the

causes

of

high

death

rates

and

tourge

remediation.

Even

before

the

discovery

of

germs,

beliefs

that

disease

spread

by

"miasmas"(noxious

forms

of

bad

air)

prompted

attention

to

sewers

and

open

garbage;

Edwin

Chadwick

ledan

exemplary

urban

crusade

for

underground

sewers

in

England

in

the

1830s.

Gradually,

publichealth

provisions

began

to

cut

into

customary

urban

mortality

rates.

By

1900,

in

some

parts

ofWestern

Europe

life

expectancy

in

the

cities

began

to

surpass

that

of

the

rural

areas.

Industrialsocieties

had

figured

out

ways

to

combine

large

and

growing

cities

with

population

growth,

adevelopment

that

would

soon

spread

to

other

parts

of

the

world.¡

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

paragraph

6

about

underground

sewers?¡

A.They

became

common

in

most

of

Western

Europe

in

the

1830s..¡

B.They

helped

reduce

deaths

caused

by

disease

in

cities..¡

C.They

led

to

the

discovery

that

disease

could

be

caused

by

germs..四. 练习¡

D.They

encouraged

people

to

leave

rural

areas

and

move

to

the

cities..¡

The

greater

reliability

of

food

supplies

was

a

factor

in

the

decline

of

urban

death

rates.

Even

moreimportant

were

the

gains

in

urban

sanitation,

as

well

as

measures

such

as

inspection

of

housing.Reformers,

including

enlightened

doctors,

began

to

study

the

causes

of

high

death

rates

and

tourge

remediation.

Even

before

the

discovery

of

germs,

beliefs

that

disease

spread

by

"miasmas"(noxious

forms

of

bad

air)

prompted

attention

to

sewers

and

open

garbage;

Edwin

Chadwick

led

an

exemplary

urban

crusade

for

underground

sewers

in

England

in

the

1830s.

Gradually,

public

health

provisions

began

to

cut

into

customary

urban

mortality

rates.

By

1900,

in

some

parts

ofWestern

Europe

life

expectancy

in

the

cities

began

to

surpass

that

of

the

rural

areas.

Industrialsocieties

had

figured

out

ways

to

combine

large

and

growing

cities

with

population

growth,

adevelopment

that

would

soon

spread

to

other

parts

of

the

world.¡

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

paragraph

6

about

underground

sewers?¡

A.They

became

common

in

most

of

Western

Europe

in

the

1830s.¡

B.They

helped

reduce

deaths

caused

by

disease

in

cities.¡

C.They

led

to

the

discovery

that

disease

could

be

caused

by

germs.四. 练习¡

P1:

The

human

population

on

Earth

has

grown

to

the

point

that

it

is

having

an

effect

onEarths

atmosphere

and

ecosystems.

Burning

of

fossil

fuels,

deforestation,

urbanizaticultivation

of

rice

and

cattle,

and

the

manufacture

of

chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)forpropellants

and

refrigerants

are

increasing

the

concentration

of

carbon

dioxide,

methnitrogen

oxides,

sulphur

oxides,

dust,

and

CFCs

in

the

atmosphere.

About

70

percent

ofSuns

energy

passes

through

the

atmosphere

and

strikes

Earths

surface.

This

radiation

hthe

surface

of

the

land

and

ocean,

and

these

surfaces

then

reradiate

infrared

radiationinto

space.

This

allows

Earth

to

avoid

heating

up

too

much.

However,

not

all

of

the

infrradiation

makes

it

into

space;

some

is

absorbed

by

gases

in

the

atmosphere

and

is

reradiback

to

Earths

surface.

A

greenhouse

gas

is

one

that

absorbs

infrared

radiation

and

thereradiates

some

of

this

radiation

back

to

Earth.

Carbon

dioxide,

CFCs,

methane,

and

nitoxides

are

greenhouse

gases.

The

natural

greenhouse

effect

of

our

atmosphere

is

wellestablished.

In

fact,

without

greenhouse

gases

in

the

atmosphere,

scientists

calculatEarth

would

be

about

33°C

cooler

than

it

currently

is.¡

It

can

be

inferred

from

Para.1

that

one

positive

aspect

of

greenhouse

gases

is

that

they¡

A

absorb

70

percent

of

the

Sun’s

energy四. 练习¡

P1:

The

human

population

on

Earth

has

grown

to

the

point

that

it

is

having

an

effect

onEarths

atmosphere

and

ecosystems.

Burning

of

fossil

fuels,

deforestation,

urbanizaticultivation

of

rice

and

cattle,

and

the

manufacture

of

chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)forpropellants

and

refrigerants

are

increasing

the

concentration

of

carbon

dioxide,

methnitrogen

oxides,

sulphur

oxides,

dust,

and

CFCs

in

the

atmosphere.

About

70

percent

oSuns

energy

passes

through

the

atmosphere

and

strikes

Earths

surface.

This

radiation

hthe

surface

of

the

land

and

ocean,

and

these

surfaces

then

reradiate

infrared

radiationinto

space.

This

allows

Earth

to

avoid

heating

up

too

much.

However,

not

all

of

the

infrradiation

makes

it

into

space;

some

is

absorbed

by

gases

in

the

atmosphere

and

is

reradiback

to

Earths

surface.

A

greenhouse

gas

is

one

that

absorbs

infrared

radiation

and

thereradiates

some

of

this

radiation

back

to

Earth.

Carbon

dioxide,

CFCs,

methane,

and

nitoxides

are

greenhouse

gases.

The

natural

greenhouse

effect

of

our

atmosphere

is

wellestablished.

In

fact,

without

greenhouse

gases

in

the

atmosphere,

scientists

calculatEarth

would

be

about

33°C

cooler

than

it

currently

is.¡

It

can

be

inferred

from

Para.1

that

one

positive

aspect

of

greenhouse

gases

is

that

they¡A

absorb

70

percent

of

the

Sun’s

energy

（逻辑分割，过于靠前）四. 练习¡○They

are

not

very

different

from

the

building

of

a

few

generations

ago.¡○They

weigh

less

in

relation

to

their

size

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundredyears

ago.¡○They

take

a

long

time

to

build

as

a

result

of

their

complex

construction

methods.¡

Paragraph

4:

……Enormous

changes

in

materials

and

techniques

of

constructionwithin

the

last

few

generations

have

made

it

possible

to

enclose

space

with

muchgreater

ease

and

speed

and

with

a

minimum

of

material.

Progress

in

this

area

can

bemeasured

by

the

difference

in

weight

between

buildings

built

now

and

those

ofcomparable

size

built

one

hundred

years

ago.¡

In

paragraph

4,

what

does

the

author

imply

about

modern

buildings?¡

○They

occupy

much

less

space

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundred

years

ago.四. 练习¡○They

are

not

very

different

from

the

building

of

a

few

generations

ago.¡○They

weigh

less

in

relation

to

their

size

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundredyears

ago.¡○They

take

a

long

time

to

build

as

a

result

of

their

complex

construction

methods.¡

Paragraph

4:

……Enormous

changes

in

materials

and

techniques

of

constructionwithin

the

last

few

generations

have

made

it

possible

to

enclose

space

with

muchgreater

ease

and

speed

and

with

a

minimum

of

material.

Progress

in

this

area

can

bemeasured

by

the

difference

in

weight

between

buildings

built

now

and

those

ofcomparable

size

built

one

hundred

years

ago.¡

In

paragraph

4,

what

does

the

author

imply

about

modern

buildings?¡

○They

occupy

much

less

space

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundred

years

ago.四. 练习¡○They

are

not

very

different

from

the

building

of

a

few

generations

ago.¡○They

weigh

less

in

relation

to

their

size

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundredyears

ago.¡○They

take

a

long

time

to

build

as

a

result

of

their

complex

construction

methods.¡

Paragraph

4:

……Enormous

changes

in

materials

and

techniques

of

constructionwithin

the

last

few

generations

have

made

it

possible

to

enclose

space

with

muchgreater

ease

and

speed

and

with

a

minimum

of

material.

Progress

in

this

area

can

bemeasured

by

the

difference

in

weight

between

buildings

built

now

and

those

ofcomparable

size

built

one

hundred

years

ago.¡

In

paragraph

4,

what

does

the

author

imply

about

modern

buildings?¡

○They

occupy

much

less

space

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundred

years

ago.四. 练习¡○They

are

not

very

different

from

the

building

of

a

few

generations

ago.¡○They

weigh

less

in

relation

to

their

size

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundredyears

ago.¡○They

take

a

long

time

to

build

as

a

result

of

their

complex

construction

methods.¡

Paragraph

4:

……Enormous

changes

in

materials

and

techniques

of

constructionwithin

the

last

few

generations

have

made

it

possible

to

enclose

space

with

muchgreater

ease

and

speed

and

with

a

minimum

of

material.

Progress

in

this

area

can

bemeasured

by

the

difference

in

weight

between

buildings

built

now

and

those

ofcomparable

size

built

one

hundred

years

ago.¡

In

paragraph

4,

what

does

the

author

imply

about

modern

buildings?¡

○They

occupy

much

less

space

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundred

years

ago.四. 练习¡○They

are

not

very

different

from

the

building

of

a

few

generations

ago.¡○They

weigh

less

in

relation

to

their

size

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundredyears

ago.¡○They

take

a

long

time

to

build

as

a

result

of

their

complex

construction

methods.¡

Paragraph

4:

……Enormous

changes

in

materials

and

techniques

of

constructionwithin

the

last

few

generations

have

made

it

possible

to

enclose

space

with

muchgreater

ease

and

speed

and

with

a

minimum

of

material.

Progress

in

this

area

can

bemeasured

by

the

difference

in

weight

between

buildings

built

now

and

those

ofcomparable

size

built

one

hundred

years

ago.¡

In

paragraph

4,

what

does

the

author

imply

about

modern

buildings?¡

○They

occupy

much

less

space

than

buildings

constructed

one

hundred

years

ago.四. 练习¡○Their

current

height

is

not

an

indication

of

their

age.¡○At

present,

they

are

much

higher

than

the

mountains

of

the

Caledonian

range.¡○They

were

a

uniform

height

about

400

million

years

ago.¡○They

are

not

as

high

as

the

Caledonian

mountains

were

400

million

years

ago.¡

……As

a

general

rule,

the

higher

a

mountain

is,

the

more

recently

it

was

formed;

for

example,

thehigh

mountains

of

the

Himalayas

are

only

about

50

million

years

old.

Lower

mountains

tend

to

beolder,

and

are

often

the

eroded

relics

of

much

higher

mountain

chains.

About

400

million

yearsago,

when

the

present-day

continents

of

North

America

and

Europe

were

joined,

the

Caledonianmountain

chain

was

the

same

size

as

the

modern

Himalayas.

Today,

however,

the

relics

of

theCaledonian

orogeny

(mountain-building

period)

exist

as

the

comparatively

low

mountains

ofGreenland,

the

northern

Appalachians

in

the

United

States,

the

Scottish

Highlands,

and

theNorwegian

coastal

plateau.¡

4.

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

paragraph

2

about

the

mountains

of

the

Himalayas?四. 练习¡○Their

current

height

is

not

an

indication

of

their

age.¡○At

present,

they

are

much

higher

than

the

mountains

of

the

Caledonian

range.¡○They

were

a

uniform

height

about

400

million

years

ago.¡○They

are

not

as

high

as

the

Caledonian

mountains

were

400

million

years

ago.¡

……As

a

general

rule,

the

higher

a

mountain

is,

the

more

recently

it

was

formed;

for

example,

thehigh

mountains

of

the

Himalayas

are

only

about

50

million

years

old.

Lower

mountains

tend

to

beolder,

and

are

often

the

eroded

relics

of

much

higher

mountain

chains.

About

400

million

yearsago,

when

the

present-day

continents

of

North

America

and

Europe

were

joined,

the

Caledonianmountain

chain

was

the

same

size

as

the

modern

Himalayas.

Today,

however,

the

relics

of

theCaledonian

orogeny

(mountain-building

period)

exist

as

the

comparatively

low

mountains

ofGreenland,

the

northern

Appalachians

in

the

United

States,

the

Scottish

Highlands,

and

theNorwegian

coastal

plateau.¡

4.

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

paragraph

2

about

the

mountains

of

the

Himalayas?四. 练习¡○Their

current

height

is

not

an

indication

of

their

age.¡○At

present,

they

are

much

higher

than

the

mountains

of

the

Caledonian

range.¡○They

were

a

uniform

height

about

400

million

years

ago.¡○They

are

not

as

high

as

the

Caledonian

mountains

were

400

million

years

ago.¡

……As

a

general

rule,

the

higher

a

mountain

is,

the

morerecently

it

was

formed;

for

examplethe

high

mountains

of

the

Himalayas

are

only

about

50

million

years

old.

Lower

mountains

tendto

be

older,

and

are

often

the

eroded

relics

of

much

higher

mountain

chains.

About

400

millionyears

ago,

when

the

present-day

continents

of

North

America

and

Europe

were

joined,

theCaledonian

mountain

chain

was

the

same

size

as

the

modern

Himalayas.

Today,

however,

therelics

of

the

Caledonian

orogeny

(mountain-building

period)

exist

as

the

comparatively

lowmountains

of

Greenland,

the

northern

Appalachians

in

the

United

States,

the

Scottish

Highlands,and

the

Norwegian

coastal

plateau.¡

4.

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

paragraph

2

about

the

mountains

of

the

Himalayas?四. 练习¡排除与原文矛盾的选项四. 练习¡○They

were

generally

produced

in

shops

rather

than

in

homes.¡○They

were

produced

with

more

concern

for

quality

than

for

speed

of

production.¡○They

were

produced

mostly

in

large

cities

with

extensive

transportation

networks.¡

Paragraph

1:

Before

1815

manufacturing

in

the

United

States

had

been

done

in

homes

or

shops

byskilled

artisans.

As

master

craft

workers,

they

imparted

the

knowledge

of

their

trades

toapprentices

and

journeymen.

In

addition,

women

often

worked

in

their

homes

part-time,

makingfinished

articles

from

raw

material

supplied

by

merchant

capitalists.

After

1815

this

older

form

ofmanufacturing

began

to

give

way

to

factories

with

machinery

tended

by

unskilled

or

semiskilledlaborers.

Cheap

transportation

networks,

the

rise

of

cities,

and

the

availability

of

capital

and

crall

stimulated

the

shift

to

factory

production.¡

1.

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

the

passage

about

articles

manufactured

before1815?¡

○They

were

primarily

produced

by

women.四. 练习¡○They

were

generally

produced

in

shops

rather

than

in

homes.¡○They

were

produced

with

more

concern

for

quality

than

for

speed

of

production.¡○They

were

produced

mostly

in

large

cities

with

extensive

transportation

networks.¡

Paragraph

1:

Before

1815

manufacturing

in

the

United

States

had

been

done

in

homes

or

shops

byskilled

artisans.

As

master

craft

workers,

they

imparted

the

knowledge

of

their

trades

toapprentices

and

journeymen.

In

addition,

women

often

worked

in

their

homes

part-time,

makingfinished

articles

from

raw

material

supplied

by

merchant

capitalists.

After

1815

this

older

form

ofmanufacturing

began

to

give

way

to

factories

with

machinery

tended

by

unskilled

or

semiskilledlaborers.

Cheap

transportation

networks,

the

rise

of

cities,

and

the

availability

of

capital

and

crall

stimulated

the

shift

to

factory

production.¡

1.

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

the

passage

about

articles

manufactured

before1815?¡

○They

were

primarily

produced

by

women.四. 练习¡○They

were

generally

produced

in

shops

rather

than

in

homes.¡○They

were

produced

with

more

concern

for

quality

than

for

speed

of

production.¡○They

were

produced

mostly

in

large

cities

with

extensive

transportation

networks.¡

Paragraph

1:

Before

1815

manufacturing

in

the

United

States

had

been

done

in

homes

or

shops

byskilled

artisans.

As

master

craft

workers,

they

imparted

the

knowledge

of

their

trades

toapprentices

and

journeymen.

In

addition,

women

often

worked

in

their

homes

part-time,

makingfinished

articles

from

raw

material

supplied

by

merchant

capitalists.

After

1815

this

older

form

ofmanufacturing

began

to

give

way

to

factories

with

machinery

tended

by

unskilled

or

semiskilledlaborers.

Cheap

transportation

networks,

the

rise

of

cities,

and

the

availability

of

capital

and

crall

stimulated

the

shift

to

factory

production.¡

1.

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

the

passage

about

articles

manufactured

before1815?¡

○They

were

primarily

produced

by

women.四. 练习¡○They

were

generally

produced

in

shops

rather

than

in

homes.¡○They

were

produced

with

more

concern

for

quality

than

for

speed

of

production.¡○They

were

produced

mostly

in

large

cities

with

extensive

transportation

networks.¡

Paragraph

1:

Before

1815

manufacturing

in

the

United

States

had

been

done

in

homes

or

shops

byskilled

artisans.

As

master

craft

workers,

they

imparted

the

knowledge

of

their

trades

toapprentices

and

journeymen.

In

addition,

women

often

worked

in

their

homes

part-time,

makingfinished

articles

from

raw

material

supplied

by

merchant

capitalists.

After

1815

this

older

form

ofmanufacturing

began

to

give

way

to

factories

with

machinery

tended

by

unskilled

or

semiskilledlaborers.

Cheap

transportation

networks,

the

rise

of

cities,

and

the

availability

of

capital

and

crall

stimulated

the

shift

to

factory

production.¡

1.

Which

of

the

following

can

be

inferred

from

the

passage

about

articles

manufactured

before1815?¡

○They

were

primarily

produced

by

women.四. 练习¡○They

were

generally

produced

in

shops

rather

than

in

homes.¡○They

were

produced

with

more

concern

for

quality

than

for

speed

of

production.¡○They

were

produced

mostly

in

large

cities

with

extensive

transportation

networks.¡

Paragraph

1:

Before