英国的政治制度课件

BritishPoliticalSystemMonarchyParliamentGovernmentCabinetPoliticalPartiesGeneralElection

BritishPoliticalSystemMonarConstitutionalMonarchy TheKingorQueenisthepersonificationoftheState.ConstitutionalMonarchy TheKiAnold-fashionedgovernmentOnthebasisofconstitutionalmonarchyHeadofstate:thekingorqueenInpractice:theSovereignreigns,butdoesnotrule.I.ABriefIntroductionAnold-fashionedgovernmentI.ThepresentSovereign:QueenElizabethIIsince1952

ThepresentSovereign:3.PrinceCharlesistheheirtothethrone.PrinceWilliamArthurPhilipLouisWindsorandPrinceWilliam3.PrinceCharlesistheheirtTheRoyalFamilyTheRoyalFamilyGiveseffectstoalllawsastheheadoftheexecutivebranchofthegovernmentMaypardoncriminaloffencesandcancelpunishmentsThecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesandthetemporalheadoftheChurchofEnglandThePoweroftheQueenGiveseffectstoalllawsast4.Confersalltitlesofrank,andappointsjudges,armyofficers,governors,bishopsanddiplomats5.Concludestreaties,declareswar,andmakespeacewithothernations4.Confersalltitlesofrank,TheImportanceofMonarchy

1.Effectsonpublicattitude3.Asymbolofnationalunity4.Preservesthehumanrightsandproperty2.Representsthepoliticalcontinuityandadaptability

TheImportanceofMonarchy1.TheRoyalDutiesVisitsmanypartsofBritainPaysstatevisitstoforeigncountriesToursotherCommon-wealthcountriesTheRoyalDutiesVisitsmanypa英国的政治制度ppt课件TheConstitutionBritaindoesn’thaveaconstitutionwrittendowninasingledocument.Theconstitutionflowsfrom(出自，来自)6sources:

1)TheRoyalPrerogatives皇家特权

2)*StatuteLaws成文法

3)*CommonLaws普通法,判例法

4)*Conventions习惯法

5)AuthoritativeOpinions权威意见

6)EuropeanUnionLaws欧盟法

TheConstitutionBritaindoesn’IsraelandBritainaretheonlytwocountrieswithoutwrittenconstitutions.英国宪法不是一个具体的法律文本，但实际上其大部分内容还是以成文法的形式出现的，包括由议会通过的法例、法院的判例和国际公约等等。除此之外，英国宪法的法律渊源还包括英国议会惯例和国王特权。IsraelandBritainaretheonl

Parliamentconsistsof3constituentparts:theymustallagreetopassanygivenlegislation

Crown(OfficialHead)HouseofLords(theUpperHouse)HouseofCommons(theLowerHouse)

Parliamentconsistsof3consParliament

UK:aunitarystateTheParliamentatWestminster(London)In1999,ScotlandandWaleshadtheirownparliamentsIn2007,NorthernIrelandsetupitsparliamentUKseemstobemovingtowardfederalism.ParliamentUK:aunitarystatLegislature(立法机关)=Parliament

ParliamentisthehighestlegislativeauthorityintheUK–theinstitutionresponsibleformakingandrepealing(废止)alltheUKlaws.It’salsoknownastheLegislature.

Function:

MakealltheUKlaws;

Scrutinize(审查)governmentpolicy,administration&expenditure;

Hearappeals(上诉)inthehighestCourtofAppeal(最高上诉法院)inBritain;

Debatethemajorissuesoftheday.Legislature(立法机关)=ParliamenWhat’sthemeaningof“parliament”? (Aplaceforargumentanddebate)Thewordparliamentcomesfromtheverb“toparley”,thatis,todiscussortalk.Thebirthofthisterm:thekingoccasionallysummonedbaronsandrepresentativesfromcountiesandtownsifhewantedtoraisemoney.英国的政治制度ppt课件ThebirthofParliamentTheHouseofLordsThosewhoweresummoned“byname”.Atfirstit’sonlyagatheringofbaronsandbythe13thcentury,kingsfoundtheycouldn’tmakeendsmeetbyaskingmoneyfromthisquitesmallgroup.Andlatertheywidenedittoincluderepresentativesofcounties,citiesandtowns.TheHouseofCommonsRepresentativesofcommunitiesTheCommonsquicklygainedinpoliticalstrengthandinreturntheywantedanincreasingsay(发言权)inwhatthekingwasdoing.ThebirthofParliamentTheHouPalaceofWestminster

(HousesofParliament)PalaceofWestminsterHouseofLordsHouseofCommonsRedChamber

红厅

GreenChamber绿厅HouseofLordsHouseofCommonsTheHouseofLordsStructure: About1,100hereditaryandlifepeersorpeeresses

Power:

ReviewlegislationProposeamendmentsVetobillsaccordingtoconventionsandoperationsoftheParliamentActs.TheHouseofLordsStructure:TheHouseofCommonsAlsocalledtheLowerHouse651MPsTheHouseofCommonsAlsocalleTheSovereignpowerSummonstheHouseofLords

DissolvesParliamentOpenseachnewannualsessionTheSovereignpowerSummonstheTheMonarch--OfficialHeadofParliamentThelifeofparliamentisdividedintoperiodscalled“sessions”(会期)(Asessionlastsfor1year).Thebeginningofanewsession,calledthe“StateOpeningofParliament”(议会开幕典礼)

,takesplaceintheHouseofLords.It’satraditionforthemonarchtoopenParliamentinperson.Ontheday,theQueentravelsfromBuckinghamPalacetoParliamentin

the

StateCoach(典礼马车,

agoldencarriage).OncetheQueenarrivesatParliament,theUnionFlagisloweredandreplacedbytheRoyalStandard.TheMonarch--OfficialHeadoGoldenStateCoachGoldenStateCoachTheUnionFlag

a.k.a.（亦称）

TheUnionJackTheRoyalStandard

TheUnionFlag

a.k.a.（亦称）

ThFromBuckinghamtoWestminster

FromBuckinghamtoWestminsterThequeenthentakesherplaceonthethroneintheHouseofLords,fromwhereshesendshermessengerBlackRod(黑杖礼仪官)tosummontheMPs.WhentheBlackRodarrivesattheLowerHouse,thedoorisslammedinhisface,symbolizingtheindependenceanddominanceoftheHouseofCommons.Hemustthenknock3timestogainentryanddeliverhissummons.ThentheleadingMPsfollowtheBlackRodtotheUpperHouse,standingcrowdedattheendofthechamberoppositetothethrone.ThequeenthentakesherplaceTheThroneintheUpperHouseTheThroneintheUpperHouseBlackRod(黑杖礼仪官)

BlackRod(黑杖礼仪官)Knock3timesKnock3timesCometotheUpperHouse(Throne)CometotheUpperHouse(ThronTheQueenwillthenreadouttheQueen’sSpeech,adocumentabout1,000wordsinlengthpreparedbythegovernment.Whatisthespeechabout? Inthedocumentthegovernmentoutlinesitsplannedprogrammesandthepoliciesitintendstofollow.Whentheone-weekdebatesontheQueen’sspeecharefinished,Parliamentisreadytobegintheactualworkofthenewsession.TheQueenwillthenreadouttTheQueen’sSpeechTheQueen’sSpeechMainfunctionsofParliamentMainFunctions

DebatingMakinglawsSupervisingMainfunctionsofParliamentMa

IntroduceabillPassthroughthenecessarystagesintwohousesParliamentaryLegislationProcessFirstreadingSecondreadingCommittee&reportstagesThirdreading

3.Royalassent从1714年以后，国王从来没有否决过议会的议案。

ParliamentaryLegislationProTheHouseofLordsItexercisesthesupremejudicialpower.(最高司法机关)Ithasover1000non-elected

members:LordsSpiritual(神职议员):

2archbishops(大主教)and24diocesanbishops(辖区主教).Theireligibility(资格)tositendsonretirement.2.LawLords(司法议员):12ChiefJudges3.HereditaryPeers(世袭贵族): Duke,Marquis,Earl,Viscount,Baron(royaldescendants)4.LifePeers(当世贵族/一代贵族):

ThelifepeerisatitlegivenbytheCrownduringhis/herlifetime,inhonorofhisorherprofessionalachievements.ThetitleisNOThereditary.Attention:2,3and4arecalledtheLordsTemporal.(俗职议员)TheHouseofLordsItexercises两名来自theChurchofCanterbury和theChurchofYork的大主教24名来自英格兰教（theChurchofEngland英国国教）的大主教。两名来自theChurchofCanterbury英国的政治制度ppt课件TheoreticallythetwoHousesareequallyimportant.ButtheUpperHousedoesNOTexercisethedominantconstitutionalinfluence(上院不具有主导法律影响力、不掌控立法权).IthasNOpowertopreventthepassingoflegislationorbillsapprovedbytheHouseofCommons.Thelordscanonlydelayabillforupto1year.TheworkofLordsislargelycomplementarytothatoftheCommons:holddebates,putquestionstoministers,examineandrevisebills.TheoreticallythetwoHousesaThepeersgetnoparliamentarysalary,buttheyenjoyasmallallowanceforeachdayofattendance.Beingalordbringsnopersonalauthorityoverothers.ManyLordsaren’tenthusiasticaboutpoliticsandtheaveragedailyattendanceisquitelow.(Theiraverageageis63.)TheGovernmentcanpartlycontroltheLordsbycreatingnewpeers.大法官(LordChancellor)英国大法官职位自公元605年设立，至公元2003年被Blair取消，总共存续了1400余年,也叫御前大臣。在撤消大法官部后，布莱尔宣布设立一个宪法事务部（DepartmentofConstitutionalAffairs），总揽原大法官所负责的大部分事务。英国的政治制度ppt课件TheHouseofCommonsThemostpowerfulandimportantelementinUK.（therealcenterofBritishpoliticallife）Threemainfunctions: 1)Makelaws; 2)Controlandcriticizetheexecutive government; 3)Controltheraisingandspendingofmoney.TheHouseofCommonsThemostpThePrimeMinister

LeaderofhispartyintheHouseofCommonsHeadofthegovernmentChiefspokesmanforthegovernmentHehastherighttoselecthiscabinet,handoutdepartmentalpositions,decidetheagenda议事日程

forcabinetmeetingswhichhealsochairs.Hedirectsandcontrolspolicyforthegovernment.HekeepstheQueeninformedofgovernmentdecisions.(weeklymeetingwiththeQueen)ThePrimeMinisterLeaderofh英国的政治制度ppt课件英国的政治制度ppt课件英国的政治制度ppt课件英国保守党领袖戴维·卡梅伦5月11日晚接受英国女王伊丽莎白二世的任命成为英国新一届首相，卡梅伦的履新同时宣告了英国工党连续13年执政的结束。此前保守党与自由民主党就结成议会中的多数联盟达成了协议。在工党领袖戈登•布朗(GordonBrown)在充满感情的告别仪式上离职之际，卡梅伦准备与尼克•克莱格(NickClegg)领导的自由民主党组建联盟政府。43岁的卡梅伦是自1812年利物浦勋爵(LordLiverpool)以来最年轻的英国首相。卡梅伦入主唐宁街，意味着保守党自1997年以来首次重掌政权，当时托尼•布莱尔(TonyBlair)的工党以历史性的压倒多数击败了约翰•梅杰(JohnMajor)领导的保守党政府。然而，卡梅伦的首相任期将面临巨大挑战。他将不得不管理30多年来英国首次出现的两党合作关系。他还将面对通过削减支出和加税来控制英国巨大的公共财政的艰巨任务。英国保守党领袖戴维·卡梅伦5月11日晚接受英国女王伊丽莎白二中文名：戴维·威廉·唐纳德·卡梅伦外文名：DavidWilliamDonaldCameron国籍：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(theUnitedKingdom)出生地：英国伦敦出生日期：1966年10月9日职业：英国首相毕业院校：伊顿公学、牛津大学信仰：英国国教(Anglicanism)(TheChurchofEnglandunderstandsitselftobebothCatholicandReformed).中文名：戴维·威廉·唐纳德·卡梅伦莱尔在伊战问题上“劣迹斑斑”，难以为英国多数民众和历史所原谅。其一，伊拉克战争是美国冷战后发动的最不得人心的战争。布什总统是第一责任人。但布什在开战前最后一次同布莱尔会晤中，后者竭力主战，促使布什下定开打的最后决心。且英国是除美国之外，派兵参战最多的国家，可以说，布莱尔是伊战的第二责任人。其二，为了取得英国国会和公众的支持，布莱尔竟亲口编造伊拉克“可能在45天之内开发出核武器”的开战借口。事实证明这是一个弥天大谎，布莱尔由此信誉扫地。其三，伊战让英国付出沉重代价，除造成重大人员、财产损失外，还使英国成为国际恐怖主义袭击的重点对象，“7·7”伦敦地铁连环大爆炸就是一例。同时，布莱尔无条件紧跟布什，留下了他是布什的“走狗”、“跟班”的骂名，也影响了英国的国际形象。其四，伊战是错误的，这几成举世共识，也是美英两国民意的主流看法。但布莱尔同布什一样，死不认错，并决心将伊战“进行到底”。莱尔在伊战问题上“劣迹斑斑”，难以为英国多数民众和历史所原谅Heexerciseswidepowersofpatronage(任命权)&appointmentsinthecivilservice,church&judiciary.Hecanamalgamate(合并)orsplitgovernmentdepartments.Hecandismissministersifthisisrequired.Hedecidesthedateforageneralelectionwithinthefive-yearterm.HedecidesthetimetableofgovernmentlegislationintheHouseofCommons.

HeexerciseswidepowersofpaThebirthofthePrimeMinisterandCabinetToensuregoodrelationsbetweenCrownandParliament,thekingorqueenmetregularlywithagroupofimportantParliamentarians,agroupwhichbecameknownastheCabinet.In1714,therulingQueen(AnneofGreatBritain)diedwithoutproducinganheirtothethroneandsoBritainhadto“import”amemberoftheroyalfamilyfromGermanytoruleBritain.ThenewKingGeorgeⅠspokeEnglishverybadlyandwasnotveryinterestedinpoliticsanyway,soheleftthejobofchairingcabinetmeetingstooneofhisministers.Intimehecametobecalledtheprimeminister.ThebirthofthePrimeMinisteThepowersofthePMwithintheBritishpoliticalstructurehavedevelopedinrecentyearstosuchanextentthatsomepoliticalanalystsnowrefertoBritainashavingaPrimeMinisterialgovernmentratherthanaCabinetgovernment.ThePMselectshisownCabinetandhewillselectthosepeoplewho: Haveability

Havedemonstratedgoodpartyloyalty

Haveclearlydemonstratedloyaltytothe PMhimself

ThepowersofthePMwithinth英国的政治制度ppt课件在地板中央有两排相距2.5米的红线,传说是为了正好超过两柄剑的长度。历史上，此举是为了避免下院的辩论演变为冲突。今天在下院辩发言时两方议员不得超越该线。若有议员在发言时越过该线，将会遭到对方的斥责。这可能也是英文用语“totoetheline”（循规蹈矩）的出处。有趣的是，下院议事厅只有427个坐位，但议员总数却合共646人，并不能安置所有议员。因此，如果有议员迟到，而议事厅又满座的话，那他就只好站在议事厅的入口处，继续参与会议。FrontbencherBackbencherscepter在地板中央有两排相距2.5米的红线,传说是为了正好超过两柄剑WhatGoesonintheHouseofCommons?MakingNewLaws

Thisiswhathappensinthechamber,butinfactthere’smuchhappeningelsewhereintheCommonswhichhashundredsofrooms. There’recommitteerooms,officesandalibrary,abarber’sshop,postofficeandrestaurants. MPsmeetincommittees,ordotheirofficeworkormeetvisitors.WhatGoesonintheHouseofC1.Debates

Manyhoursarespentdebatingissuesofnationalandinternationalimportance.MostoftenamotionisproposedbyoneortwooftheGovernment’sfrontbenchers(内阁大臣,资深议员)&thenthesamenumberofpersonsfromtheOppositionfrontbenchesopposeit(theShadowCabinet).TheSpeaker(议长)decideswhoisallowedtospeak&he/shemustensurethateachsideisgivenequalopportunityandtimetospeak.

1.Debates2.Vote

AfterthedebatetheMPsvotefororagainstthemotion. MPsvotebygoinginto‘lobbies’(投票厅),corridorsoutsidethechamber,onefor‘aye’(满意厅)andonefor‘no’（反对厅）voteswheretheyarecounted. TheMP’svoteisrecordedsothatanybodycanknowwhichwayanMPvotedonanyparticularissue. Afterthevotesarecountedtheresultsareannouncedinthechamber.2.VotePrimeMinister’sQuestion

Time（质询时间）ThePManswersquestionsfromMPsintheCommonsforhalfanhoureveryWednesdayfrom12atnoon.QuestionTimeisanopportunityforMPstoaskthePMquestionsknownas“oralquestions”.

ArethoseoralquestionsmerelyfromthePM’soppositionpartiesorout-parties?

Anyonecanaskhimsomequestions.Intheory,thePMwon’tknowwhatquestionswillbeasked.However,he’llbeextensivelybriefedbygovernmentdepartmentsinanticipationoflikelysubjectshecouldbeaskedabout.PrimeMinister’sQuestionTime英国的政治制度ppt课件Executive＝TheGovernment

WhatdoestheBritishGovernmentreferto?

Technically,theCentralGovernmentreferstotheCabinetheadedbythePrimeMinister. TheCabinetisthenucleusofthegovernment.AllitsmembersarechosenamongtheMPs.ThismakestheBritishgovernmentknownastheParliamentarygovernment(议会制政府)orCabinetgovernment.

Executive＝TheGovernmentWBritishGovernment

PrimeMinisterMinisters(Headsofallimportantdepartments)Treasury财政部

MinistryofDefense国防

MinistryofAgriculture ForeignandCommonwealthOffice外交联邦部DepartmentofEducationandScienceDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity

BritishGovernmentPrimeMinisWhatistheCabinetcomposedof? (It’scomposedofthechiefsofthemostimportantministriesanddepartments.)WhoarealwaysincludedintheCabinet? (TheMinisterofDefense,theForeignSecretaryandtheChancelloroftheExchequer财政大臣)CabinetmeetsweeklyatNo.10DowningStreet.

TheCabinetWhatistheCabinetcomposedoTheCabinetisappointedbytheQueenwiththeadviceofthePM.TheseniorpositionswithintheCabinetareusuallyappointedwithinhoursofanelectionvictory.AllCabinetmembersareservingMPsorpeers.TheyarecalledtheCabinetMinisters.ThemostseniormembersoftheCabinetaretheDeputyPrimeMinister,ForeignSecretary,ChancelloroftheExchequerandHomeSecretary.TherehasneverbeenasetnumberforpostswithintheCabinet.ThemostcommonfigureforaCabinetis22.TheCabinetisappointedbythTheOppositionshavea‘ShadowCabinet’:criticizetheGovernment’spolicy;exposeitsweakpoints;suggestamendments;drawattentiontoothermatterstheGovernmentmightotherwiseignore.TheOppositionshavea‘Shadow英国的政治制度ppt课件10DowningStreet10DowningStreetThePrivyCouncil枢密院ThePrivyCouncilincludesallministersandex-ministers,theholdersofcertainofficesoutsidethepoliticalexecutiveandsomeotherpeopletowhommembershiphasbeengivenasanhonor.ThePrivyCouncil枢密院1Includesallministersandex-ministers23Havethepowertomakecertainexecutiveordersandproclamations

ThePrivyCouncilIncludetheholdersofcertainoffices;peoplewhohasbeengivenasanhonor1IncludesallministersandexTheCivilService公务员Thecivilservantsarepoliticallyneutral.Theyarepaidwithpublicmoney.Theyarecareerofficialsservingtheelectedpoliticalgovernmentoftheday.Theythemselvesaren’telected.They’reofficialswhoremaininofficedespitechangesingovernment.Theyarewell-educatedelite,dominatedbyOxbridge(75%).Toenteratthehigherlevelsofthecivilserviceyouhavetopassarigorouscivilserviceexam.

TheCivilService公务员ThecivilLocalGovernment3layers: countycouncils(郡议会)

districtcouncils(区议会) communityorparishcouncils(社区或教区议会)Countycouncilorsmakeimportantdecisionsonlocalissuesthataffectpeople’severydaylives,suchaseducation,socialcare,transport,theenvironmentandfuturedevelopments.Districtcouncilorsworktoimprovethequalityoflifeforpeopleintheirwards(区)andmakedecisionsaboutlocalissues.Parish（教区）townorcommunityCouncilshavelimitedpowers.Theycanprovidecertainfacilitiessuchasrecreationalfacilities,publicconveniencesandcemeteries.LocalGovernment3layers: TheDevolution(地方分权／权力下放)Devolutioniswherepoweristransferredfromasuperiorgovernmentalbody(suchascentralpower)toaninferiorone(suchasatregionallevel).SinceTonyBlair’sconstitutionalreformsattheendofthe20thcentury,morepowerhasbeendevolvedfromWestminstertoScotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.TheScottishParliament--1998TheWelshAssembly--1998TheNorthernIrelandAssembly--1998TheDevolution(地方分权／权力下放)Devo45counties