高英修辞总结课件

ClassificationofFiguresofSpeechHowmanyfiguresofspeecharethereinEnglish?Thenumbersrangefrom65to200ormore.Figuresofspeecharecommonlydividedintothreecategories:Lexicalfiguresofspeech

（使用词汇手段的修辞格）B.Syntacticalfiguresofspeech

（使用句法手段修辞格）C.Phoneticfiguresofspeech

（使用语音手段的修辞格）ClassificationofFiguresofS1Lexicalfiguresofspeech

simile

（明喻）,

metaphor（暗喻）,metonymy（借代）,personification（拟人）,irony（反语）,hyperbole（夸张）,understatement（低调）,euphemism（委婉语）,contrast（对照）,oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）,transferredepithet（移就）,pun（双关）,parody（仿拟）,paradox（隽语）

Lexicalfiguresofspeech2Syntacticalfiguresofspeechantithesis（对偶）,

repetition（反复）,parallelism（平行结构）,rhetoricquestion（修辞问句）,anticlimax（突降）etc.Syntacticalfiguresofspeech3Phoneticfiguresofspeech

alliteration(eg.astrongmanstrugglingwiththestormsofstate)assonance(eg.stopalltheclocks,cutoffthetelephone…)onomatopoeia(eg.Shebangedthedoorafterher.)Phoneticfiguresofspeech4Synecdoche（提喻）Synecdochemeansgivingthepartforthewholeorviceversa,usingakindofthingtorepresentanotherbigkindorviceversa,andusingrawmaterialtorepresentthethingmadeofit.A.Usetheparttorepresentthewhole1)Twentyyearslaterwhenhecamebacktohishometown,hesawmanynewfaces.(strangers)2)Thefarmsareshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason.(workers)3)Hehasafleetoffiftysails.(ships)4)Greatmindsthinkalike.(greatpersons)B.Usethewholetorepresentthepart1)Thescoreis2to1infavorofChina.(Chineseteam)2)Theworldstandsbyourside.

C.

Useconcretethingstorepresentabstractthingsorviceversa1)ThereisamixtureofthetigerandapeinthecharacterofFrenchman.(‘tiger’and‘ape’standsforthequalityof‘ferocity’and‘cunningness’)2)Allthewitandlearningwereassembledhere.(thewit—thecleverandwisepeople;learning—learnedpeople)Synecdoche（提喻）52.Parallelism（排比）

Phrasesorclauseshavingthesamefunctionandimportancemusthavethesamegrammaticalform.Parallelconstructionswhichexpressparallelideasandgiveemphasis,clarity,andcoherencetosentences.Inparallelsentences,conjunctionsarefrequentlyused;A)并列连词：and,both…and,notonly…butalso…,aswellas,besides,moreover等

B)选择连词：or,otherwise,nor,either…or…,neither…nor…等

C)转折连词：but,yet,while（而）,whereas（而）,nevertheless等

D)推理连词：therefore,so,then,hence,for

2.Parallelism（排比）61）Hespeaks,reads,andwritesequallywell.2)Iprefernon-fiction:history,socialcommentary,andstufflikethat.3)AnEnglishmanthinksseated:aFrenchman,standing;anAmerican,pacing;anIrishman,afterward.(O’Malley)(英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想）4）Wecangainknowledge,byreading,byreflecting,byobservationorbypractice.（求知门很多，或阅读，或反思，或观察，或实践）5)Theworldlistens.Theworldwatches.Theworldwaitstoseewhatwewilldo.（世界在倾听，世界在注视，世界等待着我们做什么）1）Hespeaks,reads,andwrite76)MarchwindsandAprilshowersbringforthMayflowers.7)Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.8)Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories,inregretsforthegoodolddays,orinsadnessaboutfriends,whoaredead.(BertrandRussell)9)Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.(Bacon)(读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才)

6)MarchwindsandAprilshowe810）Readingmakesafullman,meditation(deepthinking)aprofoundman,discourseaclearman.(BenjaminFranklin)（读书使人充实，冥思苦想使人深邃，讨论使人明辩）11)Allmenaremortal;kingsaremen;thereforekingsaremortal.12)Modestyhelpsonemakeprogress,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.10）Readingmakesafullman,m913)Wewillneverparley.WewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgangs.14)Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair.15)Behindallthisglare,behindallthisstorm..16)Isee..Isee…17)Thatisourpolicy.Andthatisourdeclaration.13)Wewillneverparley.Wewi105.Repetition

Therepeateduseofthesamesynonymouswords,toaddforce,clearnessorbalancetoasentence.

Wehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.

Hehassolongthrivedandprospered.

5.Repetition

Therepea11

7.

Antithesis

Antithesisisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveforceandemphasis.Theformoftheexpressionisveryimportantfortheeffect,fortheforceofemphasis,whetherforprofundityofjudgment,orhumororforsatire,dependschieflyonthejuxtapositionofdirectopposites,ofglaringcontrasts.7.AntithesisAntithe12AntithesisForexample,Craftymencondemnstudies;simplemenadmirethem;andwisemenusethem.2)Speechissilver,silenceisgolden.AntithesisForexample,13Antithesis3)Itwasthebestoftimes;itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofHope,itwasthewinterofDespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.(Dickens-----ATaleofTwoCities)Antithesis3)Itwasthe14

「这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是一个最聪明的时代。也是一个最愚昧的时代；这是一个相信的时代，也是一个怀疑的时代，这是一个光明的时代，也是一个黑暗的时代......这是主后一千七百七十五年的时代。

4)Thewickedfleewhennoonepursues,buttherighteousareboldasalion.(邪恶之人，即使无人追踪，也会心虚奔逃；方正之人，则坦然无畏，胆壮如狮。Antithesis「这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是一个最聪明的时代。也15Sarcasm

（挖苦，讽刺）;Sarcasmisjustattackinginataunting(嘲弄,奚落)andbittermanneranditsaimistodisparage(蔑视,贬损)

,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Thisfigureofspeechneedscontextclue.Ridicule

(嘲笑,奚落)Hyperboleforhumororridiculemakesuseofabsurdlyexaggerateddescriptionsorsituationstoexposeortodeflate(挫某人锐气).

Sarcasm（挖苦，讽刺）;Sarcasmisju16AssonanceAssonanceistherepetitionofavowelsoundwithinwords.

freeandeasy;makethegrade;Timeandtidewaitfornoman.

AssonanceinProse

Prosewriterssometimesrepeatvowelsoundstoreinforcethemeaningofthewords.Italsohelpstocreatemoods.Here,thelongosoundsmysterious.Poetryisold,ancient,goesbackfar.Itisamongtheoldestoflivingthings.So

olditisthatnomanknowshowandwhythefirstpoemscame.--CarlSandburg,EarlyMoonAssonance17

AssonanceinPoetryInpoetry,too,assonancestresseswordsandmoods.Andso,allthenight-tide,Iliedownbytheside

Ofmydarling,mydarling,mylifeandmybride.

--EdgarAllanPoe,"AnnabelLee“"

“AsIwasgoingtoSt.Ives,

Imetamanwithsevenwives,

Everywifehadsevensacks,

everysackhadsevencats,

Everycathadsevenkittens:

kittens,cats,sacksandwives,

HowmanyweregoingtoSt.Ives.”"Ifeeltheneed,theneedforspeed."AssonanceinPoetry182)

synecdocheSynecdochemeansgivingthepartforthewholeorviceversa,usingakindofthingtorepresentanotherbigkindorviceversa,andusingrawmaterialtorepresentthethingmadeofit.

a.UsetheparttorepresentthewholeTwentyyearslaterwhenhecamebacktohishometown,hesawmanynewfaces.(strangers)Thefarmsareshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason.(workers)Hehasafleetoffiftysails.(ships)Greatmindsthinkalike.(greatpersons)2)

synecdocheSynecdochemean19a.

Usethewholetorepresentthepart

Thescoreis2to1infavorofChina.(Chineseteam)Theworldstandsbyourside.b.

Useakindofthingtorepresentanotherbigkind.Itissaidthatthecutthroatstillremainsatlarge.c.

Useabigkindofthingtorepresentanotherkindofthing.Thepoorcreaturecouldnolongerendurehersufferings.(awoman)d.

Userawmaterialtorepresentthethingmadeofit.Thefamilyhasbeenontheboardssincethegrandfather’stime.(thestage)e.

Useconcretethingstorepresentabstractthingsorviceversa.a.

Usethewholetorepresent20synecdocheThereisamixtureofthetigerandapeinthecharacterofFrenchman.(‘tiger’and‘ape’standsforthequalityof‘ferocity’and‘cunningness’)Allthewitandlearningwereassembledhere.(thewit—thecleverandwisepeople;learning—learnedpeople)synecdocheThereisamixtureo21VII.RhetoricalDevicesZeugma:theuseofawordtomodifyorgovern2ormorewordsusu.insuchamannerthatitappliestoeachindifferentsenseormakessensewithonlyoneTheissueofNewYorkTimes…hailtheSecondastheauthority…andtheThirdasascandal… VII.RhetoricalDevicesZeugma:22VII.RhetoricalDevicesZeugma:MissBolowenthomeinafloodoftearsandasedanchair.Helosthishatandhistemper.TowagewarandpeaceWithweepingeyesandhearts

VII.RhetoricalDevicesZeugma:23

V.RhetoricalDevices:

Assonance:whenbigotslightedfaggotstoburn...Repetition:Thetruthalwayswins...thetruth...thetruth...

V.RhetoricalDevices:

Asson24VI.DevicesoffigurationAntithesis...betweenwhatpeopleclaimtobeandwhattheyreallyare......tookunholyverbalshotsattheHolyLand......aworldwhichwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforeverVI.DevicesoffigurationAntit25RhetoricAssonance:theuseofthesameorrelated,vowelsoundsinsuccessivewordsclanking,heel-clicking,…cowingandtying...ploddingonlikecrawlinglocusts,...smartingfrommanyaBritishwhipping...easierandsaferpreyRhetoricAssonance:theuseof26RhetoricRepetition:Wehavebutone

aim

andonesingle

purposenothingwillturnus---nothingWewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiate...ThisisourpolicyandthisisourdeclarationasweshallfaithfullyandsteadfastlyRhetoricRepetition:27RhetoricParallelism:Thepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies...Isee,...Isee...thereturnofthebread-winner,oftheirchampion,oftheirprotectorRhetoricParallelism:28RhetoricWeshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheairAnymanorstate...Anymanorstate...Letus...Letus...RhetoricWeshallfighthimby29Rhetoricaldevices:Parallelism:chinonchest,eyesonground,feetinshuffleRhetoricaldevice