课件分析成果

UNIVERSITYOFCAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONALEXAMINATIONS

GCEAdvancedSubsidiaryandAdvancedLevel

MARKSCHEMEfortheJune2005questionpaper

9697HISTORY

9697/05 Paper5 (TheHistoryoftheUSA,c.1840-1968),

umrawmark100

Thismarkschemeispublishedasanaidtoteachersandstudents,toindicatetherequirementsoftheexamination.ItshowsthebasisonwhichExaminerswereinitiallyinstructedtoawardmarks.ItdoesnotindicatethedetailsofthediscussionsthattookceatanExaminers’meetingbeforemarkingbegan.AnysubstantialchangestothemarkschemethatarosefromthesediscussionswillberecordedinthepublishedReportontheExamination.

AllExaminersareinstructedthatalternativecorrectanswersandunexpectedapproachesincandidates’scriptsmustbegivenmarksthatfairlyreflecttherelevantknowledgeandskillsdemonstrated.

MarkschemesmustbereadinconjunctionwiththequestionpapersandtheReportontheExamination.

CIEwillnotenterintodiscussionorcorrespondenceinconnectionwiththesemarkschemes.

CIEispublishingthemarkschemesfortheJune2005questionpapersformostIGCSEandGCEAdvancedLevelandAdvancedSubsidiaryLevelsyllabusesandsomeOrdinaryLevelsyllabuses.

GradethresholdsforSyllabus9697(History)intheJune2005examination.

ummark

available

minimummarkrequiredforgrade:

A

B

E

Component5

100

72

66

43

Thethresholds(minimummarks)forGradesCandDarenormallysetbydividingthemarkrangebetweentheBandtheEthresholdsintothree.Forexample,ifthedifferencebetweentheBandtheEthresholdis24marks,theCthresholdisset8marksbelowtheBthresholdandtheDthresholdissetanother8marksdown.Ifdividingtheintervalbythreeresultsinafractionofamark,thenthethresholdisnormallyroundeddown.

June2005

GCEAS/ALEVEL

MARKSCHEME

UMMARK:100

PONENT:9697/05HISTORY

Paper5

TheHistoryoftheUSA,c1840-1968

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Note:allquestionsaretobemarkedusingthegenericbandsforsourcebasedandessayquestions

SECTIONA

THEWIDENINGSECTIONALDIVIDEINTHEUNITEDSTATES,1858-1861

Source-BasedQuestion

‘ItwasthecompletebreakdownintrustbetweenNorthandSouththatmadecompromiseimpossible.’UsingSourcesA–Etodiscusshowfartheevidencesupportsthisassertion.

L1WRITESABOUTTHEHYPOTHESIS,NOUSEOFSOURCES [1-5]

TheseanswerswillwriteaboutthesectionaldivideintheUSAbutwillignorethequestioni.e.theywillnotusetheSourcesasinformation/evidencetotestthegivenhypothesis.IncludeinthislevelanswerswhichuseinformationtakenfromtheSourcesbutonlyinprovidingasummaryofeventsratherthanfortestingthehypothesis.

L2USESINFORMATIONTAKENFROMTHESOURCESTOCHALLENGEORSUPPORTTHEHYPOTHESIS [6-8]

TheseanswersusetheSourcesasinformationratherthanasevidence,i.e.Sourcesareusedatfacevaluewithnoevaluation/interpretationincontext.

Forexample,inSourceA,Douglasdoesnotseethatthereisanyproblem.Allthatisneededisforeachstatetodecideforitselfwhethertobeslaveorandtorespecteachother’srightstodothis.Alternatively,SourcesDandEbothstatetheNorthhasmadetoomanyconcessionstotheSouthandtherecanbenofurtherones.

L3USESINFORMATIONTAKENFROMSOURCESTOCHALLENGEANDSUPPORTTHEHYPOTHESIS. [9-13]

TheseanswersknowthattestingthehypothesisinvolvesbothattemptingtoconfirmAND

disconfirmit.However,Sourcesarestillusedonlyatfacevalue.

Forexamplethereisbothevidenceforandagainsttheviewthattrusthadbrokendownsocompleythatcompromisewasinpracticeimpossible.SourceBfromaNewOrleansnewspaperclearlyregardstheelectionofLincolnasoftheroadasmeaningthe‘subjugation’oftheSouthand‘completeruin’.Ontheotherhand,inSourceC,aprominentSouthernpoliticiansayshestillhashopesthattheSouth’swrongscanberedressedwithintheUnion.

L4BYINTERPRETING/EVALUATINGSOURCESINCONTEXT,FINDSEVIDENCETOCHALLENGEORSUPPORTTHEHYPOTHESIS. [14-16]

TheseanswersarecapableofusingSourcesasevidence,i.e.demonstratingtheirutilityintestingthehypothesis,byinterpretingthemintheirhistoricalcontext,i.e.notsimplyacceptingthematfacevalue.

Forexample,inSourceA,Douglaswasfacingre-electiontotheUSSenateandhadtodefendtheKansas-NebraskaBill(ofwhichhewasthesponsor)anditsdoctrineof‘popularsovereignty’eventhougheventsinKansasitselfwereshowingitsweaknesses.Also,in

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SourceC,Stephenswasanationalaswellasalocalpoliticalfigure,andhadpreviouslyin1850spokenstronglyinfavouroftheUnion.HewasclearlystillreluctanttogobackonhisbeliefsintheUnion.SourcesBandEwerelocalnewspapersandonedoesnotknowhowrepresentativetheywere;theycouldhavebeenonlytheopinionsoftheeditorialwriters.InSourceD,Massachusettswasthestatewiththestrongestabolitionistimentandinterestandwhereithadprovedalmostimpossibletoreturnfugitiveslavestotheirowners.HowrepresentativeofwiderNorthernopinionwasJohnBAlley?

L5BYINTERPRETING/EVALUATINGSOURCESINCONTEXT,FINDSEVIDENCETOCHALLENGEANDSUPPORTTHEHYPOTHESIS [17-21]

Theseanswersknowthattestingthehypothesisinvolvesattemptingbothtoconfirmanddisconfirmthehypothesis,andarecapableofusingSourcesasevidencetodothis(i.e.bothconfirmationanddisconfirmationaredoneatthislevel).

Level4responses,plustheawarenessthatallSourcestakeceinanhistoricalcontextwhichshouldbebroughtoutbytheresponsestoevaluatetheextenttowhichevidence,confirmsordisconfirmsthehypothesis.Forexample,responsescouldtakeeachSourceandexamineitforevidenceofconfirmationorthereverse,buttakingcaretoprovideevidenceforbothsides.InthaseSourceAisagainstthehypothesisbutitistwoyearsbeforethecrucialeventsof1860-1,henceitcouldbearguedthateventshadovertakenit;SourceBpointstowardsconfirmation,SourceCpointstowardsdisconfirmationexceptthatStephenshintedthatthedifferencemightbeirreconcilable;SourcesDandEareclearlyforconfirmation.

L6ASL5,PLUSEITHER

EXINWHYEVIDENCETOCHALLENGE/SUPPORTISBETTER/PREFERRED,

OR

RECONCILEINSPROBLEMSINTHEEVIDENCETOSHOWTHATNEITHERCHALLENGENORSUPPORTISTOBEPREFERRED. [22-25]

For(A)theargumenthastobethattheevidenceforchallenging/supportingisbetter/preferred.Thismustinvolveacomparativejudgementi.e.notjustwhysomeevidenceisbetter,butalsowhyotherevidenceisworse

For(B)includeallL5answerswhichusetheevidencetomodifythehypothesis(ratherthansimplyseekingtocontradict/support)inordertoimproveit,forexamplemanyfactorsotherthanthosestatedinthehypothesiswerepresentandgeneralisationsasstatedinthehypothesisareimpossibletoproveorrefute.

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SECTIONB

Essayquestions

‘Mexicowillpoisonus.’HowaccuratewasthispredictionoftheeffectsoftheMexicanWarontheUnitedStates?

ItistobeexpectedthatmostcandidateswillinterpretthequoteasassertingacausallinkbetweentheMexicanwarandCivilWarfrom1861-1865.However,otherinterpretationsarepossiblee.g.todenythevalidityofthequoteandpointtothehugeexpansionofterritorygainedasaresultofthewarwithMexicoanditsmakingtheUSatranscontinentalpowerfromPacifictoAtlantic.Itcouldalsobearguedthatthewarbroughtthefesteringslaveissuetoahead,inamannerwhichcouldnotbeevadedbyCompromiseforanybuttheshortestspan,henceledtothemakingofthemodemdynamicAmericanstateviathevictoryofnationalcapitalismoversectionalslavebasedagricultureintheCivilWar.Otherinterpretationsarepossible.Thecentralproblemwaswhattonthevastnewterritoriesacquired,shouldtheybeslaveor.Narrativeapproachesshouldbe15marksatbest.Thequestiontobeaddressedrequiresanyticalorexnatoryapproachshowingwhyeventshappenede.g.thepassingofthe1850Compromiseandwhyitfailedwithinameresixyears,orfactorsleadingtotheformationoftheRepublicanParty,notanti-slavery,buttotallyopposedtoanyextensionofit.ThepoliciesofStephenDouglas,inparticularhisKansas-NebraskaActandthefuriouscontroversiessurroundingit,willrequireexamination.Highqualityanswerswillbeconsistentlyytical,wellarguedandwithhighqualitysupportingmaterialrelevantlydeployedandwillscore21-25.Goodanswers(18-20)willbemostlyytical/exnatorybutwithsomeunevennessinthestructureorargumentandthequalityofsupportingmaterial.Barepassanswers(11-15)willbelargelydescriptiveornarrativeandrelevanceandaccuracymaystray.

‘Iclaimnottohavecontrolledeventsbutconfessinlythateventshavecontrolledme’.DoyouagreewithLincoln'sassessmentofhisPresidency?

Relevanceandheavyrelianceonstraightnarrativemaywellbeproblemshere.ThequestionrelatestoLincoln’spresidencyhencecommencementdateisNovember1860atearliest.WhatLincolnappearstobesayingisnotthathehasmerelyreactedtoevents,butthatthekeyeventswerebeyondhiscontrol,e.g.secession,theattackonFortSumter,theformationoftheCSA.;thestrategyandtacticsoftheConfederategenerals.However,whatwasconsistentandunwaveringwashisbeliefinthepermanenceandindestructiblenatureoftheUnion,sothatanycompromisewhichjeopardiseditorinanywayrecognisedsecession,wasoutofthequestionforhim.Itcan,ofcourse,bearguedthatdifferentandmoreflexiblepoliciesfromhimonthequestionofslaveryextensionmighthavepreventedsecessionormorerealisticallyhavelimitedittotheLowerSouth.ItcouldalsobearguedthatthequotegivesfartoopassivearoletoLincolnandignores,forexample,hisdeterminationtohangonuntilvictorywasachievedwheninearly1864warwearinessintheUnionwasprevalentandcompromisewiththeSouthseemedanattractiveoption.Thisisachallengingquestionandexaminersshouldapplythegenericmarkbandsgenerously.Highqualityanswerswillbeconsistentlyytical,wellarguedandwithhighqualitysupportingmaterialrelevantlydeployedandwillscore21-25.Goodanswers(18-20)willbemostlyytical/exnatorybutwithsomeunevennessinthestructureorargumentandthequalityofsupportingmaterial.Barepassanswers(11-15)willbelargelydescriptiveornarrativeandrelevanceandaccuracymaystray.

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ExinwhytheUnitedStatesbecametheworld'sleadingindustrialnationintheperiod1865-1900.

Theemphasishastobeonexnationratherthanondescription.Suchfactorsascheap,unlimitedland,anabundanceofrawmaterials(exceptforrubber),large-scaleimmigration,anentrepreneurialculture,andapolitical/legalsystemveryfriendlytobusinessshouldbelookedatcritically.TheUnionvictoryintheCivilWarmeantthattheSouthernvetointheSenatewasbrokenwhichenabledtheindustrialinfluenceinCongresstoremainsupreme.CandidatesshouldstresstheimportanceofthefloodofinventionsandinnovationsintheUSinthisperiod

e.g.thetypewriter,egraph,ephone,theelectriclamp;thefactthatthelegalandjudicialsystemwaceptionallyfriendlytobusiness(andhostiletobothlabourunionsandCongressionalrestrictionsonbusiness)shouldbestressed.Onewouldhopeforsomefactualdatatobackuptheargumente.g.by1900,approximay30%oftheworld'smanufactureswereAmerican.Highqualityanswerswillbeconsistentlyytical,wellarguedandwithhighqualitysupportingmaterialrelevantlydeployedandwillscore21-25.Goodanswers(18-20)willbemostlyytical/exnatorybutwithsomeunevennessinthestructureorargumentandthequalityofsupportingmaterial.Barepassanswers(11-15)willbelargelydescriptiveornarrativeandrelevanceandaccuracymaystray.

HowwasitpossibleinspiteofconstitutionalprotectionfortheSouthernStatestodenybasicCivilRightstoAfro-Americansfrom1895to1964?

Accuracyandrelevancearevitalhere.In1877,followingthedisputedialelectionofthepreviousyear,thedominantRepublicansinCongresshad,ineffect,abandonedmilitaryruleandReconstructionintheSouthandfullstatghtswererestored.Intheshorttermanumberofmeanswereusedbythewhitemajoritytodenycivilrights,thepolltax,licytests,thewhiteprimary,backedupwherenecessarybysoflynobs.Reconstructionhadgivenimportantconditionalrightstothedslaveswhichintheorygrantedfullcivilrightsandlegalequality.However,nothinghadbeendoneinlandreformforthedmenortoimprovetheirsocio-economicposition.Norhadanythingbeendoneinsubstanceforthepoorlandlesswhiteswhoweredeterminedtoremaininasuperiorpositiontothedslaves.Asdmenwereonly30%oftheSouthernpopulationin1900(beinginthemajorityonlyinSouthernCarolinaandMississippi)theirpositionwasimpossible.Moreover,as90%ofAfro-AmericanswereintheSouthinthe1900,theirplightcouldtooeasilybeignoredbyNorthernpoliticians.AllthreebranchesofUSpoliticalsystem,combinedindifferentwaystorefusetointerferewiththeSoutherndiscriminatorypractices;theSupremeCourtinthelandmarkdecisioninPlessyvFergusonruledin1896thatseparatepublicfacilitiesfordifferentraces,didnotinfringeConstitutionalrights,aslongastheywere‘equal’.ThoughtheSouthernstateswereinapermanentminority,particularlyintheHouseofRepresentatives,theoperationoftheseniorityrulemeantthatthechairmanshipofnearlyallkeycommitteeswereinSouthernhandsbyvirtueoftheonepartysystemintheSouthfrom1896to1964;hencecivilrightslegislationcouldbeeasilyblockedinbothHouseandSenate.TheRepublicansfrom1895to1964wereuninterestedintheproblemsoftheSouthernblackswiththeexceptionofThreRooseveltwhoinvitedBookerTWashingtontoteaattheWhiteHouse.OftheDemocrats,WoodrowWilsonwashostiletoblackaspirations,(hewasbroughtupinVirginiaduringtheCivilWar)andFDRandTrumanwereinpracticenotpreparedtoriskSouthernsupportbyactionasopposedtopiousaspirations.ThewholepoliticallandscapebegantoalterinthefamousBrowncasein1954,whichineffectdeclaredallformsofracialsegregationinpublicfacilitiesillegal.FromthenonliberalopinionintheNorth,combinedwithanincreasinglydynamicmovementofAfro-Americansandsympathetics(JFKandLBJ)madedenialofcivilrightsuntenable.Evenso,itrequiredallLBJ’spoliticalskillstodrivethroughtheCivilRightsAct1964.Highqualityanswerswillbeconsistentlyytical,wellarguedandwithhighqualitysupportingmaterialrelevantlydeployedandwillscore21-25.Goodanswers(18-20)willbemostlyytical/exnatorybutwithsomeunevennessinthestructureorargumentandthequalityofsupportingmaterial.Barepassanswers(11-15)willbelargelydescriptiveornarrativeandrelevanceandaccuracymaystray.

HowdifferentwerethepoliciesadoptedbyHooverandRoosevelttodealwiththeDepression?

AnswerswilltendtobeheavilyweightedtowardsRooseveltbuttosecuremarksof16+mustcontainsomediscussionofHoover’spolicies. ItisuntruetosaythatHooversimplydidnothingordidnotcarebutitwasduringhistermthatthedepressionstartedandin3yearsgotsteadilyanddramaticallyworse.Hooverintervenedintheeconomymorevigorouslythananyofhispredecessorse.g.increasedfederalspendingonpublicworksandaFederalFarmBoardtostabilisecommodityprices.However,hebelievedthaternmentinterventionwasnottheanswerbutrathervoluntarycooperationbyindustryandlocalcommunities. Inparticular,herefusedtocontem teunemploymentreliefbyFederalernment,insistingthiswasforcitiesandstate ernmentsandprivatecharity. Duringthefourmonthsinterregnum(November1932-1933),HoovertriedtocommitFDRtohispolicieswithoutsuccess. Bycontrast,Roosevelt’spoliciesweredramatic,cingalsunderfederalcontrol,withanationwide‘bankholiday’arrangingforthere-openingofallthosefoundtobesolvent.Thefirstofhisfamous‘fire-sidechats’appealedsuccessfullyforpeopletobanktheirsavings.Therethenfollowedthefamous‘OneHundredDays’withaplethoraoflegislation,proposalsandschemesallpassedinrecordtimebyacompliantCongressgladtobegivenalead.DetailsarelessimportantthanthefactthatFDRwasanactivistwhobelieveditwasfederalernment’sresponsibilitytoactdecisivelytoliftAmericaoutofDepressionandthatultimateresponsibilityforthehealthoftheeconomyrestedwiththeFederalernment.LatermeasuresincludedthePWA;TVA;andNIRA.Highqualityanswerswillbeconsistentlyytical,wellarguedandwithhighqualitysupportingmaterialrelevantlydeployedandwillscore21-25. Goodanswers(18-20)willbemostlyytical/exnatorybutwithsomeunevennessinthestructureorargumentandthequalityofsupportingmaterial.Barepass

answers(11-15)willbelargelydescriptiveornarrativeandrelevanceandaccuracymaystray.

Graduallyandratherreluctantly,TheUnitedStatesbecameanimperialpowerandamilitarypresenceonaglobalscale.IsthisafairassessmentofAmericanforeign1890-1919?

Thequestioncoversagreatdealofground:twocompleydifferentwarsforexample,andcandidatesshouldberewardedforskillinhandlingamassofmaterial.Examinersarerequestedtobeparticularlyunderstandinginapplyingthegenericmarkschemetothisquestion.

Fromthe1890sonwards,USdevelopedanationalisticeagernesstoassertAmericanpoweranditsnewlyacquiredeconomicmight.Avarietyofinfluences,economic,strategicandideologicalwerebehindthischange.ThestruggleforterritoryamongtheEuropeanPowersinthisperiodleftAmericanpoliticiansnotwishingtomissout,alsoinfluentialwereMahan’stheoriesonnavalpower,Darwiniandoctrinesofsurvivalofthefittestappliedtonations,andalsotheinfluenceofEnglishimperialistslikeKipling.ThesefactorinpickingaquarrelwiththeweakestEuropeanimperialpowerSpain,describedrathercallouslybySecretaryofStateHay,as‘asplendidlittlewar’.ThisprovedtobeahopelesslyunequalcontestandwhathadbegunasawartoliberateCubabecameonetoacquirecolonies;intheeventthePhilippines,PuertoRicoandGuam.Cuba,thoughnominallyindependentwastobeunderUStuageforthenext60years.ThepointshouldbemadebybettercandidatesthatbynomeansallAmericans edthesedevelopments,withoneex(Cleveland),AndrewCarnegie,tradeunionleaders(Gompers)andseniorsenatorsbeinguneasyatthemotivesandconsequencesofannexation.USinvolvementinglobalmilitarypresencecamebyadifferentroute.ItwastotallyuninvolvedintheeventsleadinguptotheFirstWorldWarbutprosperedmightilyfromit,beingtransformedfromadebtornationtotheworld’sbiggestcreditornation.In1917ratherthanriskAllieddefeat(followingthecapitulationofRussiainFebruary),theUSenteredthewarasanassociatedpoweroftheAllies,thisgoingdirectlycountertotherepeateda