当代语言学导论

当代语言学导论第1页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月

2.1Definitionoflinguistics2.2Branchesoflinguistics2.3Macrolinguistics2.4Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

第2页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.1DefinitionLinguisticsisthescientific

studyoflanguage.study–investigationscientific-exhaustiveness穷尽性

consistency一致性

economy简洁性

objectivity

客观性

第3页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.2Branchesoflinguistics2.2.1Phonetics语音学

2.2.2Phonology音系学

2.2.3Morphology形态学

2.2.4

Syntax句法学

2.2.5

Semantics语义学

2.2.6Pragmatics语用学2.2.7Modernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar第4页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.2.1Phonetics语音学

Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds.Threedifferentbranchesofphonetics:1)Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学

2)Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学

3)Acousticphonetics声学语音学

第5页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.2.2Phonology音系学

Phonologystudiesthesoundsystemoflanguages.Theaimofphonologyistodemonstratethepatternsofdistinctivesoundsfoundinalanguage,andtomakeasgeneralstatementsaspossibleaboutthenatureofsoundsystemsinthelanguagesoftheworld.Theobjectofstudyinphonologyisphoneme(音位).第6页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.2.3Morphology形态学

Morphologystudiestheformationofwords,thatis,howwordsareformedfromsmallerunitsofmeaning–morphemes.Morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning.Theycanbeusedtoderivewordsandtogivegrammaticalinformationaboutaword.第7页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月Languagesdifferintheirdegreeofdependenceonmorphologicalcomponents.Chinese:男：我是学生。女：我是学生。男男：我们是学生。女女：我们是学生。English:Boy:I’mastudent.Girl:I’mastudent.Boys:We’restudents.Girls:We’restudents.French:Garçon:Jesuisétudiant.Fille:Jesuis

étudiante.Garçons:Noussommesétudiants.Filles:Noussommesétudiantes.

第8页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.2.4

Syntax句法学

Syntaxstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentencesfromwords.Theserulesspecifywordorder,sentenceorganization,andtherelationshipbetweenwordorder,wordclassesandothersentenceelements.Emmaloadedthegroceriesintothecar.Emmaloadedthecarwithgroceries.Hedidn’tcomebecauseofyou.

第9页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.2.5

Semantics语义学

Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning.It’snotonlyconcernedwiththemeaningofwords,butalsothatofmorphemesandofsentences.第10页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.2.6Pragmatics语用学

Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithspecificutterancesinspecificsituations.第11页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.2.7ModernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammarSaussure,“Fatherofmodernlinguistics”,CourseinGeneralLinguistics.Firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Thirdly,modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.第12页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.3Macrolinguistics宏观语言学

2.3.1

Psycholinguistics心理语言学

--linguisticsandpsychology2.3.2

Sociolinguistics社会语言学

–languageandsociety2.3.3Appliedlinguistics

应用语言学

-linguisticsandlanguageteaching

第13页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguisticsstudiesthecorrelationbetweenlinguisticbehaviorandthepsychologicalprocessesthoughttounderliethatbehavior:(a)thementalprocessthatapersonusesinproducingandunderstandinglanguage,and(b)howhumanslearnlanguage.cognitivelinguisticsthestudyoflanguagedevelopmentinthechild

第14页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月SociolinguisticsSociolinguisticsstudiesallaspectsoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Itincludesstudiesonthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.LanguageattitudebeforeandafterthehandoverofHongkongChangesintheuseof“小姐”第15页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月AppliedlinguisticsInthebroadsense,appliedlinguisticsisconcernedwiththeapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandfindingstotheclarificationandsolutionoflanguageproblemswhichhaveariseninotherareasofexperience.Butthemostwell-developedbranchofappliedlinguisticstheteachingandlearningofforeignlanguages,andsometimesthetermisusedinthenarrowsensetorefertothisfieldexclusively.

第16页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月Someotherapplications

Literarystylistics文学文体学

Itdealswiththevariationscharacteristicofliteratureasagenreandofthe‘style’ofindividualauthors.Thisiswherelinguisticsandliteraturemeets.

第17页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月AnthropologicallinguisticsThisisabranchthatstudieslanguagevariationanduseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman,asinvestigatedusingthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropology.DidEnglishandGermandivergefromacommonancestrallanguage?Iftheyarerelated,howfarbackintimedidtheybegintodiffer?

第18页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月ComputationallinguisticsThisisabranchinwhichcomputationaltechniquesandconceptsareappliedtolinguisticandphoneticproblems.speechsynthesis,speechrecognition,machinetranslation,corpuslinguistics,computer-mediatedcommunication第19页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月2.4Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

2.4.1Speechandwriting

2.4.2Descriptivevs.prescriptive描写式和规定式2.4.3Synchronicvs.diachronic共时和历时2.4.4languevs.parole语言和言语

2.4.5Competenceandperformance

语言能力和语言运用2.4.6Functionalismandformalism

功能主义与形式主义

第20页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月

Descriptivevs.prescriptivegrammarsTheyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.

Descriptive---todescribethefactoflinguisticusageastheyare,andnothowtheyoughttobe,withreferencetosomerealorimaginedidealstate.

Prescriptive---atermusedtocharacterizeanyapproachwhichattempttolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeused.第21页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月Synchronicvs.diachronic

Synchronic(linguistics)---languagesarestudiedatatheoreticpointintime:onedescribesa‘state’oflanguage,disregardingwhateverchangesmightbetakingplace.Diachronic----languagesarestudiedfrompointofviewoftheirhistoricaldevelopment–forexample,thechangeswhichhavetakenplacebetweenOldandModernEnglishcouldbedescribedinphonological,grammaticalandsemanticterms.第22页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月languevs.parole

Langue---thelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakersParole---theconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.第23页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月Competence

andperformance

Competence----aperson’sknowledgeofhislanguage,thesystemofruleswhichhehasmasteredsothatheisabletoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentences,andtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.Performance---theactualrealizationoflanguageknowledge,languageseenasasetofspecificutterancesproducedbylanguagespeakers,asencounteredinacorpus.D.H.Hymes:communicativecompetenceM.A.K.Halliday:Linguisticpotentialandactuallinguisticbehavior第24页，课件共27页，创作于2023年2月Functionalismvs.formalismFunctionalismorfunctionallinguisticsreferstothestudyoftheformoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.Itconsiderstheindividualasasocialbeingandinvestigatesthewayinwhichshe/heacquireslanguageandusesitinordertocommunicatewithothersinherorhissocialenvironment.Representative:M.A.K.Halliday,Systemicfuncti