2016考研英语讲义基础测评试卷修改题号后

题，建议在一小时内完成。 MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byheltoreasedemanditensuresanreasedneedforlabor,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Bythefirstenceofthepassagetheauthormeans heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofeverybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyadvertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingitisworthwhiletospendmoneyon America’scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment--theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffintheAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisAnextremelylowjoblessratewillleadtoAhighunemploymentratewillresultfromRailroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness． Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,ngOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom,”forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformal isinevitableinradicaleducationisbutalltoonaturalinlanguagehascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeontent,whileatthesametimestandingoutabovetherest,thantheJerryandtheOprahWinfreyshows.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerryandtheOprahWinfreyare A)morefamily- B)unusuallyC)more D)relatively AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsshinthisnewworldisStraitford,.,aprivateinligence-ysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.ManyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatThephrase“makingthebiggestssh”(Line1,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans causingthebiggestexertingthegreatestachievingthegreatestenjoyingthewidest Makeprimarycaremoreattractivetomedicalstudentsbyforgivingstudentloansforthosewhochooseprimarycareasacareerandreconcilingthemarkeddifferencweenspecialistandprimarycarephysiciansalaries.WhatsuggestiondoestheauthorgiveinordertoprovidterprimaryBridgethesalarygapbetweenspecialistsandprimarycareExtendprimarycaretopatientswithchronicRecruitmoremedicalstudentsbyofferingthemReducethetuitionofstudentswhochooseprimarycareastheirIt’spossiblethatplutocrats(有钱有势的人)areexpressingsolidaritywiththestrugglingmiddleclassaspartofanefforttoinsulatethemselvesfromconfiscatory(没收性的)taxpolicies.Buttheprospectthat einequalitywillleadtohighertaxesonthewealthydoesn’tkeepplutocratsupatnight.Theycanlivewiththat.No,whattheyfearwasthatthepoliticalchallengesofsustainingsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationwillbemoredifficultintheUnitedStatesbecauseofwhathashappenedtothedistributionof eandeconomicinsecurity.WhatistherealreasonforplutocratstoexpresssolidaritywiththemiddleTheywanttoprotectthemselvesfromconfiscatoryTheyknowthatthemiddleclasscontributesmosttoTheywanttogainsupportforglobaleconomicTheyfeelreasinglythreatenedbyeconomic Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhosandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Thenattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation’sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.ountriesotherthantheirownmost areisolatedbythelocalarenotwellinformedduetothelanguagetendtogetalongwellwiththeneedinterpretersinhosandThissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgicallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleach “encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueas AccordingtoEricsson,gooddependsonmeaningfulprocessingofresultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveisdeterminedby icratherthanpsychologicalrequiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeof In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecameoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransntneethintohisjaw–havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-chopGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesyedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.Theyhavebeenspurredinpartby evidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedshowtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthedemonstratethecrueltyofinhisstresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.revealsomeunknownaspectofhisTothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearch cruelbutinhumanandinevitablebutpointlessandToday,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideassuchasmarkets,self-relianceandadistrustofcentralnningasfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,inlectualinvestigation.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorssupportiveofcautiousaboutinlectualconservativeaboutpublicbiasedclassicalliberal IbelievethatthemostimportantsbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomer’sdemands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,theworld’swealthreases.Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingsbehindM&Awave.thegreatercustomerasurplussupplyfortheagrowingthereaseoftheworld’sSadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrrmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedoutto.quitesomewhatveryrather Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whiaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.Thetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowinthe areresistanttoexertagreatinfluenceonAmericanarehardlyathreattothecommonconstitutethemajorityofthe Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregootured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sFemalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearostprobablybecausetheyare morelinedtoweighwhattheyattentivetoresearchers’niceinbothappearanceandmoregenerousthantheirmale Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosay‘abouttheirschoolexperience.Thepossiblereasonforinspiredstudentstogivenegativeremarksontheschoolistheyshouldenrollasmanygiftedstudentsastheyshouldorganizetheirclassesaccordingtothestudents’theyareoftenapableofcateringtotheneedsoftalentedtheyshouldsatisfytheneedsofstudentsfromdifferentfamilyTheshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyleinEurope,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastMoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsingle theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseoftheyhaveenteredtheworkatamuchearliertheyhaveembracedabusinesscultureoftheyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicInjustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,makers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintime