同济大学考博英语历年真题详解

1999年同济大学考博英语真题及详解PaperOnePartⅠ ListeningComprehension15%（略）PartⅡ VocabularyandStructure20%Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentences,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenmostsuitablycompletethesentence.MarkoutyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.16.ArchaeologistshavefoundthefossilsatDinosaurCaveare_____inhardsandstones.A.rootedB.embeddedC.settledD.displaced【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：考古学家在恐龙洞发现的化石埋藏在坚硬的砂岩中。embed“使嵌入，使插入”。root“生根；根除”。settle“安居；解决”。displace“取代，置换”。17.Iwasstruckbythe_____contrastbetweenhislivelymindandhisfrailbody.A.poignantB.horridC.tartD.idea【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：他身体十分虚弱，但思想却格外活跃，这种极大的反差给我留下了很大的印象。poignant“深刻的；尖锐的”。horrid“可怕的，恐怖的”。tart“尖酸的，刻薄的”。idea为名词“想法，主意”。18.Herethewindowplaysa_____partinthedesignofthewhitestructure.A.competitiveB.complicatedC.flexibleD.prominent【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：在这里，窗户在百色结构的设计中起着重要的作用。prominent“突出的，显著的”。competitive“竞争的，有竞争意识的”。complicated“复杂的，难懂的”。flexible“灵活的，柔韧的”。19.Thisveritableconcretejungleis,infact,theepitomeoftheso-called‘primate’city—acitycompletely_____thecountry’seconomy.A.decreasingB.dwindlingC.diminishingD.dwarfing【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：事实上，这座名副其实的混凝土丛林是所谓的“灵长类动物”城市的缩影——一个完全削弱了国家经济的城市。diminish“减少，减损”，指数量大小和重要性不断减少，强调减少的部分。decrease“减少，减小”，指数量上逐渐地、不断地减少。dwindle“减少，缩小”，也指逐渐减少，但强调变得越来越少直至全无。dwarf“变小，使矮小”。此处是强调在重要性上削弱了国家的经济，因此选C项。20.Inthemidstofsomanyevasivecomments,thisforthrightstatement,whateveritsintrinsicmerit,plainlystandsoutas_____.A.ananomalyB.aparadigmC.aninaccuracyD.amisnomer【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：在众多闪烁其词的评论中，这种直率的陈述，无论其内在价值如何，都明显的变现异常。anomaly“异常，反常”。paradigm“示例，典范”。inaccuracy“错误，不精确”。misnomer“误称，用词不当”。在这里，直率的陈述与闪烁其词的评论形成了鲜明的对比，在众多的推诿的评论中，直率就显得格格不入、反常了。因此本题选A项。21.Ratsarenocturnalanimalsand_____tosleepduringtheday.A.aredisposedB.areintendedC.areinducedD.areunexpected【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：老鼠是夜行动物，他们倾向于白天睡觉。bedisposedto“倾向于”。beintendedto“打算，意图是……”。beinducedto“被诱导”。unexpected“意外的，想不到的”。22.Fashionispartlyasearchforanewlanguagetodiscredittheold,awayinwhicheachgenerationcan_____itsimmediatepredecessoranddistinguishitself.A.placateB.emulateC.repudiateD.condone【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：时尚从某种意义上来说是要寻找一种新的语言来批判老的，这是一种让每一代人都能否定其上一辈人并让自己脱颖而出的方法。repudiate“拒绝；否定，批判”。placate“抚慰，平息”。emulate“效仿；尽力赶上”。condone“宽恕，赦免”。23.Experiencedandproficient,Susanisagood,reliabletrumpeter;hermusicisoftenmoresatisfyingthanCarol’sbrilliantbut_____playing.A.inimitableB.erraticC.eccentricD.renowned【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：苏珊经验丰富、精通乐器，是一个好的、可靠的号手；她的音乐往往比卡罗尔的才华横溢但飘忽不定的演奏更令人满意。erratic“不稳定的，飘忽不定的”。inimitable“无比的，无可比拟的”。eccentric“古怪的，反常的”。renowned“著名的，有声望的”。24.Hisspeechwascarefuland_____buthiswordsseemedtomakenosense.A.distinctiveB.distinguishingC.distinctD.distinguishable【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：他的讲话细致而清晰，但他的话似乎毫无意义。distinct“清晰的；独特的”。distinctive“有特色的，与众不同的”。distinguishing“有区别的”。distinguishable“可辨别的，可区分的”。25.Dangerseemstohoveroverourhead.Weshould_____ourselvesforanordeal.A.poiseB.poseC.imposeD.repose【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：危险似乎徘徊在我们头上。我们应该使自己为考验做好准备。poise“使做好准备；使平衡”。pose“摆好姿势；造成”。impose“强加；利用”。repose“休息；寄托于”。26.Sheisreallysomethingofanactress.Hertearsseemedtobecalculated_____.A.ineffectB.foreffectC.ofeffectD.toeffect【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：她真是一个了不起的女演员。她的眼泪似乎是为了效果而计划好的。foreffect“为了得到效果；给人留下良好的印象”。ineffect“实际上；生效”。ofeffect“有效”。toeffect“影响”。27.Inthecontemporarywesternworld,rapidlychangingstylescatertoadesirefor_____andindividualism.A.noveltyB.triumphC.patternD.feature【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：在当代西方世界，快速变换着的风格迎合了人们对新奇和独特性的追求。novelty“新奇；新奇的事物”。triumph“胜利，凯旋”。pattern“模式，图案”。feature“特征，特色”。28.Althoughprovidingwildchimpanzeeswithfoodmakesthemless_____andeasiertostudy,itisalsoknownto_____theirnormalsocialpattern.A.interesting...reinforceB.accessible...retardC.shy...disruptD.poised...inhibit【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：虽然给野生黑猩猩提供食物会让它们不那么害羞，也更容易研究，但众所周知，这也会扰乱它们正常的社交模式。shy“害羞的，腼腆的”；disrupt“打乱，打扰”。interesting“有趣的”；reinforce“加强，强化”。accessible“易接近的；可进入的”；retard“延缓，推迟”。poised“镇定的；平衡的”；inhabit“栖息，居住”。29.Neithertheideasofphilosophersnorthepracticesofordinarypeoplecan,bythemselves,_____reality,whatinfactchangesrealityandkindlesrevolutionisthe_____ofthetwo.A.constitute...divergenceB.affect...aimC.transform...interplayD.preserve...conjunction【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：无论是哲学家的思想，还是普通人的实践，都无法改变现实，而改变现实、点燃革命的，其实是二者的相互作用。transform“改变，转换”；interplay“相互作用，相互影响”。constitute“组成，构成”；divergence“分歧；背离”。affect“影响，作用”；aim“目的，旨在”。preserve“保护，保存”；conjunction“结合；关联”。30.Agooddoctorknowsthatknowledgeaboutmedicinewillcontinueto_____andthat,therefore,formalprofessionaltrainingcanneverbean_____guidetogoodpractice.A.vary...adaptableB.change...absoluteC.intensify...obsolescentC.pertain...invaluable【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：一个好的医生知道医学知识将会继续改变，因此，正规的专业培训永远不能成为良好实践的绝对指导。change“改变，变化”；absolute“绝对的，完全的”。vary“变化，不同”；adaptable“适应的；能修改的”。intensify“加强，强化”；obsolescent“荒废的；即将过时的”。pertain“关于，属于”；invaluable“无价的，无比珍贵的”。31.Theinsecticideproved_____,bykillingtheweakadultsofaspecies,itassuredthatthestrongoneswouldmateamongthemselvesandproduceoffspringstillmore_____toitseffect.A.infective...hostileB.feasible...susceptibleC.necessary...immuneD.counterproductive...resistant【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：事实证明，这种杀虫剂的效果适得其反，它杀死了一个物种中较弱的成虫，从而确保了较强的成虫会在它们之间交配，从而产生对其效果更具抵抗力的后代。counterproductive“反生产的；达不到预期效果的”；resistant“抵抗的，反抗的”。infective“传染的，有传染性的”；hostile“敌对的，怀有敌意的”。feasible“可行的，可能的”；susceptible“易受影响的，易感动的”。necessary“必须的，必要的”；immune“免疫的，免除的”。32.Demonstratingamasteryofinnuendo,heissuedseveral_____insultsinthecourseoftheevening’sconversation.A.bluntB.fallaciousC.veiledD.boisterous【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：在晚上的谈话中，他说出很多含沙射影的侮辱语言，体现了他强大的暗讽能力。veiled“含蓄的；隐藏的”。blunt“直率的；迟钝的”。fallacious“谬误的，使人误解的”。boisterous“喧闹的；狂暴的”。33.Nocomputersystemisimmunetoavirus,particularlymaliciousprogramthatisdesignedto_____andelectronically_____thedisksonwhichdataarestored.A.prepare...improveB.restore...disableC.preserve...secureDinfect...damage【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：任何计算机系统都不能对病毒免疫，尤其是那些旨在感染并通过电子手段破坏存储数据的磁盘的恶意程序。infect“传染，感染”；damage“损害，破坏”。prepare“准备；装备”；improve“提高，改善”。restore“修复；归还”；disable“使……失去能力”。preserve“保护，保存”；secure“使安全；获得”。34.Individualfreedomofthoughtshouldbeprotectedmoreabsolutelythanindividualfreedomofaction,giventhatthelater,thoughtalsodesirable,mustbe_____thelimitsimposedbytherightsandfreedomofothers.A.subjectedtoB.measuredbyC.superiortoDconsciousof【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：个人的思想自由显然比个人的行为自由更应该受到保护，因为后者虽然也是值得保护的，但它必须受到其他人的权利和自由所强加的限制。subjectto“使服从；使遭受”。measuredby“以……衡量”。superiorto“优于，比……优越”。consciousof“意识到”。35.ThefortresslikefacadeoftheMuseumorCartoonArtseemscalculatedtoremindvisitorsthatthecomicstripisanartformthathasoftenbeen_____bycritics.A.assailedВ.charmedC.overwhelmedD.exhilarated【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：博物馆或卡通艺术的堡垒式外观似乎是为了提醒游客，漫画是一种经常遭到评论家抨击的艺术形式。assail“抨击，质问”。charm“(使)着迷；施魔法”。overwhelm“压倒；淹没”。exhilarate“使高兴，使振奋”。36.Thegovernmentissuedsome_____regulationstobridgethecountryoverthecrisis.A.provincialB.nationalC.parallelDprovisional【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：政府颁布了一些临时法规来帮助国家渡过危机。provisional“临时的，暂时的”。provincial“省的，地方性的”。national“国家的；民族的”。parallel“平行的；类似的”。37.Mexicoisknownforuncleannessinitsenvirons.Bethatasitmay,Willian’sfirstsojournthere_____himwithalifelongaffectionforLatinAmerican.A.chargedB.infusedC.injectedD.infected【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：墨西哥以其环境的不清洁而闻名。尽管如此，威廉在那里的第一次逗留使他对拉丁美洲产生了一生的感情。infuse“灌输，使充满”。charge“控诉；使充电”。inject“注射，注入”。infect“传染，感染”。38.Howeveroriginaltheymightbe,Romanpoetswereboundtohavesomefavoriteearlierauthorwhomtheywould_____.A.inspireB.imitateC.admireD.emulate【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：尽管罗马诗人可能是有独创性的，但是他们必定要仿效他们最喜爱的某个早期作家。emulate“效仿；尽力赶上”。inspire“鼓舞，启发”。imitate“效仿，仿制”。admire“崇拜；欣赏”。emulate和imitate均有“效仿”之意：emulate指通过模仿别人而尽力赶上或与人竞争；而imitate指出于仰慕或缺乏独创性的模仿别人的行为和动作。这里说到罗马诗人是具有独创性的，因此使用emulate更为合适，故选D项。39.Manycasesshowthatsoftware_____issomethingthecomputerindustryneedstomakeupitsmindabout.A.piracyB.privacyC.parentD.price【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：许多案例证明了软件专利是电脑企业需下定决心要做的事。patent“专利；特许”。piracy“盗版，剽窃”。privacy“隐私；秘密”。price“价格，价值”。40.Thefirstpowerful_____forchangewasagovernmentgreenpaperin1987.A.ideaB.policyC.opinionD.push【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：第一个强有力的变革政策是1987年的政府绿皮书。policy“政策，方针”。push“推力；决心”。idea“想法，观念”。opinion“意见，主张”。41.Calculus,thoughstillindispensabletoscienceandtechnology,isnolonger_____,ithasanequalpartnercalleddiscretemathematics.A.pragmaticB.essentialC.preeminentD.pertinent【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：微积分，尽管对于科学技术仍然不可或缺，已不再是一枝独秀，它有了一个与它地位平等的伙伴，即离散数学。preeminent“卓越的，超群的”。pragmatic“实用的，实际的”。essential“基本的，必须的”。pertinent“相关的；中肯的”。42.Thestudentsshowed_____whensolvingthedifficultmathematicalproblems.A.ingenuityB.validityC.purityDliability【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：学生们在解答困难的数学题时展现出了聪明才智。ingenuity“聪明才智；独创性”。validity“合法性；有效性”。purity“纯度；纯粹”。liability“责任；可能性”。43.Althoughsomeconsiderforcefulnessand_____tobetwotraitsdesirabletothesamedegree.Ithinkthatmakingaviolenteffortismuchlessusefulthanmaintainingasteadyone.A.promptnessB.lucidityC.aggressionD.persistence【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：尽管有人认为强制和坚持是两种同样可取的方式，但是我认为使用暴力比保持稳定的作用更小。persistence“坚持，毅力”。promptness“迅速，敏捷”。lucidity“(思路、表达）清晰；洞彻事理”。aggression“侵略，进攻”。44.He’dtelephonedwithsome______excuseshedidn’tbelieveforaminute.A.consciousB.phonyC.facialD.subtle【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：他找了某个她根本不会相信的借口给她打电话。phony“假的，欺骗的”。conscious“有意识的；故意的”。facial“面部的；表面的”。subtle“微妙的；精细的”。45.ItisnoaccidentthatmostpeoplefindDavis’sbookdisturbing,foritiscalculatedtoundermineanumberofbeliefstheyhavelong_____.A.cherishedB.anticipatedC.deniedD.assimilated【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：很多人认为Davis的书很讨厌不是偶然的，因为它打算破坏人们长期以来怀有的信仰。cherish“怀有；珍爱”。anticipate“预期，展望”。deny“否定，拒绝”。assimilate“吸收；使同化”。46.SometimesIhavethoughtitwouldbeanexcellentruletoliveeachdayasifwe_____tomorrow.A.weredyingB.shoulddieC.mustdieD.aretodie【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：有时我在想，把每一天当作生命的最后一天，不失为一条极佳的人生法则。本句考查虚拟语气asif，当从句表示与将来事实相反时，则需用should/would/could+动词原形，因此本题选B项。47.Agricultureisthecountry’schiefsourceofwealth,wheat_____byfarthebiggestcerealcrop.A.asB.beingC.hasbeenD.tobe【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：农业是这个国家财富的主要来源，而小麦则是最大的粮食作物。本题考查独立主格结构，其结构为名词或代词+非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)。选项中只有B和D符合，又因为不定式表示将来，而题意是一般现在时，所以不选。因此本题选B项。48.Wewouldratherthatyou_____theconferenceinspring.A.willholdB.holdC.heldD.shouldhold【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：我们宁愿你在春天举办大会。本句考查wouldrather的虚拟语气用法，当表示与现在或将来相反的情况时，wouldrather后需用一般过去时。因此本题选C项。49.Iwasonmywayhome_____IsawDr.Smith.A.whenB.whereC.asD.that【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：当我遇见Smith博士时，我正在回家的路上。本句考查bedoing+when句型。当主句是由beabouttodo/bedoing/beonthepointofdoing等构成时，其后跟when表示正要……时，突然……。因此本题选A项。50.Membersoftheoppositeculturefeltaneedtopointouttoushowtheseactions_____havetheoppositeeffectofwhatweintendedanddesired.A.couldonlynotB.couldnotC.couldnotonlyD.couldnotbut【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：相反文化的成员感到有必要向我们指出，这些行动可能只会产生事与愿违的效果。这里couldnotbut意为“只能，不得不”。51.WilliamWetherallsuggeststhat_____mainlyschooling,afterall,thataccountsforthehigheraverageintelligencescoreoftheJapanese.A.itisB.itshouldbeC.itbeD.itwillbe【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：WilliamWetherall表明，毕竟主要是学校教育才使得日本人的平均智力较高。本句考查强调句型itis...that...，且句子为一般现在时，因此选A项。52.Inthiswaygraduateeducationmightbemorerationallyunderstoodandacceptedfor_____itis—moreeducation.A.asB.thatC.whatD.such【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：通过这种方式，研究生教育可能会被更理性地理解，并被接受为更多的教育。在acceptedfor...itis中，for后面缺少了一个宾语，而itis后也缺少一个宾语，所以应该用what来充当两个成分。因此本题选C项。53.Itisreportedthataseriesofmeetings_____heldaboutthebestwaytomarketthenewproduct.A.wasB.wereC.musthavebeenD.werebeing【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：据报道，就新产品的最佳营销方法举行了一系列会议。aseriesof+复数结构的单复数取决于其修饰语，当所修饰的名词为相关的一类事物使，谓语动词用单数；当所修饰的名词为不相关的不同事物时，谓语动词用复数。这里一系列的会议之间是彼此相关的，被视为一个整体，因此谓语动词用单数，故选A项。54.Nuclearweaponsareprobably_____threattothehumanracethanover-population.A.nolongeraterribleB.nomoreterribleaC.nomoreaterribleD.nolongerterriblea【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：核武器对人类的威胁可能不比人口过剩更可怕。本句考查nomore...+than...，意为“不及，不如”。nolonger是不再的意思。当名词前有修饰语时，冠词应在形容词前，因此为aterriblethreat，故选C项。55._____Iadmirehimasapoet,Idonotlikehimasaman.A.MuchsoB.SomuchC.AsmuchD.Muchas【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：虽然作为诗人我很钦佩他，但我不喜欢他的为人。本句考查as引导的让步状语，当其引导让步状语从句时，需要用部分倒装，将表语或状语提前。此处是将状语much提前，因此选D项。PartⅢReadingComprehension30%Directions:Therearefivereadingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Passage1Silenceisunnaturaltoman.Hebeginslifewithacryandendsitinstillness.Intheintervalhedoesallhecantomakeanoiseintheworld,andtherearefewthingsofwhichhestandsinmorefearthanoftheabsenceofnoise.Evenhisconversationisingreatmeasureanattempttopreventaterriblesilence.Ifheisintroducedtoafellowmortal,andanumberofpausesoccurintheconversation,heregardshimselfasafailure,aworthlessperson,andisfullofenvytheemptiest-headedchatterbox.Heknowsthatninetyninepercentofhumanconversationmeansnomorethanthebuzzingofafly,butheiseagertojoininthebuzzandtoprovethatheismanandnotawaxworkfigure.Theobjectofconversationisnot,forthemostpart,tocommunicateideas;itistokeepupthebuzzingsound.Thereare,itmustbeadmitted,differentqualitiesofbuzz;thereisevenabuzzthatisasannoyingasthecontinuousnoisemadebyamosquito.Butatadinner-partyonewouldratherbeamosquitothanaquietperson.Mostbuzzing,fortunately,ispleasanttotheear,andsomeofitispleasanteventothemind.Hewouldbeafoolishmanifhewaiteduntilhehadawisethoughttotakepartinthebuzzingwithhisneighbours.Thosewhodespitetheweatherasaconversationalopeningseemtometobeignorantofthereasonwhyhumanbeingswishtotalk.Veryfewhumanbeingsjoininaconversationinthehopeoflearninganythingnew.Someofthemarecontentiftheyaremerelyallowedtogoonmakinganoiseintootherpeople’sears,thoughtheyhavenothingtotellthemexceptthattheyhaveseentwoorthreenewplaysorthattheyhadfoodinaSwisshotel.Attheendofaneveningduringwhichtheyhavesaidnothingatimmenselength,theyjustlyplumethemselvesontheirsuccessasconversationalists.56.Thestatement“ninetyninepercentofhumanconversationmeansnomorethanthebuzzingofafly”signifiesthat______.A.mostconversationisasirritatingasthenoisemadebyafly.B.apercentageofconversationlackssubject-matter.C.mostconversationlackssignificance,liketheineffectualbuzzingofafly.D.humanconversationcanbedismissedastrivial.57.Why,accordingtotheauthor,isamansokeentojoininconversation?A.Inordertoasserthissuperiority.B.Inordertoprovethatheisarational,livingbeing.C.Inordertocommunicateideaswhichheconsidersimportant.D.Toprovethatheisnotaworthlessperson.58.Thereasonwhyonewouldratherbeamosquitothanamuteatapartyisthat_____.A.conversation,howevermeaningless,ispreferabletosilence.B.amosquitomakesmorenoisethanamuteandnoiseissecondnaturetoman.C.mancanachieveidentitythroughnoise.D.thequalitiesofamosquitoaresuperiortothoseofamute.59.Accordingtotheauthor,whatpartdoseweatherplayinconversation?A.Itshowspeople’signoranceofpurposeofconversation.B.Itcanprovideatopictobreaktheice.C.Itindicatedthatverypeoplehopetolearnanythingnewfromconversation.D.Itcanprovideatopicofconversationthatisacceptable.60.Asuitabletitleforthepassagemightbe_____.A.“Conversationalists”B.“Silence—OneofMan’sGreatestFear”C.“Conversation”D.“Man—theNoisycreature”【答案与解析】56.C 从第四句话“Evenhisconversationisingreatmeasureanattempttopreventaterriblesilence.”可知人说话的目的大部分在于避免可怕的沉默，所以他的讲话并不具有很大的重要性，只是为了发出声音。这句话中并没有说这些声音是令人恼怒的，因此排除A项。也不涉及缺乏谈话的主体，排除B项。D项也无体现。因此本题选C。57.B 中间部分“butheiseagertojoininthebuzzandtoprovethatheismanandnotawaxworkfigure”提到，人迫切的想加入谈话中是为了证明他是一个活生生的人，而不是一座蜡像。因此本题选B项。58.A 从第一句“Silenceisunnaturaltoman.”和第三句“therearefewthingsofwhichhestandsinmorefearthanoftheabsenceofnoise”可已看出，人们惧怕安静，更喜欢说话。因此本题选A项。59.B 文章倒数第四句“Thosewhodespitetheweatherasaconversationalopeningseemtome...”表明，作者认为天气是交谈的开始，因此本题选B项。A是作者通过引用谈论天气的例子想要达到的目的，与题意不符。C项与该句子无关。D项中增添了态度词acceptable，而作者并没有提到。60.D 通读全文后发现，文章大量篇幅是在讲人们为什么一直说话，而文章的前几句话也表明了人们爱说话的天性，D项最为符合文章内容。A项只在最后一句提及，并不是全文的重点。B项也仅在文章第一句提到，C项只说到谈话，缺少了行动主动人。故本题选D项。Passage2Intheearly1950’s,historianswhostudiedpre-industrialEurope(whichwedefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepre-industrialEuropeanpopulationthantheor2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelite:thekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.Onedifficulty,however,wasthatfewoftheremaining97percentrecordedtheirthoughtsorhadthemchronicledbycontemporaries.Facedwiththissituation,manyhistoriansbasedtheirinvestigationsontheonlyrecordsthatseemedtoexist:birth,marriage,anddeathrecords.Asaresult,muchoftheearlyworkonthenoneliteswasaridlystatisticalinnature;reducingthevastmajorityofthepopulationtoasetofnumberswashardlymoreenlighteningthanignoringthemaltogether.Historiansstilldidnotknowwhatthesepeoplethoughtorfelt.Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntotherecordsoflegalcourts,forherethevoicesofthenonelitecanmostoftenbeheard,aswitnesses,plaintiffs,anddefendants.Thesedocumentshaveactedas“apointofentryintothementalworldofthepoor.”HistorianssuchasLeRoyLaduriehaveusedthedocumentstoextractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups(theseattitudesinclude,butarenotconfinedto,attitudestowardcrimeandthelaw)andhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.IthasbeensocietiesthathavehadadevelopedpoliticalsystemandpracticedRomanlaw,withitswrittendepositions,whosecourtrecordshaveyieldedthemostdatatohistorians.InAnglo-Saxoncountrieshardlyanyofthesebenefitsobtain,butithasstillbeenpossibletogleaninformationfromthestudyoflegaldocuments.Theextractionofcasehistoriesisnot,however,theonlyusetowhichcourtrecordsmaybeput.HistorianswhostudypreindustrialEuropehaveusedtherecordstoestablishaseriesofcategoriesofcrimeandtoquantifyindictmentsthatwereissuedoveragivennumberofyears.Thisuseoftherecordsdoesyieldsomeinformationaboutthenonelite,butthisinformationgivesuslittleinsightintothementallivesofthenonelite.Wealsoknowthatthenumberofindictmentsinpre-industrialEuropebearslittlerelationtothenumberofactualcriminalacts,andwestronglysuspectthattherelationshiphasvariedwidelyovertime.Inaddition,aggregatepopulationestimatesareveryshaky,whichmakesitdifficultforhistorianstocompareratesofcrimeperthousandinonedecadeofthepreindustrialperiodwithratesinanotherdecade.Giventheseinadequacies,itisclearwhythecasehistoryuseofcourtrecordsistobepreferred.61.Theauthorsuggeststhat,beforetheearly1950’s,mosthistorianswhostudiedpre-industrialEuropedidwhichofthefollowing?A.FailedtomakedistinctionsamongmembersofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.B.Usedinvestigatorymethodsthatwerealmostexclusivelystatisticalinnature.C.InaccuratelyestimatedtheinfluenceofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.D.Confinedtheirworktoanarrowrangeofthepre-industrialEuropeanpopulation.62.Accordingtothepassage,thecasehistoriesextractedbyhistorianshave_____.A.scarcelyilluminatedtheattitudesofthepoliticalandsocialeliteB.indicatedthemannerinwhichthoseinpowerapportionedjusticeC.focusedalmostentirelyonthethoughtsandfeelingsofdifferentsocialgroupstowardcrimeandthelawD.beenbasedforthefirstkindofhistoricalwritingthatutilizedtherecordsoflegalcourts63.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmuchoftheearlyworkbyhistoriansontheEuropeannoneliteofthepreindustrialperiodmighthavebeenmoreilluminatingifthesehistorianshad_____.A.useddifferentmethodsofstatisticalanalysistoinvestigatethenoneliteB.beenmoresuccessfulinidentifyingtheattitudesofcivilauthorities,especiallythosewhoadministeredjustice,towardthenoneliteC.beenabletodrawonmoreaccounts,writtenbycontemporariesofthenonelite,thatdescribedwhatthisnonelitethoughtD.reliedmoreheavilyonthepersonalrecordsleftbymembersoftheEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelitewholivedduringtheperiodinquestion64.TheauthormentionsLeRoyLaduireinorderto_____.A.giveanexampleofahistorianwhohasmadeonekindofuseofcourtrecords.B.citeahistorianwhohasbasedcasehistoriesonthebirth,marriage,anddeathrecordsofthenoneliteC.identifytheauthorofthequotationcitedintheprevioussentence.D.gainauthoritativesupportfortheviewthatthecasehistoryapproachisthemostfruitfulapproachtocourtrecords65.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofindictmentsforcrimeinEuropeinthepre-industrialperiod?A.Theyhave,intermsoftheirnumbers,remainedrelativelyconstantovertime.B.Theygivethehistoriansimportantinformationaboutthementallivesofthoseindicted.C.Theyarenotaparticularlyaccurateindicationoftheextentofactualcriminalactivity.D.Theirimportancetohistoriansofthenonelitehasbeengenerallyoverestimated66.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatahistorianwhowishedtocomparecrimeratesperthousandinaEuropeancityinonedecadeofthefifteenthcenturywithcrimeratesinanotherdecadeofthatcenturywouldprobablybemostaidedbybetterinformationaboutwhichofthefollowing?A.ThecausesofunrestinthecityduringthetwodecadesB.TheaggregatenumberofindictmentsinthecitynearesttothecityunderinvestigationduringthetwodecadesC.ThenumberofpeoplewholivedinthecityduringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigationD.Thementalattitudesofcriminalsinthecity,includingtheirfeelingaboutauthority,duringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigation67.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearaspartof_____.A.anessaydescribingtrendsinthepracticeofwritinghistoryB.atextbookontheapplicationofstatisticalmethodsinthesocialsciencesC.areporttothehistoricalprofessionoftheworkofearly-twentieth-centuryhistoriansDanarticleurgingtheadoptionofhistoricalmethodsbythelegalprofession【答案与解析】61.D 第一段第一句“historianswhostudiedpre-industrialEurope...began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepre-industrialEuropeanpopulationthantheor2or3percentwho...”表明，20世纪50年代以前的历史学家只研究少部分的精英。因此本题选D项。62.B 由第二段第三句“whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups...andhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.”可知，这些案例揭示了当时的政权是如何执法的，因此选B项。A本句中没有提及精英人士，所以排除。C项说完全集中在人们对于犯罪和法律的态度上，与原文不符。D项中说是第一种利用法庭记录的历史记载，与下文不符。63.C 最后一段第三句提出，使用这些记录的确提供了一些关于非精英人士的信息，但人们对于他们的精神生活还是知之甚少。由此可推断出，如果想要了解非精英人士的心理，必须研究非精英人士自己所做的记录。因此本题选C项。64.A 第二段第一句“Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntotherecordsoflegalcourts”讲述了法庭记录是摆脱这种困境的一种方法，紧接着就提到LeRoyLaduire利用法庭记录了解非精英人士的例子。这里作者提到他只是为了列举例子，因此本题选A项。65.C 由最后一段倒数第三句“Wealsoknowthatthenumberofindictmentsinpre-industrialEuropebearslittlerelationtothenumberofactualcriminalacts,”可知，它并不能表明真实的犯罪数量，因此本题选C项。66.D 最后一段最后一句“Giventheseinadequacies,itisclearwhythecasehistoryuseofcourtrecordsistobepreferred.”表明最好使用案件历史来研究犯罪率，而前面提到案件历史记载了人们的态度、看法等。因此本题应选D项。67.C 文章开篇就提到20世纪50年代的历史学家们的研究工作，后面接着详细讲了他们的工作困境、方法等。所以这是一篇关于历史学家工作的文章，因此本题选C项。Passage3ClimaticconditionsaredelicatelyadjustedtocompositionoftheEarth’satmosphere.Iftherewereachangeintheatmosphere―forexample,intherelativeamountsofatmosphericgases―theclimatewouldprobablychangealso.Aslightincreaseinwatervapor,forinstance,wouldincreasetheheat—retainingcapacityoftheatmosphereandwouldleadtoariseinglobaltemperatures.Incontrast,alargeincreaseinwatervaporwouldincreasethethicknessandextentofthecloudlayer,reducingtheamountofsolarenergyreachingtheEarth’ssurface.Thelevelofcarbondioxide,CO2,intheatmospherehasanimportanteffectonclimaticchange.MostoftheEarth’sincomingenergyisshort-wavelengthradiation,whichtendstopassthroughatmosphericCO2easily.TheEarth,however,reradiatesmuchofthereceivedenergyaslong-wavelengthradiation,whichCO2absorbsandthengoestowardtheEarth.Thisphenomenon,knownasthegreenhouseeffect,canresultinanincreaseinthesurfacetemperatureofaplanet.AnextremeexampleoftheeffectisshownbyVenus,aplanetcoveredbyheavycloudscomposedmostlyofCO2,whosesurfacetemperatureshavebeenmeasuredat430℃.IftheCO2contentoftheatmosphereisreduced,thetemperaturefalls.Accordingtoonerespectabletheory,iftheatmosphericCO2concentrationwerehalved,theEarthwouldbecomecompletelycoveredwithice.Anotherequallyrespectabletheory,however,statesthatahalvingoftheCO2concentrationwouldleadonlytoareductioninglobaltemperaturesof3℃.If,becauseofanincreaseinforestfiresorvolcanicactivity,theCO2contentoftheatmosphereincreased,awarmerclimatewouldbeproduced.Plantgrowth,whichreliedonboththewarmthandtheavailabilityofCO2,wouldprobablyincrease.Asaconsequence,plantwouldusemoreandmoreCO2.EventuallyCO2levelswoulddecreaseandtheclimate,inturn,wouldbecomecooler.Withreducedtemperaturesmanyplantswoulddie;CO2wouldthusbereturnedtotheatmosphereandgraduallythetemperaturewouldriseagain.Thus,ifthisprocessoccurred,theremightbealong-termoscillationintheamountofCO2presentintheatmosphere,withregulartemperatureincreaseanddecrease.SomeclimatologistsarguethattheburningoffossilfuelshasraisedthelevelofCO2intheatmosphereandhascausedaglobaltemperatureincreaseofatleast1℃.Butasupposedglobaltemperatureriseof1℃mayinrealitybeonlyseveralregionaltemperatureincreases,rest