高考英语外刊阅读天天练科技说明文阅读理解专题

高考英语外刊阅读天天练：科技说明文阅读理解专题①Womenwithchronicfatiguesyndrome(CFS)tendtohavemoresymptomsthanmenandaremorelikelytodevelopincreasinglyseveresymptomsovertime,accordingtoinitialresultsfromamajorstudy.ItisalreadyknownthatwomenareathigherriskofCFS,alsoknownasmyalgicencephalomyelitis(ME),andthelateststudy,calledDecodeME,providesnewinsightsintohowtheirexperiencediffersfrommen.ThestudyfoundthatwomenwhohaveME/CFSformorethan10yearsaremorelikelytoexperienceincreasinglyseveresymptomsastheyage.ME/CFSisestimatedtoaffectmorethan250,000peopleintheUK,ofallagesandfromallsocialandeconomicbackgrounds.Akeyfeature,calledpost-exertionalmalaise,isadramaticworseningofsymptomsafterminorphysicaleffort.Othersymptomsincludepain,brainfogandextremefatiguethatdoesnotimprovewithrest.ScientistsarestillworkingtounderstandthecausesofME/CFS,althoughthereissomeevidencethatinfectionscantriggerthecondition,whilearecentstudysuggestedthataproteinmaydisruptcells’abilitytogenerateenergy.Thereiscurrentlynodiagnostictestorcureanddoctorscontinuetobedividedonthebestwaytohelppatientsrecoverormanagesymptoms.Thelatestresearchanalysedanonymoussurveyquestionnairesfrommorethan17,000peoplewithME/CFS.Womenreported,onaverage,moresymptomsthanmen:42,comparedwith36.Themostcommonofthesesymptomswerebrainfog(atermcommonlyusedtodescribethecognitiveimpairmentexperiencedbyparticipants),unrefreshingsleepandmusclepain.ExpertsalsoidentifiedthatbeingawomanandhavingME/CFSformorethan10yearsincreasedtheriskofseveresymptoms,whichincreaseinintensityaspeopleage.SonyaChowdhury,thechiefexecutiveofActionforMEandchairofthemanagementgroupofthestudy,said:“ThesefindingshighlighttheveryseriousimpactME/CFShasonwomen,whoaredisproportionatelyaffected.It’simportanttoalsorecognisetheimpactthatithasonmenwhohaveME/CFS.”Inthenextstageofthestudy,theresearchershopetorecruitfurtherparticipantsandanalyseatleast20,000individualDNAsamplestoexplorewhetherthereisageneticcomponenttoME/CFS.【TheGuardian(August24,2023)】1.WhatconclusiondidthestudyDecodeMEcometo?A.WomenareathigherriskofCFSthanmenB.WomenaremorelikelytosuffermyalgicencephalomyelitisC.WomenwhoareaffectedbyCFS/MEhavedifferentexperiencefromthemencounterpartsD.MenwhohaveME/CFSaremorelikelytoexperienceseveresymptomsastheyage2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.ME/CFSisestimatedtobethemostquicklyspreaddiseaseintheUKB.BrainfogisadramaticworseningofsymptomsafterminorphysicaleffortC.Post-exertionalmalaiseisrareasME/CFSsymptomsD.ThereisnobestwayatpresenttohelppatientsrecoverormanagesymptomsofME/CFS3.Whatdoesthedataindicateinthefifthparagraph?A.Thelatestresearchdidn’tsurveyenoughquestionnairesB.Averagely,WomenwithME/CFSreportedmoresymptomsthanmenC.ThecognitiveimpairmentismoreexperiencedbymenparticipantsD.Womenwilldefinitelybecomesevereastheyage4.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.ThesefindingsareofgreatvaluetoME/CFSresearchB.theresearchhasfatalmistakewhichneedstobecompletelywipedoutC.theresearchhasconfirmedthatthereisageneticcomponenttoME/CFS.D.variousindividualDNAsamplesareneeded②Scientistshavesolvedthemysteryofwhytensofthousandsofoctopusesclusteronthefoothillsofagiantunderwatermountain,twomilesdownoffthecoastofCalifornia.Thepearloctopuses,sonamedbecausefromadistancetheylooklikescatteredgems,seekoutwarmwaterseepingthroughtheseabedanduseittospeedupthehatchingoftheireggs.Thiswastheinitialhunchscientistshadwhentheydiscoveredthe“octopusgarden”nearDavidsonSeamountin2018,thesecondoffourknowndeep-seaoctopusaggregations(聚集).Returningmorethanadozentimeswitharemotelyoperateddeep-divingrobot,ateamledbyresearchersattheMontereyBayAquariumResearchInstitute(MBARI)gatheredevidencethatbacksupthistheoryandprovidesastonishingnewinsightsintolifeinthedeep.Themauve,grapefruit-sizedfemaleoctopuseseachlayabout60eggsandcementthemtothebarerock,thenguardthemuntiltheyhatch.Temperatureprobesshowedthewaterbathingtheeggsrangedfrom5Cto10C(40-50F),whilelessthanametreawayitdroppedtoafrigid1.6C.Revisitingindividualnests,theteamsawthatratherthantakingadecadeorlongertohatch,aswouldhappenintheverycolddeepsea,babyoctopusesemergefromtheircosynestsafterlessthantwoyears,dramaticallyboostingtheirchancesofsurvival.Basedonphotographscoveringasmallportionofthesite,researchersestimatetheentire333-hectaregardencontainsmorethan20,000octopuses,thelargestaggregationscientistshavefound.Time-lapsecamerasleftamongtheneststrackedthemolluscs’comingsandgoings.“Insteadofthishordeofoctopuses,theyturnedintoabunchofindividuals,”saystheleadingscientistBarry.Allthroughtheyear,newadultfemalesandmalesarrived.Theywereneverseenfeedingandwereneverjoinedbysmalleroctopuses,indicatingthatthesiteisusedexclusivelyformatingandnesting.Aswithmostoctopuses,malepearloctopusdieshortlyaftermating,whilefemalestrytohangonuntiltheireggshatch.Barrydescribesseeingseaanemoneschewingonoctopuscarcasses.Theseandotherscavengersformathrivingecosystemsustainedbythedeadoctopuses.Ashortwayoff,insimilarareasofrockyseabed,animallifeisfarlessdense.Mysteriesremain,includinghowfartheoctopusesmigratetothenestsitesandwhether,likesalmon,theyreturntothespotwheretheywereborn.Octopuseshaveagoodsenseofsmellandmayfollowthescentplumedriftingfromsomanyoftheirdeadrelatives.【TheGuardian(August24,2023)】1.Whatdidscientistsfeelwhentheydiscoveredthe“octopusgarden”in2018A.ThepearloctopusesaresonamedbecausefromadistancetheylooklikescatteredgemsB.OctopusesclustertousethewarmwatertospeedupthehatchingoftheireggsC.ThepearloctopusesusuallyinhabitonthefoothillsofagiantunderwatermountainD.Octopusesarehardtospeedupthehatchingoftheireggs2.Whatdidtheremotelyoperateddeep-divingrobotfind?A.BabyoctopusesemergefromtheirnestsafteradecadeorlongerB.Thetemperatureofthewaterinthe“octopusgarden”isaround1.6CC.Femaleoctopuseseachlayabout60eggsandguardthemuntiltheyhatchD.Theverycolddeepseadramaticallybooststhechancesofoctopus’ssurvival3.WhydoesBarrysay“insteadofthishordeofoctopuses,theyturnedintoabunchofindividuals”?A.The“octopusgarden”isthelargestaggregationscientistshavefoundB.The“octopusgarden”isusedonlyformatingandnestinginsteadoffeedingC.The“octopusgarden”isonlycomposedoffemalestryingtohatchtheireggsD.The“octopusgarden”isathrivingecosystemsustainedbythedeadoctopuses4.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Anoctopus’sgardenintheshadeisdiscoveredinthedeepseaB.Aremotelyoperateddeep-divingrobotisusedtoexplorethedeepseaC.FemaleoctopusesmigratetotwomilesdownoffthecoastofCaliforniaD.Octopusesclusteronthefoothillsofagiantunderwatermountaintopreventhunting③DigestionproblemssuchasconstipationordifficultyswallowingcandoublethechanceofParkinson’sdisease,accordingtoresearch.AstudyhasestablishedthatfourgutconditionscouldbeanearlywarningsignofParkinson’sdisease.It“isthefirsttoestablishsubstantialobservationalevidence”thataclinicaldiagnosisofgutissues“mightspecificallypredictthedevelopmentofParkinson’sdisease”,theauthorsconclude.Researcherscomparedthemedicalrecordsof24,624peopleintheUSwithParkinson’s,19,046peoplewithAlzheimer’sand23,942peoplewithcerebrovasculardisease(心脑血管疾病).ThosewithParkinson’swerematchedwithpatientsintheothergroupsforage,sex,raceandethnicity,andlengthofdiagnosistocomparethefrequencyofgastrointestinal（胃肠的）conditionsinthesixyearsbeforediagnosis.Theyalsocomparedthemedicalrecordsofeveryoneinthestudydiagnosedwithanyof18gutconditionstothosewithoutthatparticularconditionoverfiveyearstoseehowmanyofthemdevelopedParkinson’sdiseaseorotherneurologicaldisorders.BothcomparisonsfoundahigherriskofaParkinson’sdiseasediagnosisforpatientswithgutissues.Thosewithconstipation,difficultyswallowing(dysphagia)andgastroparesis,wherefoodtakeslongertomovefromthestomachintothesmallintestine,weremorethantwiceaslikelytodevelopParkinson’sdiseaseinthefiveyearsbeforediagnosis,whileIBSwithoutdiarrhoeawasassociatedwitha17%higherrisk.Somegastrointestinalsymptoms,includingfunctionaldyspepsia(burningsensationorfullnessofthestomachwithnoobviouscause),IBSwithdiarrhoea,anddiarrhoeaplusfaecalincontinence,werefoundtobemorecommonamongpatientswhodevelopedParkinson’sdiseasetoo.However,othergutissuessuchasinflammatoryboweldiseasedidnotincreasethelikelihoodofdevelopingParkinson’s,thestudyfound.AndpatientswhohadtheirappendixremovedwerelesslikelytodevelopParkinson’s,theauthorscalculated.Theyaddedthatthefindings“warrantalertness”forgutissuesinthosepatientsathigherriskofParkinson’sdiseaseandcallforfurtherinvestigationofthelinksbetweengastrointestinalconditionsandAlzheimer’s,strokesandaneurysms.KimBarrett,vice-deanforresearchattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,saidthatitmaybeimportantfordoctorsto“takenote”ofthesegutconditionswhenevaluatingpatientsatriskforParkinson’s,“evenpriortotheonsetofneurologicalsymptoms”,buturgedcaution.【TheGuardian(August25,2023)】1.