2021届全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语模拟试卷

2021届全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语模拟试卷1

学校:姓名：班级:考号：

一、用单词的适当形式完成短文

Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherent

andgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththe

properformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

ExploringBeyond

Followingthecallofourrestlessgeneshasnotendedwellforallexplorers.TheBritish

explorerCaptainJamesCookdiedinafightwithHawaiianstenyearsafterhereceivedthe

preciousmapfromTupaia.Hisdeath,somesay,broughttoaclose1Western

historianscalltheAgeofExploration.Yetithardly2(end)ourexploring.Wehave

remainedenthusiasticaboutfillingintheEarth'smaps;reachingitsfarthestpoles,highest

peaks,anddeepesttrenches(海豹);sailingtoitseverycornerandthenflyingofftheplanet

entirely.WiththeNASARoverCuriositynow3(stir)usallasitexploresMars,

somecountriesandprivatecompaniesarepreparingtosendhumanstotheredplanetaswell.

Somevisionarieseventalkofhavingaspacecraft4(send)totheneareststar.

NASA'sMichaelBarratt—adoctor,diver,andjetpilot;asailorfor40years;an

astronautfor12—isamongthose5achetogotoMars.Barrattconsciouslysees

himselfasanexplorerCookandTupaia.nWe'redoingwhat6did."hesays."It

worksthiswayateverypointinhumanhistory.Asocietydevelopsanenablingtechnology,

7it'stheabilitytopreserveandcarryfoodorbuildashiporlauncharocket.*'

Notallofus8ridearocketorsailtheinfinitesea.Yet,9aspecies,

we'recuriousenoughandinterestedenoughbytheprospecttohelppayforthetripandcheer

atthevoyagersreturn.Yes,wehopetofindabetterplacetoliveoracquirealargerterritory

ormakeafortune.Butwealsoexploresimply10(discover)what'sthere.

二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文

Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcan

onlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.appearsB.changingC.dependentD.dimE.discoveryF.exclusively

G.reflectH.reviewI.sexuallyJ.underlyingK.vigorously

UndercoverWingsThenocturnal（夜间活动）dot-underwingmoth（蛾）mayuseshape

-shiftingpatternsonitswingsasawaytoattractmatesinthedark.Inastudypublishedlast

SeptemberinCurrentBiology,scientistsreportthe11onmales*forewingsofthree

patches（色斑）thatchangedarknessandsizewhenviewedfromparticularangles.Infemales,

theentireforewingdarkens.

Althoughbutterflyandmothspeciesthatareactiveduringthedayareknowntoemploy

visualeffectstocommunicate,researchershadthoughttheirnocturnalcousinsrelied

almost12onchemicalsignalsbecauseofthelackoflight.But

these13wingpatterns,nowfoundforthefirsttimeinanocturnalmoth,suggestthe

insectsmayalsousevisualsignals.Becauseonlythemaleshavethispattern,researcherssay

itislikelya（n）14selectedmechanism.

JenniferKelley,anecologistbasedattheUniversityofWesternAustralia,andher

colleaguesfirstnoticedthevisualphenomenonwhilelookingatmuseummothspecimens（标

本）foranotherproject."Assoonaswefiguredtheeffectwasangle-15weknew

thattounderstandhowitworks,wehadtounderstandthe16physics,"Kelleysays.

ThegroupcontactedGerdSchroder-TurkandBodoWilts,whoarephysicistsatMurdoch

UniversityinPerthandtheAdolpheMerkleInstituteinSwitzerlandrespectively.

Togethertheresearchersfoundthatwhenthewingsareviewedfromabove,

they17availablelightdirectly,likeadullmirror.Whenviewedfromanangle,

however,theyletsomeofthelightthroughtorevealadeeperlayerofdarkness,

which18aspatchesonthemale'swings.Iftheinsectsweretobeattheir

wings19-acommonbehavioramongmalesapproachingpotentialmates一the

patcheswouldflashonandoff,creatingastrikingsignaleveninvery20light.

三、完形填空

Whenyouarestuckonaproblem,sometimesitisbesttostopthinkingabout

it-consciously,anyway.Researchhasshownthattakingabreakoranapcanhelpthebrain

create21toasolution.Nowanewstudy22ontheeffectofthisso-called

试卷第2页，共14页

incubation（潜伏期）byusingsoundcuestofocusthesleepingmindonatargetedproblem.

Whenhumanssleep,partsofthebrainreplaycertainmemories,strengtheningand

transformingthem.Aboutadecadeagoresearchersdevelopedatechnique,calledtargeted

memoryreactivation（TMR）,aimedatfurtherenhancing23memories:whena

soundbecomesassociatedwithamemoryandislaterplayedduringsleep,thatmemory

gets24InastudypublishedlastNovemberinPsychologicalScience,scientists

testedwhether25thememoryofapuzzleduringsleepmightalsoimprove

problem-solving.

About60participantsvisitedthelaboratorybeforeandafteranightof26First,

they27spatial,verbalandconceptualpuzzles,withadistinctmusiccliprepeatingin

thebackgroundforeach,untiltheyhadworkedonsixpuzzlestheycouldnotsolve.

Overnighttheyworeelectrodes电极）todetectslow-wavesleep,whichmaybeimportantfor

memoryenhancement-andadeviceplayedthesounds28tothreeofthesix

unsolvedpuzzles.Thenextday,backatthelab,theparticipantsattemptedthesixpuzzles

again.（Eachrepeatedtheexperimentwithadifferentsetofpuzzlesthefollowingnight.）All

told,thesubjectssolved32percentofthesound-stimulatedpuzzlescomparedwith21percent

ofthe29puzzles.

Theresearchers"verybravelywentforquitecomplextasksthatinvolvedalotof

complexprocessing,andremarkablytheyfoundthesereallystrongeffectsinalloftheir

30J'saysPennyLewis,apsychologistatCardiffUniversity,whowasnot

involvedintheresearch."Thesearesupercoolresults.Nowweneedtogooutandtryto

understandthembyfirstlyreplicating（复制）themandsecondlytryingto31the

componentprocessesthatareactuallybeinginfluenced."

Beyondprovidingnewevidencethathumansrestructurememorieswhilesleeping,the

researchmayhave32implications."Inafuturisticworld,maybeTMRcouldhelp

ususesleeptoworkonourproblems,"saysleadauthorKristinSanders,whowasagraduate

studentatNorthwesternUniversityduringthestudy.Sleep-monitoringtechnologyis

increasinglyaccessible—andevenwithoutdevices,prospectivesolverscanfocuson

importantproblemsbefore33.

Still,sleepisnot34:peopleneedtodotheirhomeworkandloadtheirheads

withthepuzzlepiecesinvolved."Fmnotgoingtosolvecancerwiththistechnique,"Sanders

says,"becauseIamtotally35cancerresearch."

21.A.applicationsB.commitmentC.attentionD.pathways

22.A.countsB.expandsC.insistsD.passes

23.A.treasuredB.selectedC.devotedD.shortened

24.A.dimmedB.storedC.reactivatedD.researched

25.A.neglectingB.examiningC.erasingD.revisiting

26.A.sleepB.experimentC.trainingD.relaxation

27.A.createdB.solvedC・attemptedD.classified

28.A.assignedB.transformedC.explainedD.introduced

29.A.unsettledB.untargetedC.unstatedD.untested

30.A.puzzlesB.brainsC.processesD.tasks

31.A.workoutB.turntoC.takeonD.bringabout

32.A.individualB.conceptualC.practicalD.collective

33.A.dinnerB.dawnC.bedD.schooling

34.A.significantB.magicC.fixedD.possible

35.A.dependentonB.curiousaboutC.interestedinD.ignorantof

四、阅读理解

IconfessIhesitatedwhentheeditorinchiefofTheNewYorkTimesMagazinetoldme

inlate2014thatIwouldbeeditinganewfront-of-bookcolumncalledLetterof

Recommendation,aboutstuffpeoplereallylike.Thecolumnwasthebrainchildofourstaff

writer,SamAnderson,heexplained.Samfiguredthattherewasnoshortageofplacestofind

outwhatwritershatebutfewspacesforwriterstotalkaboutwhattheylove.Wewouldpush

againstthistrend,900wordsaweek,40-somethingtimesperyear.

Thereasonformyhesitationwasasimple,unfortunatefactaboutwriting.Writingabout

thingsyouhateiseasy:notjustfun,butgenerative.Thecriticismtendstoentertain,evenif

youdisagree,buttheodedoesn't.Thewriterlytoneiswell-suitedtoourage,butit'shardnot

toseeitasacollectivedefensemechanism-asifrevealingyourtruefeelingsexposesyour

unmentionablesecretstothepublic.Obsessions（喜欢），meanwhile,areinseparablefromour

peculiaritiesaspeople—wecometolovethingsforoftenweirdreasons.Whenthecolumn

reallyworks,it'sasrevealingabouttheauthorasitisitssubject.Onewriter,amaninhislate

30s,forexample,recommendedPedialyte,whichhedrinkstobalancetheeffectsofboth

试卷第4页，共14页

drinkingandexercise,andtocheathiswaybacktoyouth.

IprobablyseesomewherebetweenthreeandfiveLetterofRecommendationpitchesa

day.It*sagreatspotfortryingoutnewwritersinthemagazine,soItrymybesttokeepup

withalltheemail,butIoftenfail.(Ifeelgenuinelyterribleaboutthiseverydayofmylife.)

Determiningwhichtoassigninvolvesseeinghowitmeetsthevariouscriteriawe*vesettled

onovertheyears.Wedon'tlikethecolumntobetimely-everythingelseintheworldis

timely.Butontheotherhand,weneedtoputaheadlineonthethingthatpeoplemight

reasonablyrecognize,stopandreadabout.Thereshouldbeapersonalangletothe

recommendation,butalsosomeuniversallyrecommendableaspect.Butthenagain,it

shouldn'tbetoorecommendable;thisisn'tacolumnforlifehacks.Therecommendationitself

shouldbeattractivelyunexpected—“sideways,“aseditorsareperhapstoofondof

saying—butreally,it'sjustanexcusetocutbrilliantwritersloosetoamuseorinspireus.

36.SamAndersonproposedacolumncalledLetterofRecommendationbecausehefound

A.thefashiontrendwasnoteasytopushagainst

B.therewasashortageofgoodqualitycolumns

C.writerscouldhardlyfindaplacetosharetheirlikes

D.hisbrainchildcouldsometimesincreasereadership

37.Theword“ode”(inparagraph2)isclosestinmeaningto.

A.praiseB.blameC.hesitationD.determination

38.Whyisthewriterinhislate30smentionedinparagraph2?

A.Togiveanexampleofthewriterlytone.

B.Tohighlightthewaythatthecolumnselectswriters.

C.Toshowhowacollectivedefensemechanismworks.

D.lbillustratehowwritersrevealthemselvesinthecolumn.

39.Thewriterhopesthatinthecolumn,.

A.therecommendeditemsarequitefamiliartoreaders

B.therecommendeditemsshouldfollowthelatesttrend

C.readerscanlearnaboutlifeskillsfromtherecommendations

D.readerswillfindtherecommendationsbeyondtheirexpectation

Lily

Studyingabroadisanareathatisbecomingincreasinglyinterestingforresearchers,as

morestudentsarechoosingtodoasemester,ayearorevenadegreeinanothercountry.In

myresearch,Isetouttoestablishwhetheryoungpeopleattendingacourseabroadacquire

moreglobalawarenessthanstudentsenrolledonsimilarcoursesintheirhomecountry,Using

acomparativestudyof50Canadianundergraduates,halfofwhomstudiedabroadforvarying

lengthsoftime,therewereshowntobeconsideringgainsinglobalawarenessandthesewere

notonlynotedbythestudentsthemselvesbutalsotheirtutors.

Thomas

Myresearchprojectaskedtenstudentsstartingayearofstudyabroadtokeepadaily

recordoftheirexperiences.Havingbegunthediaryamonthbeforeleavinghomethey

continueditforamonthaftertheyreturned.Theprimaryreasonforstudyingabroadinall

caseswastopolishtheirlanguageskill.Thestudentswereallowedtowriteasfreelyasthey

wishedbywereaskedtoincludecommentsontheirlanguagelearningexperienceaswellas

onthestrategiestheyusedtocopewithlivinginanewculture.Analysingthediaries,we

foundremarkablysimilarpattems.Alltheparticipantsdemonstrateagradualrecognitionand

acceptanceofdifferenceinotherculturesandanewobjectivityabouttheirowncultureasa

resultoftheirexperience.

Jasmine

Thispaperreportsonsomeresearchcarriedoutlastyearintowhystudentschoosea

periodofstudyabroad,theirreasonsforselectingaspecificdestination,theirbehaviourwhen

abroadandtheextenttowhichtheexperiencematchestheirexpectations.Having

administeredaquestionnaireto1,000internationalstudentsstudyingatanumberof

universitiesinAustralia,wegot696responses.Aninitialanalysisoftheresponseshas

revealedsomeinterestingdatasuggestingthatthekeyfactoraffectingalltheareaswewere

investigatingwastheindividual'spersonalityandstudyinterests.Countryoforiginand

'genderprovedlesssignificantthanexpected.

Jimmy

Thisresearchlookedatthecareerpathsof35youngbusinesspeoplewhohadspentpart

oftheiruniversitycourseataforeigneducationalinstitutioninordertoascertainwhether

thosepeoplehadacquiredgreatercross-culturalperspectivesthroughtheirexperienceof

studyabroad.Concernedaboutthelackofculturalawarenessoftheirstaff,agroupofUS

businesscorporationsproposedtheresearch.Theresultsarelessconclusivethanexpected,

试卷第6页，共14页

buttheydosuggestthataperiodofstudyinaforeigncountrymayhelpstudentstodevelop

thecross-culturalawarenessthatUSemployerscurrentlyseek.

40.Thepassageismainlyaboutfourresearchers'findingson.

A.thereasonsforyoungstudentstostudyabroad

B.theimpactandeffectsofstudyinginanothercountry

C.thetrendofmorestudentsfurtheringtheirstudyabroad

D.theinterestofstudentswhooncestudiedinanothercountry

41.usedthesubjects'personalaccountastheresearchmaterial.

A.LilyB.ThomasC.JasmineD.Jimmy

42.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Mostoftheresearchersfoundthestudentsglobalawarenessincreased.

B.Alloftheresearcherstookareservedattitudetowardsstudyingabroad.

C.Noneoftheresearchersthoughtgenderplayedaroleinstudents'choice.

D.Onlyoneoftheresearchersdidresearchonthesubjects1careerdevelopment.

Whenantibiotics（抗生素）firstbecameavailable,farmersusedthemfreely.Now

scientistsknowthattheoveruseofantibioticscancultivatedrug-resistantbacteriathatare

dangeroustohumanhealth.Amongdebatesoverwhatkindsofrestrictionsshouldbeputin

place,figuringouthowantibiotic-resistantbacteriaevolveandmaketheirwaytohumans

remainsanareaofintenseinterest.

JoHandelsmanistracingonesuchpathwaythat,assheputsit,travelsfrom"farmto

table.*'Handelsman,amicrobiologistwhoisnowassociatedirectorforscienceattheWhite

HouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy,lookedintodairycows,whichareoften

treatedwithantibioticsandproducemanure（排泄物）thatfarmersuseontheircrops.In

additiontonutrients,thatfertilizermayharborantibiotic-resistantbacteria——aproblem

becausethebacteriacancomeintocontactwithplantsthatarefinallyshippedto

supermarketsandsometimeseatenraw.

Tofindouthowthoseantibiotic-resistantbacteriacometoexist,Handelsmanandher

colleaguesatYaleUniversityaddedmanurefromanearbyConnecticutfarmtoraisedbedsof

soilin2013.Inthiscase,themanurespecificallycamefromcowsthatwerenottreatedwith

antibiotics.Theresearchersunexpectedlyfoundthatthereweremoresoilbacteriacarrying

antibiotic-resistantgeneswhentheyweregrownwiththemanurethanwhentheyweregrown

withsyntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizer~~eventhoughthecowsweredrug-free.

Previousresearchhasfoundthatmanurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontains

resistantbacteria,butthecow-pieresultssuggesttherearemorefactorspromotingresistance

besidesantibioticuse.Somethingaboutmanureitselfmayencouragenaturallyresistant

bacteriatoincrease.

Thefindingsshouldnot,however,givetheimpressionthatresistanceiseverywhere,

notesLancePrice,amicrobiologistatGeorgeWashingtonUniversity(whowasnotinvolved

inthestudy).”Wecancontrolthis.There'sveryclearevidencethatwhenweturnoffthe

antibiotictap,webringdowndrug-resistantbacteria,"saysLance.

Nextonthefarm-to-tableschedule,Handelsmanwilltestwhetherradishesgrowninsoil

treatedwithcowmanurearecapableoftakingupresistantgenesfrombacteriathroughtheir

vascularsystem(."Theyhaveveins(血管)justlikeus,"shesays."Wedon'thave

anyevidenceyetthatthey'retakingupthebacteria,butit'sareallyinterestingpossibility."

43.WhatdoesJoHandelsman'sresearchfocuson?

A.Howantibioticsmakesitswayontoourtable.

B.Whatrestrictionsshouldbeputtoantibioticsuse.

C.Howantibiotics-resistantbacteriareachhumanbeings.

D.Whatdamagetheoveruseofantibioticsdoestohumans.

44.WhatdidJo'sresearchfind?

A.Drug-freecowsproducedmanurewithantibiotic-resistantbacteria.

B.Syntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizerdidmoregoodtotheenvironment.

C.Soilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswereincreasingwithtime.

D.Manurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontainedfewerresistantbacteria.

45.LancePriceisquotedinthepassageinorderto.

A.providemoreevidencethatdrug-resistancebacteriaaredangerous

B.suggestanotherpossibleexplanationtotheantibioticsproblems

C.emphasizetheimportanceoffeedingcowswithnoantibiotics

D.showthattheresearchfindingsmaynotbethatworrisome

46.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisJomostlikelytoagreewith?

A.Itisverylikelythatwidespreadresistancetoantibioticsisnotinevitable.

B.Plantsgrowninsoilfertilizedwithcowmanuremaycontaindrug-resistantgenes.

C.Thereispossibilitythatradishestakeupresistantgeneswherevertheyareplanted.

试卷第8页，共14页

D.Thevascularsystemplaysakeyroleinguardingradishesagainstbacteria.

五、六选四

Washingthedishescanhelpyoulivelongerinlateryears

Evenasmallincreaseinlightactivity,suchaswashingdishesoralittlegentlegardening,

mighthelplowertheriskofanearlydeathamongolderadults,researcherssay.

“Itisimportantforelderlypeople,whomightnotbeabletodomuchmoderateintensity

activity,thatjustmovingaroundanddoinglightintensityactivitywillhavestrongeffectsand

isbeneficial,nsaidUlfEkelund,aprofessorandfirstauthorofthestudyattheNorwegian

SchoolofSportSciences.However,thestudyfindsthatthereismore“bangforyourbuck”if

youengageinintenseactivitycomparedwithlightactivity.47

PublishedintheBMJ,thelatestresearchinvolvedareviewofeightstudies

encompassingatotalofmorethan36,000peoplewithanaverageageofalmost63years.

Participantswerefollowedforfivetosixyears;2,149deathswererecorded.Crucially,allof

thestudiesinvolvedmonitoringthephysicalactivityofindividualswhohadactivitytrackers.

48

Foreachstudyparticipantsweresplitintofourequal-sizedgroups,basedonthetotal

amountoftimespentactive,andtheriskofdeathassessed,takingintoaccountfactorssuch

asage,gender,bodymassindex,andsocioeconomicstatus.Thiswasthenrepeatedforan

amountofactivityatdifferentlevelsofintensity.Theresultswereanalysedtogethertogive

anoverview.49Theresultsheldfordifferentintensitiesofactivity.Theteamsaid

thestudysupportedthemessage44sitlessandmovemoreandmoreoften.^^

50Itonlylookedatthesituationformiddleageandolderadults,mostof

whomlivedintheUSorEurope,andsomeoftheeffectcouldbeduetothosepeoplewitha

higherriskofdeathbeinglesslikelytoengageinphysicalactivity.Physicalactivitylevels

alsowereonlymeasuredoveroneperiodoftime.

A.Itissaidthathigherlevelsofanyphysicalactivityhelpkeepoffanearlygrave.

B.Thestudiesdidnotrelyonself-reporting,which,theexpertsnoted,couldbeunreliable.

C.Thelateststudybacksuppreviousresearchsuggestingreducingtimespentsittingstillis

beneficial.

D.However,thestudyhadlimitations.

E.Ashortperiodofintenseactivityisviewedasbeneficialasmuchlongerperiodsoflesser

activity.

F.Theteamfoundagreatervolumeofactivityoverallwaslinkedtoalowerriskofdeath.

六、概要写作

51.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemain

ideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

TheUsefulBean

Doyouknowwhatthecommonfactorinbeefood,vinylplastic,andtofuis?Itisthe

soybean.Somepartofthesoybeanisusedintheseproductsaswellasmanyotheredible（可

以食用的）andnonedibleproducts.

Thesoybeanisalsoconsideredtobeoneofthemultipurposeandhardyplants.Itcan

growinlow-qualitysoil.Throughoutthelifeoftheplant,areleaseofnutrientsthroughout

plantrootsmakessoilmorefertile.Soybeansarealsoveryhighinprotein.Withitshardiness,

soilbenefits,high-proteincontent,andvarioususes,somepeoplebelievethesoybeanwill

becomethegreatestweaponagainstworldhunger.

Therearethreestandardprocedurestakenfromthesoybeanplant—oil,protein,and

wholesoybeans.Oilisusedforediblepurposessuchascookingoilandsaladdressing.

Industriesmakenonedibleuseofsoybeanoilbyaddingtoantistaticsprays,printerink,and

shampoo.Onesignificantnonedibleuseofsoybeanoilisthemakingofvinylplastics.Vinyl

isusedtomakeeverythingfromcreditcardsandgardenhosestocomputerparts.

Proteinfromthesoybeanisalsousedinedibleandnonedibleproducts.Edibleusesfor

theproteinincludebabyfoodsandhypoallergenicmilk.Evenanimalsbenefit:beefoodand

fishfood