2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学历年高频考题带答案难题附详解

2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学历年高频考题带答案难题附详解（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共50题)1.ThecrispAprilairwhippedthroughtheopenwindowoftheZXasitskimmedsouthpasttheOperaHouseandcrossedPlaceInthepassengerseat,RobertLangdonfeltthecitytearpasthimashetriedtoclearhisthoughts.Hisquickshowerandshavehadlefthimlookingreasonablypresentablebuthaddonelittletoeasehisanxiety.Thefrighteningimageofthecurator'sbodyremainedlockedinhismind.

JacquesSaunièreisdead.

Langdoncouldnothelpbutfeeladeepsenseoflossatthecurator'sdeath.DespiteSaunière'sreputationforbeingreclusive,hisrecognitionfordedicationtotheartsmadehimaneasymantorevere.HisbooksonthesecretcodeshiddeninthepaintingsofPoussinandTeniersweresomeofLangdon'sfavoriteclassroomtexts.Tonight'smeetinghadbeenoneLangdonwasverymuchlookingforwardto,andhewasdisappointedwhenthecuratorhadnotshown.

Againtheimageofthecurator'sbodyflashedinhismind.JacquesSaunièredidthattohimself?Langdonturnedandlookedoutthewindow,forcingthepicturefromhismind.

Outside,thecitywasjustnowwindingdown-streetvendorswheelingcartsofcandiedamandes,waiterscarryingbagsofgarbagetothecurb,apairoflatenightloverscuddlingtostaywarminabreezescentedwithjuniperblossom.Thenavigatedthechaoswithauthority,itsdissonanttwo-tonesirenpartingthetrafficlikeaknife.2.EU3.______isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.AffixationB.Back-formationC.InsertionD.Addition4.moral5.Pragmatics6.fricativeconsonant7.Wedidnotgetanyadvancedwarning.8.______otherthancompoundsmaybedividedintorootsandaffixes.A.PolymorphemicwordsB.BoundmorphemesC.Freemorphemes9.RelevanceTheory10.Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.Thuswesayithasthepropertyof______.A.arbitrarinessB.displacementC.creativityD.duality11.Pleaseuseexamplestoillustratethefunctionsoflanguage.12.Illustrateatleastfourmajorlinguisticviewsandtheirsignificanceinlanguagelearningandteaching.13.Saussureputsforwardtheconceptoflangueandparole,andChomskyputsforwardtheconceptofcompetenceandperformancePleasedwelluponthedifferencesandsimilarities,ifany,ofthetwopairs:langueandparolevs.competenceandperformance.14.Boyswillbeboys.15.Itwashardeventomakeaphonecall.16.InKrashen'smonitortheory,"i"in"i+1"hypothesisofsecondlanguageacquisitionrefersto______.A.interactionB.interferenceC.inputD.intake17.AdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenCompetenceandPerformanceinthestudyoflanguage.Whatdotheyreferto?WhydoesChomskydrawsuchadistinction?18.Languagesdifferintheirdegreesofdependenceonthemorphologicalcomponents.19.Morphology20.rational21.Affix22.A.Adaggerkilledthetourist.

B.Thetouristwaskilledwithadagger.23.Thinkcarefullyaboutthefollowingtwosentences,AandB.Thenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

A.Hiscrimewaskillingsomeone.(Hekilledsomeone,andthatwasacrime.)

B.Hiscrimewaskillingsomeone.(Thecrimeitselfactuallykilledsomeone.)

a)ThemainverbisBEinsentence______

b)Themainverbistransitiveinsentence______

c)"Whatwashiscrime?"isaquestionof______

d)"Whatwashiscrimekilling?"isaquestionof______

e)"Whatwashiscrimedoing?"isaquestionof______

f)"Hiscrimewasn'tkillingsomeone"isanegativeof______

g)Thewordcrimecanbereplacedbyconcreteanimatenounslikebrotheronlyin______24.ICanalysis25.Somemorphemeslike-ish,-ness,-ly,-dis,trans-,un-,areneverwordsbythemselvesbutarealwayspartsofwords.Theseaffixesare______morphemes.26.epiphenomenon27.GivethedeepstructureofthesentenceWhomdidMarykiss?,andtransformthedeepstructureofthesentenceintoitssurfacestructure,usingtwotreediagramstodemonstratethedeepstructureandtheprocessoftransformation.28.Erroristhegrammaticallyincorrectform;______appearswhenthelanguageiscorrectgrammaticallybutimproperinacommunicationalcontext.29.Theprincipalandmostobviouscontrastbetweenthelasttwocenturieshasbeentherapidriseof______linguistics,asopposedto______linguistics.A.descriptive,historicalB.structural,generativeC.functional,formalistD.structural,historical30.concordance31.Whichbranchoflinguisticsstudiesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamonglanguages?A.DiachroniclinguisticsB.SynchroniclinguisticsC.PrescriptivelinguisticsD.Comparativelinguistics32.Synchroniclinguistics33.grammaticalmorpheme34.asset35.Compareandcontrastthefollowingpairsofterms.Useexamplesifnecessary.

(1)Languagelearningandlanguageacquisition

(2)Fielddependenceandfieldindependence

(3)Contrastiveanalysisanderroranalysis36.Arbitrariness37.Howdoesthetop-clownapproachdifferfromthebottom-upapproachinlanguageprocessing?______A.Bottom-upprocessingismoreeffectivethantop-downprocessinginspeechsynthesis.B.Bottom-upprocessingutilizesallinformationonehasinspeechperception.C.Top-downprocessingusesone'sexistingknowledgeandtheincomingspeechsignal.D.Top-downprocessingismoreefficientthanbottom-upprocessinginspeechcomprehension.38.Adjacencypairs39.mannerofarticulation40.Whenthevocalfoldsareapart.Theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiced.41.Janeshowedherbabypictures.42.______isabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinterrelationshipbetweenphonologyandmorphology.43.A.Howtoopenthiswindow?

B.HowdoIopenthiswindow?

C.TellmehowdoIopenthiswindow?

D.Tellmehowopenthiswindow?44.Asacompromisebetweenthe"purelyform-focusedapproaches"andthe"purelymeaning-focused"approaches,arecentmovementcalled______seemstotakeamorebalancedviewontheroleofgrammarinlanguagelearning.45.DefineSYLLABUS,anddescribethewholeprocessofsyllabusdesignwithmajorlinks.46.Defineandgiveanexampleofembedding.47.[Focusonthetypeofwordformation]A.burgleB.fridgeC.autoD.math48.SupposethatJohnSmith,happilymarriedtoMarySmith,addresseshiswifeas"MarySmith,howmanytimeshaveIaskedyounottoflipthroughtheTVchannels?"Therewouldbereasontolookbeyondthewordsforthe"meaning"ofthisunusualformofaddress.Mr.Smithmayaddresshiswifeas"MarySmith"toshowhisexasperation,asinthisexample.Byaddressingheras"MarySmith"insteadoftheusual"Mary",heconveysfrustrationandannoyance.Hischoiceofnamethus"means"thatheisexasperated.ContrastthetoneofthatsentencewithasimilaroneinwhichJohnSmithaddressedMarySmithas"dear".

Thelevelofmeaningthatconveysthelanguageuser'sfeelings,includinghisattitudeorevaluationinshapinghisuseoflanguageiscalledaffectivemeaningoremotivemeaning.Itislargelyaparasiticcategoryinthesensethattoexpressouremotionswedependonthemediationofothercategoriesofmeaningasconceptual,connotativeorsocial.Forexample,nigger,originallyaworddenotingacertainrace,hasvirtuallybecomeatermofabuseorcontempt;andasimilardevelopmenthasoccurredwithpartofthepoliticalvocabulary,suchasfascist.49.WhatarethemajortypesofsemanticChanges?50.procedure第1卷参考答案一.历年考点试题黑钻版1.参考答案：(1)Pointofviewreferstoanymethodthroughwhichperson'sperspectiveofthestoryisviewedand,also,howitisexpressedtotheaudience.Alimitedomniscientpointofviewmightrevealtheinnerthoughtsofmorethanonecharacterbutnotall.Thoseothercharacterswouldbeknownbywhatanyonecanobserveexternally(justasweknowotherpeopleintherealworld),buttheauthordoesnottellyouwhat'sintheirminds.Fromthistext,readerscanknowRobertLangdon'smindorthinking,butreadersdonotknowtheotherperson'sminds.Sothistextisthelimitedomniscientpointofview.

(2)Languageofthistextemploysforegrounding,whichreferstothepartofascenenearesttotheviewer,orfigurativelythemostnoticeableposition.Asaliterarydevice,itmeanstoputsomethingorsomebodyinthemostessentialpartofthedescriptionornarration,otherthaninabackgroundposition.Forexample,JacquesSaunièreisdead.Thissentenceisawholeparagraph,whichmakesthissentenceverynoticeable.

(3)Figureofspeech:thistextusesalotofmetaphorwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementsandthiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample,Thefrighteningimageofthecurator'sbodyremainedlockedinhismind.Heretheimageiscomparedtosomethingconcreteinhismind.

(4)Textualanalysis:cohesionisaconcepttodowithdiscourseortextanditreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext.Inthistext,cohesionisachievedbyemployingvariousdevices:conjunction(e.g.Hisquickshowerandshavehadlefthimlookingreasonablypresentablebuthaddonelittletoeasehisanxiety.),reference(e.g.Thefrighteningimageofthecurator'sbodyremainedlockedinhismind.),andsubstitution(JacquesSaunièredidthattohimself?).2.参考答案：EU:EuropeanUnion.3.参考答案：B4.参考答案：immoral5.参考答案：Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.Inotherwords,pragmaticsisconcernedwiththewaylanguageisusedtocommunicationratherthanwiththewaylanguageisstructured.Itregardsspeechperformanceasprimarilyasocialactruledbyvarioussocialconventions.Somekeyconceptssuchasreference,force,effect,andcooperativeprinciplesmayappearcommonsensical,yetpragmaticsisjustaboutoneofthemostpromisingfieldsoflinguisticstudies.[解析]本题考查的是语用学的定义。语用学在语境中研究意义。它研究特定场合下的特定话语，尤其注意不同的语言运用的社会语境如何影响语义的诠释。换句话说，语用学关心的是语言如何被用来交际，而不是语言如何构成。语用学主要把言语运用看作是各种社会常规所制约的社会行为，其中像指代、语力、效果、合作原则等概念是语用学的研究对象。6.参考答案：Fricativeconsonantisaconsonantproducedwhentheobstructionispartialandtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemouthsoastocausedefinitelocalfrictionatthepoint,thespeechproducedinthiswayisafricative.[f,v,s,z]arebothfricativeconsonants.7.参考答案：Thisisadoublenegativesentence,whichconveystheassertivemeaning,anditcanindicatethespeaker'sstrongemotionormainpoint.However,itcanbeusedbyaboss,itcouldimplysomething:"Wehavegottenadvancedwarning,butyouseemignorethemandmessedthechance"

(本题主要考查语义学相关知识。)8.参考答案：A[解析]本题考查声学语素的类型。除了复合词之外的多语素词，可以分出词根和词缀。9.参考答案：RelevanceTheory:

ThistheorywasproposedbySperberandWilson,whoarguethatallGriceanmaxims,includingtheCPitself,shouldbereducedtoasingleprincipleofrelevance,whichisdefinedas:Everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesthepresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.The"ostensivecommunication"or"inferentialcommunication",infactisshorthandoftheostensive-inferentialcommunication,inwhich,notonlythehearerhastobeinvolvedintheinferences,butalsofromthespeaker'sside,communicationshouldbeseenasanactofmakingclearone'sintentiontoexpresssomething.Astotherelevance,accordingtoRT,anassumptionisrelevantinacontextifandonlyifithassomecontextualeffectinthatcontext;andthenanassumptionisrelevanttoanindividualatagiventimeifandonlyifitisrelevantinoneormoreofthecontextsavailabletothatindividualatthattime;lastly,aphenomenonisrelevanttoanindividualifandonlyifoneormoreoftheassumptionsitmakesmanifestisrelevanttohim.10.参考答案：B11.参考答案：(1)Informative:Formostpeopletheinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguage.Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelneedtospeaktheirthoughtsaloud,forinstance,whentheyareworkingonamathproblem.Thisisalsocalledtheideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.

(2)InterpersonalFunction:Byfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageistheinterpersonalfunction,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothers(e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,Yourobedientservant)andrefertothemselvesindicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.

(3)Performative:Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.Thekindoflanguageemployedinpersormativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized.

(4)EmotiveFunction:Thisfunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisameansofgettingridofournervousenergywhenweareunderstress,e.g.swearwords,obscenities,involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartOrscenery;conventionalwordsorphrases,e.g.God,My,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Ugh,Oh,...

(5)PhaticCommunion:Whenwecommunicatewithpeople,weallusesuchsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.RitualexchangesabouthealthorweathersuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Nicedayoftenstatetheobvious.

(6)Recreationalfunction:Peopleuselanguageforsheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.

(7)MetalingualFunction:Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Forexample,Icanusethewordbooktotalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression"thewordbook"totalkaboutthesign"book"itself.[解析]此题考查的是考生对语言功能的理解。语言具有七个基本功能：同时，考生还应该理解并掌握语言的其六个功能：informative(信息功能)、interpersonal(人际功能)、performative(施为功能)、emotive(感情功能)、phaticcommunion(寒暄功能)、recreational(娱乐功能)、metalingualfunction(元语言功能)。12.参考答案：1)Traditionalgrammar

Traditionalgrammar,asapre-20thcenturylanguagedescriptionandapre-linguisticproductofresearch,wasbaseduponearliergrammarsofLatinorGreek,andlaidemphasisoncorrectness,literaryexcellence,theuseofLatinmodels,andthepriorityofwrittenlanguage.Prescriptionwasitskeytone.

2)Structuralistlinguistics

Modernlinguistics,inspiteoftheoreticaldiversitie's,isprimarilydescriptive.Structuralistlinguisticsdescribeslinguisticsfeaturesintermsofstructuresandsystems.Itdescribesthecurrentspokenlanguage,whichpeopleuseindailycommunication.Itsfocus,however,isstillongrammaticalstructures.

3)Transformational-generative(TG)linguistics

TGgrammarseeslanguageasasystemofinnaterules.Anativespeakerpossessesalinguisticcompetence,oralanguageacquisitiondevice.AlthoughChomskydoesnotintendtomakehismodelarepresentationofperformance,i.e.,thelanguageactuallyusedincommunication,appliedlinguisticsfindTGgrammarusefulincertainaspects.Butbecauseitisaformalandabstractgrammar,itremainslimitedinlanguageteaching.

4)Functionallinguistics

Takingasemantic-sociolinguisticapproach,M.A.K.Halliday'ssystemic-functionallinguisticsseeslanguageasaninstrumentusedtoperformvariousfunctionsinsocialinteraction.Itconcernsnotonlywiththeformalsystemoflanguagebutalsothefunctionsoflanguageinsociety,anditsscopeiswiderthanthatofformertheories.

5)Thetheoryofcommunicativecompetence

TheconceptcompetenceoriginallycomesfromChomsky.Itreferstothegrammaticalknowledgeoftheideallanguageuserandhasnothingtodowiththeactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Thisconceptoflinguisticcompetencehasbeencriticizedforbeingtoonarrow.Toexpandtheconceptofcompetence,D.H.Hymes(1971)proposescommunicativecompetence,whichhasfourcomponents:

a)Possibility—theabilitytoproducegrammaticalsentences;

b)Feasibility—theabilitytoproducesentenceswhichcanbedecodedbythehumanbrain;

c)Appropriateness—theabilitytousecorrectformsoflanguageinaspecificsocio-culturalcontext;

d)Performance—thefactthattheutteranceiscompleted.[解析]本题考查不同的语言学观点以及它们在语言教学上的价值。传统语法方面，语言教学的传统途径包括对大量定义、规则和解释的介绍，它采用的是以教师为中心的语法翻译法。结构主义语言学家受到行为主义观点的影响，认为一个人学会一种语言是在刺激一反应链条的基础上形成某种习惯。在转换生成语言学方而，尽管Chomsky并不认为他的理论代表语肓使用的实际情况，但很多应用语言学家还是发现转换—生成语法为语言教学提供了有用的思路。存Halliday的功能语言学看来，学习语言等于学习如何去表达意思。在语言教学领域中，它带来了以意念功能为基础的教学大纲的发展。Hymes的交际能力理论也带动了以意念功能为基础的教学大纲的发展，尤其是它带动了交际教学大纲的发展。13.参考答案：AccordingtoF.deSaussure,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity;whileparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

ForChomsky,afundamentaldistinctionbetweenlinguisticcompetenceandperformanceshouldbemade.Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledlinguisticcompetence.Andperformancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Inlightwiththis,competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.Aspeaker'scompetenceisstablebuthisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors,andthuswouldinvolveimperfectionssuchasslipsoftongue,falsestarts,unnecessarypauses,andsoon.Thus,thepointisthataspeaker'sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchhiscompetence.

Saussure'sdistinctionissomewhatsimilarwithChomsky'sinthesensethatboth(ofLargueandcompetence)refertotheconstantfactorwhichunderliestheutterancesthatconstituteparole/performance.However,theirdifferenceisquiteobvious.Saussue'slanguageisasocialproduct,asetofconventionsforaspeechcommunity.Chomskyregardscompetenceasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.SaussruelooksatlanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskylooksatitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.14.参考答案：Thissentenceistautological,andinnormalsituationsitistotallyuninformative,violatingquantitymaxim.However,atadeeperlevel,thelevelofwhatisimplicated,itisinformative.Forexample,theboysbrokethewindowwhentheywereplayingfootball.Itmayconveyimplicatureslike"Boysarenaughtyandmischievousbynature".15.参考答案：[解析]本题同样考查的是语音同化现象。齿龈音/n/后面遇到软腭音/k/会被同化，发。16.参考答案：C17.参考答案：First,competencereferstounconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.Whileperformancereferstothelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.Itissometimeshardtodrawastrictline.

Second,competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.Aspeaker'scompetenceisstablebuthisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Forexample,aspeaker'scompetenceisstablebutoncertainoccasionshemaynotperformverywellduetovariousfactorssuchaspressure,distress,anxiety,orembarrassment.Slipsofthetongue,falsestarts,unnecessarypauses,amongotherthings,allbelongtotheimperfectionofperformance.Apersonmaymakegrammaticalmistakesinspeech,butthatdoesnotmeanthathedoesnotknowtherule.Ifheisgivenanungrammaticalsentence,hecanrecognizeitasungrammatical.Thepointisthataspeaker'sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchhiscompetence.

Therefore,drawingsuchdistinctionisquitenecessaryandimportantinordertocompletethelinguists'taskofdiscoveringtherolesunderlyingthespeaker'sperformanceandwhatanidealspeakerknowsofhisnativelanguage.

(此题考查语言能力与语言运用的区别，及进行此区分的原因。)18.参考答案：Thedistinctionoflanguageaccordingtomorphologicalcomponentsiscalledthetypologicalclassificationorthemorphologicalclassification.Thissystemistoclassifylanguagesaccordingtothemorphologicalandsyntacticstructuresaswellastotherelationshipbetweenmorphemesinthesentence.Therearemainlythreetypesoflanguages.

①Isolatinglanguages(rootlanguages):Itischaracterizedbytherelationshipsbetweenwordsandothergrammaticalrelationsindicatedbyfunctionwordsandwordorderthanbyinternalinflections.E.g.Chinese.Chineselacksbothderivationalandinflectionalmorphemes.Verbsareneverinflectedforperson,number,tense,moodorvoice.Nounsareneverinflectedfornumber,genderorcase.Prefixesorsuffixesarerarelyfound.Englishispartiallyisolating,forithasthousandsofmorphemesthatstandbythemselvesasindependentwords,suchasin,for,the,a,word,book,study,white,he,one,etc.Itexpressesfuturetensebymeansoftheauxiliarywordwillandshallorbyotherperiphrasticmeansratherthanbytheinflectionofitsverbs.

②Agglutinatinglanguages:Itisalanguagewhichcombinesintoasinglevariouslinguisticelementsormorphemeswitheachhavingadistinctandfixedgrammaticalmeaningandaseparateexistence.E.g.Turkish,Swahili,Hungarian,Japanese,Korean,etc.

③Inflectionallanguage:Aninflectionallanguageisalanguageinwhichawordundergoesachangeinmorphologicalformwhenitsgrammaticalfunctioninthesentenceischanged.Inflectionalmorphemesareaddedonlytostems,buttheseaddedinflectionalmorphemesfusewiththestemsandhavenoindependence.E.g.Latin,German,Greek,Russion.19.参考答案：Morphologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords．Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning—morphemesandword—formationprocesses．[解析]本题考查的是形态学的定义。形态学是语言学的一个分支，主要是关于词语的内部结构。形态学研究的是意义的最小单位——语素以及构词过程。同时，考生还应掌握语言学其他分支的定义。20.参考答案：irrational21.参考答案：Anaffixisacollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem),anditisnaturallybound.Affixesinalanguagearelimitedinnumber,andaregenerallyclassifiedintothreesubtypes,namely,prefix,suffix,andinfix,dependingontheirpositionaroundtherootorstemofaword.[解析]词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素(词根或词干)上的一类语素的总称。因此，词素本质上是黏着的。语言中词缀数量是有限的，根据它们跟词根和词干的相对位置，一般可以把词缀分为三类：前缀、后缀和呻缀。本题考查构词法所涉及的相关基本概念。22.参考答案：InsentenceA,"Adagger"servesasthetheme,withwhichthesentencecouldbeseenasananswerof"Whatdidthedaggerdo?"InsentenceB,"Thetourist"istreatedasthegiveninformation,aroundwhichthesentencedevelops;thus,thecorrespondingquestionofthissentenceasananswercouldbe"Whathappenedtothetourist?"23.参考答案：a)A

b)B

c)A

d)B

e)B

f)A

g)B24.参考答案：ICanalysis.ICanalysis(immediateconstituentanalysis)referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents—wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Inpractice,forthesakeofconvenience,weusuallystopatthelevelofword.25.参考答案：bound[解析]本题考查黏着语素的定义，考生也应了解自由语素、词根和词缀等概念。26.参考答案：epiphenomenon—//27.参考答案：Surfacestructure:whomididMarykissti?

Deepstructure:Marykissedwhom?

28.参考答案：mistake[解析]本题考查语用错误的相关概念。语用错误是指语法上正确但在特定的交际情境不得体的语言现象，语用错误一般发生在母语操持者的身上。29.参考答案：A30.参考答案：Thecomputerhastheabilitytoretrieveallexamplesofaparticularword,usuallyincontext,andcalculatethenumberofoccurrencesofthewordsothatinformationonthefrequencyofthewordmaybegathered.Concordancereferstosortingthedatainsomeway,forexample,alphabeticallyonwordsoccurringintheimmediatecontextoftheword.[解析]本题考查计算机语言学中所涉及的共现索引定义，考生也应了解计算机辅助教学与学习、机器翻译、语料库语言学研究的方法。31.参考答案：D32.参考答案：Synchroniclinguisticsisthestudyoflanguagebytakingafixedtheoreticalinstant(usually，butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation．[解析]此题考查的是考生对共时语言学这一概念的理解。共时语言学是指在某一理论上的时间点研究语言的方法。同时考生还应理解与此相对应的历时语言学的概念。33.参考答案：Grammaticalmorpheme,usedtoexpressgrammaticalrelationshipbetweenawordanditscontextsuchasthesuffixesinawordandinflectionalendings.34.参考答案：asset-assets35.参考答案：(1)Languagelearningissometimescontrastedwithlanguagelearningontheassumptionthatthesearedifferentprocesses.Theterm"acquisition"isusedtorefertopickingupalanguagethroughexposure,whereastheterm"learning"isusedtorefertotheconsciousstudyofalanguage.Inotherwords,"languageacquisition"referstothesubconsciousprocessesbywhichalanguageislearntinanaturalsettingwhile"languagelearning"referstotheconsciousprocessesbywhichalanguageislearntinatutoredsetting.

Inthefieldofsecondlanguagestudy,however,theterm"secondlanguageacquisition"isacovertermtorefertoboththesubconsciousorconsciousprocessesbywhichalanguageotherthanthemothertongueislearntinanaturaloratutoredsetting.

(2)Anareawhereindividualsshowdifferencesintheirabilitiestodiscriminateeventsorvisual,auditory,ortactilecuesfromtheirsurroundingenvironmentsisknownasfield-dependence/field-independence.HermanWitkinconductedmuchoftheoriginalresearchinthisareainthe1950s.Afield-dependentpersonhasdifficultyfindingageometricshapethatisembeddedor"hidden"inabackgroundwithsimilar(butnotidentical)linesandshapes.Apersonwhoisfield-independentcanreadilyidentifythegeometricshape,regardlessofthebackgroundinwhichitisset.Thismannerofinterpretation,however,isnotlimitedtovisualcues.

Peoplewhoarefield-dependentarefrequentlydescribedasbeingveryinterpersonalandhavingawell-developedabilitytoreadsocialcuesandtoopenlyconveytheirownfeelings.Bycontrast,individualswhoarefield-independentusean"internal"frameofreferenceandcaneasilyimposetheirownsenseoforderinasituationthatislackingstructure.Theyarealsoobservedtofunctionautonomouslyinsocialsettings.Theyaresometimesdescribedasimpersonalandtask-oriented.Thesepeople,however,dohavetheabilitytodiscerntheirownidentityofselffromthefield.

(3)contrastiveanalysisisawayofcomparinglanguagesinordertodeterminepotentialerrorsfortheultimatepurposeofisolatingwhatneedstobelea