大学英语教案-Unit29

Unit9SectionAStopBrainDrainI.BackgroundInformation1.Coca-ColaFoundedin1886,theCoca-ColaCompanyistheworld’sleadingmanufacturer,marketer,anddistributorofnonalcoholicbeverageconcentratesandsyrups,usedtoproducenearly400beveragebrands.TheheadquartersareinAtlanta,withlocaloperationsisover200countriesaroundtheworld.2.SputnikHistorychangedonOctober4,1957,whentheSovietUnionsuccessfullylaunchedSputnikI.Theworld’sfirstartificialsatellitewasaboutthesizeofabasketball,weightedonly183pounds,andtookabout98minutestoorbittheEarthonitsellipticalpath.Thatlaunchusheredinnewpolitical,military,technological,andscientificdevelopments.WhiletheSputniklaunchwasasingleevent,itmarkedthestartofthespaceageandtheU.S.------U.S.S.Rspacerace.3.TheGreenRevolutionTheworld’sworstrecordedfooddisasterhappenedin1943inBritish---ruledIndia.KnownastheBengalFamine,anestimatedfourmillionpeoplediedofhungerthatyearaloneineasternIndia(thatincludedtoday’sBangladesh).OneofthereasonsofforthelacksoffoodwasfoundthattheIndianleadershoardedfoodinordertosellathigherprices.However,theterm“GreenRevolution”isappliedtotheperiodfrom1967to1978.Between1947and1967,effortsatachievingfoodself-sufficiencywerenotentirelysuccessful.Effortsuntil1967largelyconcentratedonexpandingthefarmingareas.Butstarvationdeathswerestillbeingreportedinthenewspapers.InaperfectcaseofMalthusianeconomics,populationwasgrowingatamuchfasterratethanfoodproduction.Thiscalledfordrasticactiontoincreaseyield.TheactioncameintheformoftheGreenRevolution.Theterm“GreenRevolution”isageneralonethatisappliedtosuccessfulagriculturalexperimentsinmanyThirdWorldcountries.ItisNOTspecifictoIndia.ButitwasmostsuccessfulinIndia.TherewerethreebasicelementsinthemethodoftheGreenRevolution:1)Continuedexpansionoffarmingareas;2)Double-croppingexistingfarmland;3)Usingseedswithimprovedgenetics.4.MohandasKaramchandGandhiMohandasKaramchandGandhi,leaderoftheIndiannationalistmovement,wasoneofthegreatestnationalleadersofthe20thcentury.Hismethodsandphilosophyofnonviolentconfrontation,orcivildisobedience,notonlyledhisowncountrytoindependencebutinfluencedpoliticalactivistsofmanypersuasionsthroughouttheworld.5.JawaharalNehruJawaharalNehru(1889-1964)wasthefirstprimeministerofindependentIndia.NehrustudiedatCambridgeandwasadmittedtotheEnglishbarandthenreturnedtoIndiaverywesternized.AfterWorldWarⅡheparticipatedinthediscussionsbetweentheUnitedKingdomandIndia’sleadersthateventuallycreatedtheseparatestatesofIndiaandPakistan6.EtonEtonCollege,foundedbyKingHenryⅣin1440,isaprivatesecondaryschoolforboysinEton,Berkshire,England.Eton’sacademicandsocialimportanceissogreatthatchildrenareregisteredatbirthtoattendtherewhentheyareolder.ManyofEngland’smostfamousandadmiredmenwereeducatedthere.EtonhasaneducationalsystemsimilartothoseatOxfordand7.SiliconValleySiliconValleyisanareathat“locatedontheSanFrancisco,California,peninsula,radiatesoutwardfromStanfordUniversity.ItiscontainedbytheSanFranciscoBayontheeast,theSantaCruzMountainsonthewest,andthe8.MicrosoftMicrosoftisthemanufactureroftheWindowsoperatingsystemsthatincludeMS-DOS/Windows95/98/NT/2000/Me/XPandothersoftwareapplicationssuchasMicrosoftOfficeandInternetExplorer.9.IntelIntelisthemanufacturerofPentiummicroprocessorsaswellasothercomputerchips.10.Theterm“welfarestate”hasbeenusedsinceWorldWarIItorefertotheacceptancebysomegovernmentsoftheresponsibilitytomakethelivesofalltheirpeoplesociallyandeconomicallysatisfactory.Theprogramsofthewelfarestatehavebeenaimedprimarilytoreducethehardshipscausedbyunemployment,disability,andoldageandtosecureaminimalbutappropriateamountofmedicalcareandotheressentialservicesforall,regardlessofincome.II.TextAnalysisTextSummaryPolicieshavebeenmadeintheU.S.tostealbrainfromthethirdworld.BraindraininIndiahasbeenaseriousproblem.TheIndiaInstituteofTechnologyofferedstudentsfreeroomandboard,evensalary.Indiantaxpayersfootedthebillinthehopethatonedaythegraduateswouldhelpreconstructthenation.ButmanystudentsleftforAmerica,neverreturn.AlthoughthegovernmentsetupspecialITgraduatesplayedamajorroleinfoundingCalifornia’sSiliconValley.Indiahadgonefromanagriculturalsocietytothecyber-revolution,withoutpassingthroughintermediatestagessuchasthewelfarestateandthecreationofsocialservices.Itistimetopasslegislationcallingfora“BrainTrust”,helpingtocreatethesocialstructureneededinthenextcentury.TextstructurePartI(paras.1-3)PolicieshavebeenmadeintheU.S.tostealbrainfromthethirdworld.PartII(paras.4-18)BraindraininIndiahasbeenaseriousproblembutthegovernmenthastakennoeffectivemeasures.PartIII(para.19)Itistimetopasslegislationcallingfora“BrainTrust”.Thewritingmethodofmakingcontrastbetweentwothingsisverycommoninargumentation.Hereare3pointsforourattention:1.SignalsofcontrastWeusuallyrecognizecontrastsonthebasisofmeaning.Ifthemeaningoftwothings(suchasthepartsofasentence,twoobjectsortwothoughts)canbeidentifiedasbeinggreatlydifferentfromeachotherinsomeway,wecansaytheyareinarelationshipofcontrasts.Differentwordsofgroupsofwordsareusedtosignalcontrasts,dependingonthesubject.Thesesignalsofteninclude:but,however,while,meanwhile,whereas,insteadof,instead,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,etc.2.MakingcontrastsfordifferentpurposesWritersusecontraststododifferentthings.Forinstance,thecontrastbetweenPara.7andPara.8tellsthatwhatreallyhappensattheIndianInstituteofTechnologyrunsagainstitsinitialpurpose:cultivatingtalentsforthereconstructionofthenation.However,inPara.17thesharpcontrastbetweenIndia’sremarkableelectronicsindustryandtheever-worseningconditionofIndia’sinteriorframeworkdrawsthereadertoconsiderthereasonsforthisdifference.3.Makingcontrastsontheparagraphlevel,orwithinoneparagraphorsentenceAwritercanillustrateapointbyusingcontrastonseveraldifferentlevels.Thecontrastmaybefoundontheparagraphlevel,thatis,byputtingthecontrastingitemsinseparateparagraphs.ThisisshowninParas.7&8.Itisalsopossibletoplacebothpartsofthecontrastinthesameparagraph,suchasinPara.17.Finally,contrastcanalsobeshownwithinasinglesentence.Forexample:“Thisnewleadershiphasabandonedalltalkofeconomicimperialisminfavorofmarketeconomics”(Para.16,passageA,unit9)Inotherwords,thenewleadersfavormarketeconomicsinsteadofeconomicimperialism.III.LanguagePointsNewWords&Phrases1.drain:1)n.sth.thatusesupstrengths,energy,orresourcese.g.Ithinklookingafterherelderlymotherisquiteadrainonherenergy.我想照顾她年迈的母亲把她的精力都耗尽了。2)v.(causeto)flowoffgraduallyorcompletelye.g.Thewaterdrainedslowlyoutofthesink.水慢慢从洗涤槽流出去。Withillness,herstrengthdrainedaway.她生病了，身体很虚弱。(causeto)becomegraduallydry,aswaterorliquidisremovede.g.Theydrainedwaterfromland.他们把地面上的水排掉。Thewardrainedthecountryofitsresources.战争使该国的资源枯竭了。2.“post-”isaprefixwhichmeans“laterthan”of“after”.e.g.post-waryears战后岁月pre-waryears战前岁月3.thumb:1)n.(手的)拇指2)v.getafreeridebyraisingthethumbasasignale.g.WethumbedalifttoLondonfortheweekend.我们免费搭车去伦敦度周末。thumbthrough:lookorsearchthroughquicklye.g.Aclerkthumbedthroughthefileslookingforaletter.办事员翻遍了案卷，寻找一封信件。4.footthebill:(infml.)paythebille.g.Hisparentsfootedthebillforthewedding.这次婚礼的钱是他父母出的。5.inthehopethat(/of):hopinge.g.Ididn’tphonetillfouro’clockinthehopethatyou’dbefinished.我一直等到四点钟才打电话，希望那时你已经做完事了。Weleftthehouseearlyinthehopeofavoidingtrafficjams.我们早早地走了，希望能避开交通堵塞时段。6.absorb:vt.takein,digest,learnandunderstande.g.Somanynewideas!Itistoomuchformetoabsorballatonce.这么多新想法！我一下子还接受不了呢。Weclosedourofficesat2:00p.m.togiveemployeestimetoabsorbthebadnews.我们下午两点就下班了，让雇员们有时间去思考这个坏消息。7.pledge:1)n.aformalpromisee.g.Theymadeafirmpledgetoreducetaxes.他们坚定地承诺支持我们。2)v.promiseformallytodosth.e.g.We’vepledgedourselvestofightforjustice.我们立下誓言，要为正义而战。Theyhavepledgedtheirsupportforourcase.他们承诺支持我们的诉讼。8.scope:n.(for/todo)opportunityforactivitye.g.IaskedatthejobinterviewwhethertherewouldbeanyscopeformetousemyJapanese.求职面试时，我询问今后是否有机会用得上我的日语。9.mushroom:v.growrapidlyandingreatnumberse.g.Thenumberofcomputersinschoolshasmushroomedinrecentyears.近几年学校里电脑的数量增加的非常快。10.wereto:Thisstructureisusedinanif-clausetomakethereaderimagineafuturecondition,esp.onethatisnotlikely,notpossible,orunreal.e.g.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thematchwouldhavetobecancelled.如果明天下雨，比赛将取消。Ifitweretorevealitssecrets,thatorganizationwouldcollapseinshame.如果机密被揭露，那家机构就会不体面地倒闭。11.holdwater:seemtobetrueorreasonablee.g.Noneofhisargumentsseemedtometoholdwater.在我看来他的观点没有一个是站的住脚的。I’msorry,butyourstoryjustdoesn’tholdwater.12.abandon:vt.1)leavesb.orsth.forevere.g.Sheabandonedherhusbandandchildrenandwentoffwithanotherman.她抛下丈夫和孩子，和另一个男人私奔了。2）stopdoingsth.beforeyouhavefinishede.g.Thematchwasabandonedathalftimebecauseofthepoorweathercondition.因为天气不好，比赛进行到中途就停止了。3)allow(oneself)tobecontrolledcompletelyby(afeeling,wayofliving,etc.)e.g.Theoldmanabandonedhimselftogrief.那老人悲痛欲绝。SentencesParaphrase1.Tothoseofuswhoareimmigrants,thebillseemssimplytosanctionapolicysecretlyimplementedbyU.S.industryfornearlyfourdecades------namely,stealingbrainsfromthethirdworld.------Meaning:TothoseofuswholeftIndiaandnowlivingintheU.S.,thebillseemsonlytoapproveofficiallyapolicywhichhasbeensecretlycarriedoutbyU.S.industryforalmostfortyyears----thatis,drainingthethirdworldofintellectualresources.2.Duringthe1960sand1970s,politiciansinmynativecountry,India,usedtowavetheslogan“StopBrainDrain”-----areferencetothefactthatthecreamofIndiawasleavingforthelucrativeshoresofEnglandandAmerica.-----Meaning:Duringthe1960sand1970s,politiciansinmynativecountry,India,wouldprotestbywavingtheslogan“StopBrainDrain”,whichreferredtothefactthatthemosttalentedIndianshadabandonedtheirowncountrytoleaveforrichcountriesasEnglandandAmerica.3.Inthatpost-independentera,wheneverythingforeignwasconsideredcontaminatedbycolonialism,wetalkedofcottageindustriesandeconomicimperialism.------Meaning:IntheyearsafterIndiaachieveditsindependence,everythingwhichcamefromothercountrieswasthoughttobemarkedbycolonialismandwethenturnedourattentiontosmallnationalindustriesthatcouldbeconductedathome,hopingtobeindependentofthoseeconomicpowers.4.OurleadershadfailedtoseethattheemphasisonsymbolmanipulationatIITleftlittleroomforsocialthoughtandmuchscopeforthegreedyoutcomesofcapital-drivenbusiness.-----Meaning:OurleadersdidnotrealizehowtheemphasisonsymbolmanipulationatIITaffectedtherestofourdevelopment.Wedidnothavemuchtimetothinkaboutourresponsibilitiestosocietywhilethinkingaboutthechancetobecomerichandfamous.IV.ReadingSkillsReadingforthekeyideainasentenceTheparticularreadingskillreviewedinthisunitisreadingforthekeyideainasentence.Althoughasentencemaygiveagreatdealofinformation,itusuallyprovidesonekeyidea.Readersshouldlearntofindthekeyideainordertounderstandthemeaningofasentenceclearly.Thekeyideaofasentenceusuallytells”a)whatapersonoranobjectisb)whatapersonoranobjectisdoingInordertofindthekeyideaofasentencewehaveto:a)askwhoorwhatthesentenceisabout;b)askwhatthepersonorobjectisdoing,orwhatishappeningtothepersonorobject;c)learntoseparatedetailsfromthekeyideaManywordsinasentencedescribethingsaboutthesubjectofthesentenceandonlyadddetailsaroundit.Ifweaskwhen,whatkind,where,orwhy,wewillfinddetails.Asaresultitwillbeeasierforustoseethekeyidea.SectionBBorderlineRidiculousnessI.BackgroundInformation1.HeathroworHeathrowAirport,locatedinLondon,2.NazisrefertomembersoftheNationalSocialistPartyofAdolfHitlerwhichcontrolledGermanyfrom1933to1945.TheNazisbelievedthattheGermanracewasbetterthanallothersandthereforewouldonedayruletheworld.TheyalsohadaviolenthatredofJewsthatledtotheestablishmentofConcentrationCamps(i.e.,DeathPrison)andtotheHolocaust.3.Franco’sSpainreferstoSpainundertheruleofGeneralFranciscoFranco.FrancoledtheNationalistforcesintheSpanishCivilWar(1936-1939)andpersonallycontrolledSpain’sgovernmentuntilhisdeathin1975.Franco’sSpaindidnotparticipateinWorldWarII,althoughhisgovernmentsidedwithGermanyinmanyways.LikeHitler,Francobelievedthatpeople’slivesshouldbecompletelycontrolledbythegovernment.Inthe1950s,Francochangedhisimagefrom“totalgovernmentcontrol”toamore-or–less“anti-Communist”image,whichhelpedgaintheapprovaloftheUnitedStates,withwhichheconcludedamilitarybasesagreementin1953.4.Washington:ThecapitaloftheUnitedStates.II.TextAnalysisTextSummaryWhenpeoplegettoanAmericanairportfromabroad,theymustmakeadeclarationofallpurchasesandgiftsacquiredabroad.ForeignnationalshavealotmorequestionstoanswerbeforebeinggrantedaU.S.entrancevisa.Intheauthor’sopinion,thisisquiteridiculous.Whentheauthorwantedtobringhiswife,whowasanItalian,togotoAmericaonvacation,anembassyofficialtoldhimthattheimmigrationofficermightnotletherinwithoutagreencard.Becauseofthecomplicatedprocedure,theauthorandhiswifeflewondifferentplanesandhiswifepretendedtobeatourist.TextstructurePartI(paras.1---2)People,especiallyforeignnationals,havealotmorequestionstoanswerbeforebeinggrantedaU.S.entrancevisa.PartII(paras.3—4)Intheauthor’sopinion,thequestionisquiteridiculous.PartIII(paras.5—10)Itwaschallengingfortheauthortobringhiswife,whowasanItalian,togotoAmericaonvacation.III.LanguagePointsNewWords&Phrases1.likewise:ad.1)inthesameway;similarlye.g.Itoldmyfriendtoenjoyhisvacation,andhesaid,“Likewise,Ihopeyouenjoyyour,too.”我对朋友说祝他假期愉快，他说：“同样，我也祝你假期愉快。”2）also,inadditione.g.Youmustpackplentyoffood.Likewise,you’llneedwarmclothes,sopackthemtoo.你必须多带些食物。而且，你还会需要暖和的衣服，所以把它们也打在包里。2.oblige:vt.1)forcesb.todosth.e.g.Valentine’sDayisawasteoftime,butIstillfeelobligedtosendmywifeacard.情人节真是浪费时间，但我还是觉得该给妻子寄张卡片。2)do(sb.)afavor;fulfillthewishes(of)e.g.Iwouldbeobligedifyouwouldcompleteandreturntheformassoonaspossible.请尽快填完表格交还，不胜感谢。3.ally:1)vt.uniteformally,joinorbecomejoinedwithsb.orsth.e.g.Britainhasallieditselfwithotherwesterncountriesfortradeanddefense.英国已和其他西方国家结成贸易及防务方面的同盟。2)n.anation,group,orpersonassociatedwithanotherorothersforsomecommoncauseorpurposee.g.TheUSAandGreatBritainwerealliesinWorldWarII.美国与英国在二战中是盟国。4.quiver:n.Aquiveroffearranthoughher.一阵恐惧的颤抖传遍她的全身。vi.trembleslightlye.g.Iquiveredwithfearatthesound.我听见这声音害怕得发抖。Hervoicewasquiveringwithanger.她气的声音都发抖了。5.ifnot:1)perhapse.g.Many,ifnotall,ofouremployeesdoawonderfuljob.可能不是全部，但确有许多员工干得很棒。2）otherwisee.g.We’llhavethepartyinthegardeniftheweather’sgood.Ifnot,it’llhavetobeinside.天气好的话，我们将在花园里举办晚会。如果天气不好，就在室内举行。6.dropin:payanunplannedvisite.g.Heusuallydropsinatmyplaceonhiswayhome.他通常是在回家途中顺便来我这。7.goodfor:abletobeusedlegallyorvalidfore.g.Herdrive’spermitisgoodforfiveyears.她的驾照有效期为五年。Thejumpermaybeoldbutit’sgoodforanotherfewmonths.这毛衣或许旧了点，但还能对付几个月。8.asithappens:Thisexpressionisusedtointroduceastatement,esp.onethatisrathersurprisinge.g.Asithappens,Ihaveleftthebookhome.恰好我把书忘在家里了。ShecalledAmytoseeifshehadanyideaofherson’swhereabouts.Asithappened,Amyhadjustseenhim.她给埃米打电话，看她是否知道她儿子在哪里。恰巧埃米见过那孩子。9.shortly:adv.soon,atoncee.g.Shortlyafteryouleft,amancameintotheofficelookingforyou.We’resorryforthedelay--------thetrainwillleaveshortly.10.on(the)groundsof(/that):byreasonofe.g.Hequitthejobon(the)groundsofilldeath.Theformerprimeministerwasnotallowedtospeakinpublicon(the)groundsthatitwouldstiruptrouble.前首相被禁止发表公开讲话，理由是这样会惹起事端。11.getawaywith:notbecaughtorpunishedforsth.onehasdonewronge.g.Hewasonlythechildintheclasswhocouldberudetotheteacherandgetawaywithit.他是班上唯一可以对老师没礼貌而不受惩罚的孩子。YesterdayImanagedtogetawaywithparkingrightoutsidethetheatreina“noparking”zone.12.onaccountof:becauseof,asaresultofe.g.She’sangryonaccountofwhatyousaidoverlunchaboutherhusband.WehadtomovetoLondononaccountofmyjob.SentencesParaphrase1.Anuntruthfulanswergivesauthoritiesanotherarrowfortheirattorney’squiver.----Meaning:Ifaforeignnationaldoesn’ttellthetruthwhilefillingouttheform,hisanswercouldbeusedasevidenceagainsthimbyalawyeronbehalfoftheAmericanauthorities.2.SoitiswithpersonaldisappointmentthatIobservethecurrenttendencytokeepoutnewarrivals.----Meaning:SoInotice,anditmakesmeunhappythatpeopleingeneral,includingtheauthorities,nowtendtopreventnewcomersfromentering.3.WhenImetherontheothersidewelaughedwithwickedpleasure,aswe’dgottenawaywithacrime.-----Meaning:WhenImetherontheothersideoftheairportgates,welaughed,pleasedattheclevertrickwehaddone,asifwehadcommittedacrimebutescapedpunishment.IV.TranslationSectionA制止人才外流一份议案已递交到了国会，这一议案要求给予那些想在美国工作，具有理科和工程学科高级学位的外国留学生以优厚的待遇。对我们这些移民来说，这一议案只不过是正式批准一项美国工业界已秘密地执行了近40年的政策而已----------即从第三世界窃取人才的政策。总的说来，参议员约翰·麦凯恩在1999年下半年递交给参议院的“21世纪技术人才资源及商业领导人才法案”是为了填补美国对熟练技术人员的需求，以保持美国在高科技工业中的领先地位而制定的。该议案的一项条款规定：在非移民签证申请者中，政府应优先考虑给那些具有数学、自然科学、工程或技术方面中级学位的外国公民，这一条款可以为这些领域提供“临时性的技术人员”。在20世纪60和70年代，我的祖国---------印度的政客们常常喊着“制止人才外流的口号”，所指的是这样一个事实：印度的精英们正在离开印度，到能挣到钱的国家------英国和美国去。在独立后的时代里，当每一样外国货都被认为含有殖民主义毒素的时候，我们谈论的是家庭小工业和经济帝国主义。我们把可口可乐扔出去，然后发明“顶呱呱可乐”。但这也是个卫星、核能、和绿色革命的时代。每年的独立日，我们的总理尼赫鲁都要讲一讲科学技术的好处。我们的技术学院是用欧洲和美国的援助建造的，向学生们提供免费膳宿，甚至还给发薪水。印度的纳税人支付者税单，希望有朝一日大学毕业生能帮助重建这个国家。我就是这其中的一个学生。但是，当我深夜在印度技术学院的图书馆里啃着书本的时候，我脑子里经常想的不是印度，而是美国这个机会之国。许多同我一样的学生确实在那几年里离开了印度，再也不会回来了。所以我国政府制定了专项计划来吸引海外留学生。我们的领导人看到了与诸如尼赫鲁赫甘地这样的人所发起的独立运动类似的情况：他们在伊顿和牛津这样的学府里吸收了西方的政治思想后，就回来报效自己的祖国。但是只有寥寥无几的海外留学生像何鲁尼所说的那样学成后回国“履行他们的诺言”。我们的领导人没有看到，当印度技术学院在重视计算机编程的时候，几乎没有留下任何空间让学生们去关心社会，却给受资本驱使的企业的贪欲留下了极大的空间。在接下来的20年中，印度技术学院的毕业生们---------那些用印度纳税人的钱培养出来的毕业生------却在加利福尼亚硅谷的创建过程中发挥了主要作用。个人电脑革命和因特网的诞生导致了对熟练劳动者的需求猛增，以至从现在起即使每个美国孩子都去学习自然科学，我们在今后的几十年里还是无法赶上这种需求的增长速度。换句话说，从这个法规获益的不是移民，而是如果没有这项法案就会陷于瘫痪的美国工业界。在此期间，印度对其整个教育体系进行了调整，以满足美国加算机工业的需要。因为印度技术学院无法培养足够的毕业生去满足这些需求。现在，每一个街角都引人注目地竖着私人学校的招生广告牌，这些学校可以颁发电脑编程证书。在我的家乡那格浦尔最近举办的一次书展上，大群大群的年轻人在仔细翻阅着工程学及软件方面的书籍。当每一