对外经济贸易专业英语答案历年考研真题2010 2011 2012 2013笔记加

2001年攻读入学考试经贸专业英语试（100分TheinformationNeverinthehistoryofthisnethashumanityseenmorechangethanwitnessedoverthelasttwentyyears.Aftercenturies-evenmillenniums-ofhumancivilization,onlyinthisperiodhasmanfoundthemeanstoconnectinstantlyandefficientlytheconsciousnessofvirtuallyeveryinhabitantontheearth.Onlyinthepastdecadehavecomethemeanstoconsolidate,organize,andaccessalloftheavailableknowledgethatmanhasgainedovertheentirehistoryofhumanity.Andasifthismind-numbingpaceofchangehasnotbeenfastenough,thesthatdriveitpromise eevenstrongerandfasterinthecominentyyears.Ourraceisinthemidstoftheinformationrevolution-arevolutionthatcouldchangevirtuallyeveryfacetofhumanlife.Fromourvantagepoint,itisstillnotpossibletofullygrasptheextentandsignificanceoftheinformationrevolution.Thingsaremovingtoofast-propelledbyadvancesinscienceandthesofmarketeconomics-topredictexactlyhowevolvingwillaltercivilizationonearth.Theonlythingthatcanbesaidrtainisthatmajorchangeisinevitableforallbutthemostremotefringesofhumansociety.Weareheadingatblindingspeedintoacompletenewworldbuiltonafoundationoftheinformationandcommunicationtechnology.1.迈入信息的漩涡——那将是一场改变人类生活方方面面的。以进步的观点来看，仍然不可能完全理解信息的范围和意义。由于科学的发展唯一可以肯定的是重大将必然发生，它将对人类社会产生深远影响。正以未知的速度步入一个建立在信息通讯技术基础上的全。RecentTrendsininternationalOverthelastfewdecades,theforeigntradesectorhasgrowndramaticallyinimportanceworldwide.In1960,asapercentageofnominalGDP,goodportsandimportswere3.9percentand2.9percent,respectively.By1997,goodportsandimportsshareshadrisento8.5percentand11.0percent,respectively.Domesticdemandhasreasinglybeenmetbyimports,whileexportshave eamoresignificantfactorunderlyinggrowthinmanufacturingoutput.WhatdoestheUnitedStatesexportandimport?In1997,bypripleend-usecategories,exportareledbycapitalgoodcludingautos,withsecondceheldbyindustrialsandmaterials.Mostimportsforindustrialsandmaterials,followedbyautomotivevehicles,parts,andengines.ExportsandimportsflowsbetweenvarioustradingpartnershavechangessignificantlysetheendofWorldWarII.Thoughstillimportant,WesternEuropenolongerdominatesastheUnitedStates'primarytradingregion.Forexports,CanadaisbyfarthemostimportantbuyerofUSgoods.In1996,CanadaalsowasthenumberonerofgoodstotheUnitedStates.Inrecentyears,however,Japan,,andMexicohave ereasinglyimportant.WhiletheUnitedStates'largestunila ltradedeficitforgoodsiswithJapan, ’sgoodstradesurpluswithUnitedStateshasgrownrapidlyinrecentyears.2.在过去几十，对外贸易在所有国家国民经济中的重要性有显著提高。在1960年，年，货品在国内生产总值中的份额就分别上升到8.5%和11.0%。进口满足了不断增那么，的货物都是什么呢？从几种主要的最终消费品来看，1997年出1996年，也是的第一出口大国。不过近几年来，、和墨西哥在外贸中的重要性渐长。对日贸易逆差最大，对华贸易逆差近年来也迅速增长。ContractThelawofcontracts,fashionedovercenturiestofittheneedsofpartieswhotransact,isrichinhumanexperience.Itwouldbepresumptuoustoassumethattechnologicalchangewillfundamentallyalterthewaywecontract.Itwillnot.Rather,contractlawwilladapt,asitalwayshas,to modatecyberspace.Although,contractlawmustchangesothatitprovidescertaintyandenabilityovercyberspacetransactions,technologymustprogressbeforethiscanhappen.Cyberspacesecurityproblemsmustberesolved,foruntiltransactionscanbesecurelyeffectedsimplyandwithwideaccessibility,businesswilllackthenecessarycomfortlevel.Thismayrequirepatience.It'simportantthatthemarketresolvethetechnologicalissuesfirst,orweruntheriskoflawdictatingtechnology--asub-optimalsolution.Thecontactlawthatwillemergewon'tbea"new"orrevolutionarycontractlawperse.Ratheritwillapplyoldpriplestothenewenvironment,andovertimewillevolvetofurtherreflectcyberspace'sidiosyncrasies.Contractlawissuesthatrequireimmediatelegislativeattentionare:thestatusofdigitalsignatureandtheiracceptabilityinContracts,amendmentstotheStatueofs'writingandsigningrequirements,legalsupportofencryptionuse,andcriminalizationofcrypto-attacks,ernmentshouldalsogivepriorityattentiontopublickeyinfrastructure(PKI)issues,suchastheliabilityofcertification.Otherthan ingamodeluser,itshouldn'tmandateuseofaparticularPKIsystematt3.几个世纪形成的合同法满足了当事人的需要，体现了人类的智慧。人们原认为技术 空间纳入其调整范围中来。尽管合同法必须自身做出改变，以便对在虚拟空间中达成的的是，市场必须首先解决安全问题，否则，用法律取代技术的，——这将是一种次优方案。出现在虚拟空间中的合同法本身将不会是一个“新”的或具有性的合同CorporateAsthenameindicates,corporatebondsareissuedbycorporations.Corporationbondsareclassifiedbythetypeofissuer.Thefourgeneralclassificationsusedbybondinformationservicesare1)utilities,(2)transportations,(3)industrials,and(4)banksandfinancecompanies.Firstbreakdownsareoftentocreatemorehomogeneousgrous.Forexample,utilitiesaresubdividedintoelectricpowercompanies,gasdistributioncompanies,watercompanies,andcommunicationcompanies.Transportationaredividedfurtherintoairlines,railroads,andtruckingcompanies.Industrialsarethecatchallclass,andthemostheterogeneousofthegrouswithrespecttoinvestmentcharacteristics.Industrialsludeallkindsofmanufacturing,merchandising,andservicecompanies.Thepromisesofacorporatebondissuerandtherightsofinvestorsaresetforthingreatdetailinacontractcalledabondindenture.Failuretopayeitherthepripalorinterestwhendueconstituteslegaldefaultandcourtproceedingscanbeinstitutedtoenthecontract.Bondholders,ascreditors,haveapriorlegalclaimoverpreferredandcommonstockholdersasto eandassetsofthecorporationforthepripalandinterestduethem.Inatypicalcorporatebond,thereareoptionsembeddedintheissue.Anembeddedoptionispartofthestructureofabond,asopposedtoa"bareoption”,whichtradesseparayfromanyunderlyingsecurity.Mostcorporatebondsaretermbonds,thatis,theyrunforatermofyearsandthen dueandpayable.Termbondsareoftenreferredtoas"bullet--maturity"orsimply"bullet"bonds.Thetermmaybelongorshort.AswithTreasuresecurities,obligationsduelessthentenyearsfromthedateofissuearecallednotes.Termbondsmayberetiredbypaymentatfinalmaturityorretiredpriortomaturityifprovidedforintheindenture.Somecorporatebondissuesaresoarrangedthatspecifiedpripalamounts edueonspecifieddates.Suchissuesarecalledserialbonds.4.同一样，从warrantiesontheSaleofaThesaleofabusinessisatransactionwhichinvolvesthesaleofavariedcollectionofassetshavingdifferentcharacteristics:someoftheassetswillbephysicalgoods,suchasstock,machineryandusuallytherewillbeholdofleaseholdpropertiestobeintangibleassetswillludethegoodwillofthebusiness,debtorsand,commonly,inlectualpropertyrights;rightsmaybesold,suchastothecurrentorderbook,whicharebarelyassetsinthenormalsense.Thetransactionwillnotnormallyinvolvethepurchaserintakinerliabilitiesandthesewillnotgenerallypassunlessthereisanexpressacceptancebythepurchaser.Thisbroadpripleneeds,however,tobequalifiedinanumberofrespects:Liabilitiesinrelationtopropertiesmayrunwiththelandandaccordinglyautomaticallybindthepurchaser.CertainobligationstotheemployeesofabusinesswhichissoldasagoingconcernpassundertheTransferofUndertaking(ProtectionofEmployment)Regulations1981.Partlycompletedgoods,themanufactureofwhichiscompletedbythepurchaser,willgiverisetoaliabilityonthepurchaseriftheyprovetobedefectiveeventhoughthedefectarisesfromworkdonebythevendor.Fromapracticalpointofview,itisoftennecessaryforthepurchasertoperformwarrantyobligationsofthevendorinrelationtogoodssoldslightlybeforethetransferofthebusiness.Despitetheseexceptions,thegeneralrulesisthatthepurchaserdoesnottakeoveranyliabilitiesofthebusinessforwhichitdoesnotwishtoberesponsible.Thi