托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)

托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)题型有：3.ReadingComprehensionSectionsThree：ReadingComprehensionEarlyTheoriesofContinentalDriftP1:TheideathatthegeographyofEarthwasdifferentinthepastthanitistodayisnotnew.Asfarbackas1620,FrancisBaconspottedthatthewestcoastofAfricaandtheeastcoastofSouthAmericalookedasiftheywouldfittogether,likepiecesofajigsawpuzzle.Betweenthenand1912,otherpeopleidentifiedfurthersimilaritiesbetweenothercontinentalcoastlines.Butbecausemuchoftheearlysupportformobilismwasbasedonfar-flungintercontinentalsimilarities,geologiststendedtobeskepticalofthefieldworkofothers.P2:Duringthelatenineteenthcentury,AustriangeologistEduardSuessproposedthename“Gondwanaland”inhisbookTheFaceoftheEarth(1885)andgavefargreateremphasistotheevolutionarynatureoftheearthandhenotedthesimilaritiesamongtheLatePaleozoicplantfossilsofIndia,Australia,SouthAfrica,andSouthAmerica.Baseduponglossopterisfernfossilsinsuchregions,heexplainedthatthethreelandmasseswereonceconnectedinasupercontinentwhichhenamesGondwanaland,andthattheoceanfloodedthespacescurrentlybetweenthoselands.Thus,inhisview,thesimilaritiesoffossilsonthesecontinentscouldbeaccountedforbypostulatingtheconceptofalandbridgethatexistedoncebutsubsidedlater.P3:Later,anumberofrefinementstoSuess’stheoryweremade.TheAmericangeologistFrankTaylorpublishedapamphletin1910presentinghisconceptof“horizontaldisplacement”.Heexplainedtheformationofmountainrangesasaresultofthelateralmovementsofcontinents.Withtheearth’scaptureofthemoon,thegravitationalforcesbetweenthemgeneratedapulltowardslowerlatitudeswheretheythickenedandformedfoldedmountainbeltsespeciallyinmiddlelatitudes.AlthoughwenowknowthatTaylor’sexplanationofcontinentaldriftiserroneous,oneofhismostsignificantcontributionswashissuggestionthattheMid-AtlanticRidge—anunderwatermountainrangediscoveredbythe1872-1876BritishHMSChallengerexpeditions—mightmarkthesiteatwhichanancientcontinentbrokeapart,formingthepresent-dayAtlanticOcean.P4:However,itisAlfredWegener,aGermanmeteorologist,whoisgenerallycreditedwithdevelopingthehypothesisofcontinentaldrift.Inhismonumentalbook,TheOriginofContinentsandOceans(1915),Wegenertheorizedthatasinglesupercontinenthecalled“Pangaea”existedsometimebetween350millionto225millionyearsago.WegnerportrayedhisgrandconceptofcontinentalmovementinaseriesofmapsshowingthebreakupofPangaeaandthemovementofvariouscontinentstotheirpresent-daylocations.WhatevidencedidWegenerusetosupporthishypothesisofcontinentaldrift?First,WegenernotedthatthereisgeographicalsimilarityalongboththecoastsoftheAtlanticOcean.TheopposingcoastsoftheAtlanticcanbefittedtogetherinthesamewayastwocutoffpiecesofwoodcanberefitted.Furthermore,mountainrangesandglacialdepositsseemtomatchupinsuchawaythatsuggestscontinentscouldhaveoncebeenasinglelandmass.Finally,manyofthesamefossilsandvegetativeremainsarefoundtodayonwidelyseparatedcontinents,indicatingthatthecontinentsmusthavebeeninproximityatonetime.Duringhisdays,Wegenerwasregardedasanadvocateratherthanasanimpartialscientificobserver,appearingtoignorevastevidenceunfavorabletohisideasanddistortotherevidencetobringitintoharmonywiththetheory.P5:AfterWegener’sdeath,aSouthAfricangeologistAlexanderDuToitcontinuedtoassemblefossilevidenceforPangaea.Henotedthatfossilsofthenowextinctreptile“Mesosaurus”occurinrocksofthesameageinbothBrazilandSouthAfrica.Becausethephysiologyoffreshwaterandmarineanimalsiscompletelydifferent,itishardtoimaginehowafreshwaterreptilecouldhaveswumacrosstheAtlanticOceanandthenfoundafreshwaterenvironmentnearlyidenticaltoitsformerhabitat.Moreover,ifMesosauruscouldhaveswumacrosstheocean,itsfossilremainsshouldbewidelydispersed.ItismorelogicaltoassumethatMesosauruslivedinlakesinwhatwereonceadjacentareasofSouthAmericaandAfricawhenitwasunitedintoasinglecontinent.Notwithstandingalloftheempiricalevidenceinfavorofcontinentaldrifttheorypresentedhere,mostgeologistsatthetimerefusedtoentertaintheidea.P6:ThedebateovercontinentaldrifthasthesameroleandstatureinthehistoryoftheearthsciencesasthedebateoverDarwinianevolutioninthehistoryoflifesciencesandthedebatesoverrelativityandquantumtheoryinthehistoryofphysics.Inthelargestsense,thehistoryofearthscience,thehistoryofbiology,andthehistoryofphysicsinthe20thcenturyareallhistoriesoftheconsolidationofopinionandtheformationofbroadconsensus—thatthesetheorieswerethebestwaytoorganizeandadvancethesesciences.P5:AfterWegener’sdeath,aSouthAfricangeologistAlexanderDuToitcontinuedtoassemblefossilevidenceforPangaea.■Henotedthatfossilsofthenowextinctreptile“Mesosaurus”occurinrocksofthesameageinbothBrazilandSouthAfrica.■Becausethephysiologyoffreshwaterandmarineanimalsiscompletelydifferent,itishardtoimaginehowafreshwaterreptilecouldhaveswumacrosstheAtlanticOceanandthenfoundafreshwaterenvironmentnearlyidenticaltoitsformerhabitat.■Moreover,ifMesosauruscouldhaveswumacrosstheocean,itsfossilremainsshouldbewidelydispersed.ItismorelogicaltoassumethatMesosauruslivedinlakesinwhatwereonceadjacentareasofSouthAmericaandAfricawhenitwasunitedintoasinglecontinent.■Notwithstandingalloftheempiricalevidenceinfavorofcontinentaldrifttheorypresentedhere,mostgeologistsatthetimerefusedtoentertaintheidea.1．Accordingtoparagraph2,EduardSuessbelievedthatsimilaritiesofplantandanimalfossilsonthesoutherncontinentswereduetoA．livinginthesouthernclimateB．crossingthelandbridgesC．fossilizationinthecoallayersD．movementsofthesupercontinent正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问动植物化石的相似性是因为什么，文中提到“thesimilaritiesoffossilsonthesecontinentscouldbeaccountedforby”所以原因是之前有陆桥后来消失了，答案是B。2．Accordingtoparagraph3,FrankTaylorbelievedthatA．present-daycontinentsbrokeofffromlargercontinentsanddriftedtowardthepolesduetotidalforces.B．thelateralshiftingofcontinentscausedtheformationofmountainranges.C．polarcontinentsbegantojointogetherwhenEarth’sgravitycapturedtheMoon100millionyearsago.D．Earth’sgravityandspeedofrotationcreatedlargepolarcontinents.正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问FrankTaylor的观点，文中提到他的观点是“horizontaldisplacement”，并在第3句提到“asaresultofthelateralmovementsofcontinents”。所以答案是B。3．Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3abouttheMid-AtlanticRidge?A．Itwasonceabovesealevel.B．ItformedatthesametimethatEarth’sgravitycapturedtheMoon.C．Itwasmuchmoreextensivewhenitwasfirstformedthanitistoday.D．ItwasunknownbeforetheHMSChallengervoyages.正确答案：D解析：【推断题】题目问可以推断出关于Mid-AtlanticRidge的什么信息，末句提到“anunderwatermountainchaindiscoveredbythe1872-1876BritishHMSChallengerexpeditions”，1872—1876年间大西洋中脊被发现，也就是在这之前没有，所以答案是D。4．Theword“generated”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA．strengthenedB．releasedC．producedD．present正确答案：C解析：【词汇题】generate意为“产生”。5．Theword“monumental”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA．finalB．persuasiveC．well-knownD．greatandsignificant正确答案：D解析：【词汇题】monumental意为“不朽的”。6．Theword“portrayed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA．provedB．formedC．depictedD．defended正确答案：C解析：【词汇题】portrayed意为“描绘”。7．Theword“vast”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA．enormousB．significantC．convincingD．additional正确答案：A解析：【词汇题】vast意为“大量的，巨大的”。8．Accordingtoparagraph4,WegenerfeltconfidentthathistheoryarecorrectinpartbecauseA．contemporaryscientistswereunabletosuccessfullychallengehisevidence.B．manydifferenttypesofevidenceseemedtosupporthistheory.C．histheoryaccountedforphenomenathatearliertheoriescouldnotexplain.D．hehadusedthemostadvancedtechniquesavailabletogatherhisevidence.正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问Wegener认为自己的理论正确是因为什么。文中提到“WhatevidencedidWegenerusetosupporthishypothesisofcontinentaldrift?”并提出了三个理由，因此答案为B。9．Accordingtoparagraph4,WegenerpointedtoallofthefollowinginsupportofhistheoryofcontinentaldriftEXCEPT:A．Plantsandanimalsnowlivingonsomecontinentsappeartobedescendedfromplantsandanimalsthatoriginatedonothercontinents.B．Rocksequencesassociatedwiththecontinentsareextremelysimilar.C．Thecoastlinesofsomecontinentsseemtofittogether.D．Mountainsonsomecontinentswouldbeadjacenttomountainsonothercontinentsifthesecontinentswerejoined.正确答案：A解析：【否定事实信息题】题目问哪一项不能支持Wegener的理论，BCD都与文中细节相符，A说某个大陆上的动植物的后代是来自于其他大陆，而文中未提及这样的信息，因此答案是A。10．Whydoestheauthormentionthefactthat“thephysiologyoffreshwaterandmarineanimalsiscompletelydifferent”?A．ToexplainwhyDuToitwasabletodeterminethatMesosauruswasafreshwaterreptile.B．ToexplainwhyDuToitconcludedthatcertainfossilsinrocksinBrazilandSouthAfricawerethoseofthesameanimal.C．TocastdcubtontheideathatMesosauruscouldhaveswumfromonelandmasstoanother.D．ToshowDuToitdeterminedwhichlandmassMesosaurusoriginatedon.正确答案：C解析：【修辞目的题】题目问这句话的作用，文中此句作为原因解释说明了为什么难以想象淡水爬行动物是怎么跨越大洋找到新的栖息地的，因此答案是C。11．Theword“logical”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA．satisfactoryB．modernC．reasonableD．popular正确答案：C解析：【词汇题】logical意为“合理的”。12．Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutthePermianMesosaurusofBrazilandSouthAfrica?A．Itwasthedominantanimalinthehabitatsinwhichitlived.B．Itlivedinsimilarenvironmentsinbothplaces.C．Itwasaweakswimmercomparedwithotherfreshwaterreptiles.D．Itsphysiologydifferedfromthatofmodernfreshwaterreptiles.正确答案：B解析：【推断题】题目问可以推断出关于巴西和南非二叠纪中龙的什么信息。倒数第3句提到“MesosauruslivedinlakesinwhatwereonceadjacentareasofSouthAmericaandAfricawhenitwasunitedintoasinglecontinent”，所以答案是B。13．Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Inadditiontosupplyingnewgeologicalevidenceforcontinentaldrift,hecraftedconvincingargumentsbasedonancientlifeforms.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.正确答案：A解析：【句子插入题】插入文本中提到“Inadditiontosupplyingnewgeologicalevidenceforcontinentaldrift”上文应提到过地质学方面的依据，A空之后提到的Mesosaurus对应ancientlifeforms。14．Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Dragyourchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toreviewthepassage,clickonViewText.Severaltheoriesinvolvingthemovementofcontinentswereproposedinthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies---AnswerChoicesAEarlymapsshowingthecoastlinesofSouthAmericaandAfricainspiredEduardSuesstosearchforfossilevidencethattoday’ssoutherncontinentshadoncebeenjoinedinasinglelandmass.BToEduardSuess,continentaldriftaccountedforthepresenceofthesametypesoffossilsondifferentcontinentsthathadattimesbeenconnectedbylandbridges.CDuToit’sstudyofthefreshwaterreptileMesosaurusaddedtothealreadyconsiderablebodyofevidencethatAlfredWegenerhadgatheredinsupportoftheideaofcontinentaldrift.DFrankTaylorexpandedonEduardSuess’stheoryofcontinentaldriftbyarguingthattidalforces100millionyearsagohadbrokencontinentsapartandcausedtheriseoftheMid-AtlanticRidge.EAlfredWegener,whofirstdevelopedthetheoryofcontinentaldriftarguedthatalllandmasseswereoriginallypartofasupercontinentthatbrokeupintoseparatecontinents.FEarlytheoriesofcontinentaldriftwerenotwidelyacceptedatthetimebecausetheyfailedtoexplainwhycontinentsmoved.正确答案：B，C，E解析：【信息归类题】本文介绍了几种关于大陆形态演变的理论。A项中所提及earlymaps与题干不符。D文章中并未提及10亿年。F文章中并未涉及解释大陆如何移动。因此答案是B、C、E。EconomicDeclineinEuropeDuringtheFourteenthCenturyP1:Someverynegativefactorsaccountedfortheeconomiccrisisinfourteenth-centuryEurope.Withminimalhumaninfluence,theclimateinEuropeinthe1300schangeddrastically,andtheresultsweredevastating.Forsevenyearstheweatherturnedabnormallycoldandwet,triggeringfloodsandruiningcrops.ThereissubstantialhistoricalevidencefortheLittleIceAge.TheBalticSeafrozeover,asdidmanyoftheriversandlakesinEurope.Alloftheseindicatethatduringthefourteenthcentury,Europe’saverageannualtemperaturedeclinedapproximatelytwodegreesCelsius—thismaysoundlikeverylittleatfirst,butifoneconsiderscurrentprojectionsaboutthepossibleeffectsofglobalwarming,inwhichtheaverageannualtemperatureshiftisonlyonedegreeCelsius,aratherdifferentimpressionemerges.Asthetemperaturedropped,shorteningthesummergrowingseasonandaffectingtheresilienceofcertainvegetablespecies,thewindandrainincreased.Duringthecoldesttimes,England’sgrowingseasonwasshortenedbyonetotwomonthscomparedtopresentdayvalues.Theavailabilityofvarietiesofseedtodaythatcanwithstandextremecoldorwarmth,wetnessordryness,wasnotavailableinthepast.Therefore,climatechangeshadamuchgreaterimpactonagriculturaloutputinthepast.P2:ThenextessentialchangeoccurredinthegeopoliticsoftheMediterraneanworld.Thetraderoutesservedprincipallytotransferrawmaterials,foodstuffs,andluxurygoodsfromareaswithsurplusestootherswheretheywereinshortsupply.TheByzantinetradewasamongthemostadvancedinEuropeandtheMediterraneanformanycenturies.ThedeclineoftheByzantineEmpire,whichhaddominatedtheeasternMediterranean,meanttheinterruptionoftraderoutestocentralandeasternAsia.TheempireonceoperatedasaprimehubinatradingnetworkthatatvarioustimesextendedacrossnearlyallofEurasiaandNorthAfrica,inparticularastheprimarywesternterminusofthefamousSilkRoad.EuropeaninterestincircumnavigatingAfricaandexploringwestwardintotheAtlanticOcean,infact,originatedinthedesiretoavoidtheroadblockintheeasternMediterraneanandtotapdirectlyintothetradewitheasternAsiathathadlongsustainedEurope’seconomicgrowth.P3:Amoreimmediatecauseoftheailingeconomywasanobservableabsence:sincetheeleventhcenturytherehadbeenfewinnovationsintheagriculturaltechnology.Thegroundworkfordisasterwaslaidwhenpopulationsexploded,asroughlythesamefarmingmethodsasthoseadoptedtwohundredyearspriorwerestillinuse,whichbroughtadisruptioninthefoodsupply.Withamuchlargerpopulationtofeed,therewaslittlesurpluslefttogeneratefreshcapital.Althoughthefailureofagriculturetokeepupwiththegrowingpopulationdidnotbecomeacrisisuntilthefourteenthcentury,clearsignsoftheproblemhadalreadyemergedbythemiddleofthethirteenthcentury,whenoccasionallylowyieldsduetobadweatherorsocialdisruptionrevealedhowperilousthebalancebetweenEurope’spopulationanditsfoodsupplyhadbecome.Farmlandsmostrecentlybroughtundercultivationduringtheeconomiccrisisofthetwelfthcenturywitnessedthefirstevidenttentativenessofthefoodsupply.Thelessestablishedfarmersoftheselandsfrequentlydidnothavetheabilitytosurvivesuccessivepoorharvests.Tenantfarmersunabletopaytheirrentswerethusheavilyindebt,andlandlordswhocollectedrentsfortheirfinancialsourcetendedtorelyconsiderablyonurbanfinanciersforcredit.P4:ThecreditcrisisafflictedalmostallEuropeancountriesandthemostremarkableofwhichwasEngland.Thecycleofindebtednesswashardlyinevitable,butthestringofbankfailuresandcommercialcollapsesinthefirsthalfofthefourteenthcenturywasstriking.ThefamedBardiandPeruzzibanksofFlorence(thetwolargestfinancialhousesofEurope)collapsedspectacularlyinthe1340’s.TheyweresoonfollowedbytheRiccardibankofLucca,whosemassiveloanshadkepttheEnglishgovernmentafloatforyears.Manymorehousescollapsedinturn.P5:FarmexpansioninEuropehadcometoanendbytheyear1300.Muchfarmlandfellintodisuse,reducingtheoutputoffood.Farmanimalsdied,furtherdiminishingthefoodsupply.Withallthedeathsanddropindemandforfood,thepriceoffooddropped.IncitiesofWesternEurope,withfewerpeopletoworkthedemandforlaborincreased,asdidwages.Consequently,large-scalemigrationofruralpopulationsrushedintothecities.Europe’soverallpopulationgrowthfrom1050to1300hadbeenprimarilyduetoanincreaseinthenumberofruralfolk.Manycitiesdoubledinsize,andsomeeventripled,overthecourseofjustoneortwogenerations.Fewwerecapableofabsorbingsuchlargenumbersofpeople.P3:■Amoreimmediatecauseoftheailingeconomywasanobservableabsence:sincetheeleventhcenturytherehadbeenfewinnovationsintheagriculturaltechnology.■Thegroundworkfordisasterwaslaidwhenpopulationsexploded,asroughlythesamefarmingmethodsasthoseadoptedtwohundredyearspriorwerestillinuse,whichbroughtadisruptioninthefoodsupply.■Withamuchlargerpopulationtofeed,therewaslittlesurpluslefttogeneratefreshcapital.■Althoughthefailureofagriculturetokeepupwiththegrowingpopulationdidnotbecomeacrisisuntilthefourteenthcentury,clearsignsoftheproblemhadalreadyemergedbythemiddleofthethirteenthcentury,whenoccasionallylowyieldsduetobadweatherorsocialdisruptionrevealedhowperilousthebalancebetweenEurope’spopulationanditsfoodsupplyhadbecome.Farmlandsmostrecentlybroughtundercultivationduringtheeconomiccrisisofthetwelfthcenturywitnessedthefirstevidenttentativenessofthefoodsupply.Thelessestablishedfarmersoftheselandsfrequentlydidnothavetheabilitytosurvivesuccessivepoorharvests.Tenantfarmersunabletopaytheirrentswerethusheavilyindebt,andlandlordswhocollectedrentsfortheirfinancialsourcetendedtorelyconsiderablyonurbanfinanciersforcredit.15．Theword“accountedfor”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA．predictedB．explainedC．typifiedD．worsened正确答案：B解析：【词汇题】accountedfor意为“导致”。16．Whydoestheauthormention“currentprojectionsaboutthepossibleeffectsofglobalwarming”inthepassage?A．ToarguethatglobalwarningwasafactorintheclimateshiftofthefourteenthcenturyinEurope.B．TosuggestthatthecurrentclimatechangeisgreaterthantheclimatechangeinthefourteenthcenturyinEurope.C．ToshowthedirectconnectionbetweentemperaturechangesinthefourteenthcenturyandchangesthatarecurrentlyoccurringinEurope.D．ToemphasizetheimpactofthetemperaturechangethatoccurredduringthefourteenthcenturyinEurope.正确答案：D解析：【修辞目的题】文中提到14世纪欧洲的平均年气温下降了约2摄氏度，起初听起来可能感觉变化很小，但是全球变暖平均每年的气温变化只有1摄氏度，再考虑到全球变暖可能造成的影响，就会出现相当不同的感觉。所以作者提这个点是为了强调14世纪欧洲气温下降2摄氏度的重要性。17．Inparagraph1,allofthefollowingarementionedasfactorsthatcontributedtothedeclineoftheagriculturaleconomyinthefourteenthcenturyEXCEPTA．anincreaseinrainandwindB．ashortenedgrowingseasonC．theinvestmentofcapitalinareasotherthanagricultureD．asignificantdropintemperature正确答案：C解析：【否定事实信息题】第7句提到随着气温的下降，夏季生长季节缩短了、某些蔬菜品种的回弹性受到影响、风和雨的数量也增加了，但是并未提到C选项中的资本投资。18．Inparagraph2,theauthorimpliesthattheByzantineEmpireA．allowedinternationaltradefromwhichEuropebenefitedB．becameadominantforceduringthefourteenthcenturyC．centereditsruleonreligionandethnictiesD．interruptedtraderoutestoAsiathathadalreadybeenestablished正确答案：A解析：【推断题】第4．5句提到拜占庭帝国曾控制了地中海东部。它的衰落意味着通往亚洲中部和东部的贸易路线被中断，由此可知，拜占庭帝国是允许国际贸易的。19．Accordingtoparagraph2,EuropeaninterestinexploringthecoastofAfricaandtheAtlanticOceangrewoutofawishtoA．buildaroadblockagainstAsianpowersB．restorevaluabletradewitheasternAsiaC．createfastertraderoutestoeasternAsiaD．connecttradebetweentheeasternMediterraneanandtheAtlanticOcean正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】末句提及欧洲环绕非洲并向西行进入大西洋是为了避免地中海东部的路障，也是为了与长期维持欧洲经济增长的东亚地区进行贸易。20．Accordingtoparagraph3,whatwasonecauseoftheeconomicproblemsinEuropeofthefourteenthcentury?A．Farmingtechniquesproducedinsufficientamountsoffood.B．Territoriesthatfarmershadbeguntouseforagricultureforthefirsttimeweredisruptedbywar.C．Thetechnologicalimprovementsinfarmingmadeinearliercenturieswereabandonedafter1300.D．Farmingtechniquesusedcapitalthatwasneededforinvestmentinthedevelopmentoftechnology.正确答案：A解析：【事实信息题】首句提到一个非常明显的缺陷导致了经济进一步陷入困境：自从11世纪以来，农业技术几乎没有创新，当人口增长时，二百年来大致相同的耕作方式导致了粮食供应中断。21．Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A．MaintainingthepopulationofEuropewithexistingfoodsuppliescontinuedtobeaproblemafterthemiddleofthethirteenthcentury.B．ThedelicatebalancebetweenpopulationandfoodsupplyinEuropewasapparentinyearsofpoorharvesthalfacenturybeforeitbecameacrisisinthefourteenthcentury.C．ClearsignalsoftheemergingcrisisinEuropeappearedinthethirteenthcenturyintheformofbadweather,socialunrest,andinsufficientfood.D．Inthethirteenthcentury,aproblememergedinEuropewhenthefoodsupplywassufficienttofeedthepopulationonlyoccasionally.正确答案：B解析：【句子简化题】原文是个转折句，转折之后的重点(clearsingsofproblem…)准确地呈现在B选项之中。22．Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatpeoplewhofarmedonlandrecentlybroughtundercultivationwereatabiggerdisadvantagethanwell-establishedfarmersinfourteenth-centuryEuropebecauseA．theirlandwaslocatedinareasthatwereengagedinwarB．theyreliedonurbanfinanciersforcreditC．theyhadnosurplusonwhichtoliveormoneytopaytheirrentD．theydidnotusewheeledplows,rotatetheircrops,orusenaturalfertilizer正确答案：C解析：【推断题】最后3句提到这些耕种新土地的农民经常无法从连续低迷的收成中存活下来，他们无力支付租金，因此被卷入债务。23．Theword“considerably”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA．significantlyB．increasinglyC．constantlyD．naturally正确答案：A解析：【词汇题】considerably意为“相当地”。24．Theword“striking”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA．understandableB．necessaryC．limitingD．noteworthy正确答案：D解析：【词汇题】striking意为“显著的”。25．WhydoestheauthormentioninthepassagethattheBardiandPeruzzibankswere“thetwolargestfinancialhousesofEurope”?A．ToindicatetheconnectionbetweenFlorencebanksandtheEnglishgovernmentB．ToemphasizethegreatimpactthatthesebankfailureshadontheeconomyC．TocomparetheBardiandPeruzzibankswiththeRiccardibankD．Toindicatethesuccessthatthesebankshadpreviouslyachieved正确答案：B解析：【修辞目的题】第四段说14世纪上半叶一连串银行的倒闭和商业崩溃是相当惊人的，两个欧洲最大的金融机构在14世纪40年代轰然倒塌。所以作者提这两个最大的金融机构是为了强调银行倒闭对经济的重大影响。26．Paragraph5suggeststhatthelarge-scalemigrationtocitiesresultedinwhichofthefollowing?A．Aftertwogenerationsinthecities,migrantsreturnedtoagriculturallife.B．TheoverallpopulationinEuropedeclined.C．Farmersworkedincities,andtheirfamiliesworkedtheland.D．Citiescontainedlargenumbersofpeoplefromruralareas.正确答案：D解析：【事实信息题】倒数第4句提到大规模的农村人口迁移到城市，欧洲人口增长主要是由于农村人口的增加，许多城市规模增加了一倍，有些甚至增加了两倍。27．Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Developmentslikethewheeledplow,therotationofcrops,andtheuseofnaturalfertilizerusedtomakepossibletheagriculturalrevolutiononthecourseofthepasttwocenturieshadhadnofollow-up.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.正确答案：B解析：【句子插入题】空前提到经济衰退的一个原因是农业技术没有创新，插入句举例说明过去两百年间使用的技术没有更新，通过nofollow-up与fewinnovations对应。28．Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.SomeanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasInthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Dragyourchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toreviewthepassage,clickonViewText.TheeconomicdeclineinEuropeduringthefourteenthcenturyresultedfromseveralfactors.---AnswerChoicesAClimatechangesaffectedagriculturalproduction,whichledtofoodshortages.BThelossoftradewithcentralandeastAsianegativelyimpactedeconomicgrowth.CEnglandwasamongthenationsthatsufferedacreditloss.DTheperformanceofthecommercialeconomycouldnotkeeppacewiththeagriculturaleconomy.EThelackofinnovationinagriculturaltechnologyaffectedthebalanceoffoodproductionandpopulation.FMigrationsfromcitytoruralareasledtoanincreaseinthenumberofruralfolk.正确答案：A，B，E解析：【文章总结题】本文主要描述14世纪欧洲经济衰退的三方面原因。第一，小冰川期导致欧洲气温下降，使得农业产量下降，造成食物供应不足；第二，拜占庭帝国的衰落导致与东亚地区的贸易中断；第三，农业技术在过去的两个世纪没有革新使得食物供应跟不上人口增长速度。因此涉及欧洲经济衰退的A、B、E选项正确。C、D、F三个选项属于细节偏离主旨，或者与文章内容不一致。IndividualPerformanceandthePresenceofOthersP1:Aperson’sperformanceontaskscanbeeitherenhancedorimpairedbythemerepresenceofothers,andaperson’sbehavioraspartofagroupcanbequitedifferentfromtheperson’sbehaviorwhenactingalone.P2:Somepsychologistsbelievethatindividualperformanceonataskoracompetitioncanbeeitherimprovedorinterruptedbythemerepresenceofothers.Thisisknownassocialfacilitation,whichreferstoanychangeinbehaviorthatisattributabletosomeoneelsewatching.Researchconductedonthisphenomenonhasemphasizedtwoaspects:audienceeffectsandcoactioneffects.Theformerisanattemptatpsychologicallyexplainingwhythepresenceofanaudienceleadstopeople’sperformingtasksbetterinsomecasesandworseinothers,andthelatterareeffectsontaskperformanceattributabletothepresenceofsomeoneelseengagedinthesameactivity.P3:In1898,socialpsychologistNormanTriplettpioneeredresearchonsocialfacilitationbydesigningasimpleexperiment.Inhisresearch