修辞学归纳资料

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Figuresofspeech

1Simile

anovertcomparisonbetweentwounlikethingsasthoughtheyweresimilar--usuallywiththewords"like"or"as".

Hisstronglovestandslikeagraniterockunmovedbythehurricanesofourinequity.

I'vehadsomelongnightsinthestir.Aloneinthedarkwithnothingbutyourthoughts,timecandrawoutlikeablade.Thatwasthelongestnightofmylife.

ThefirsttimeIreadanexcellentbook,itisasifIhadgainedanewfriend.

2Metaphor

animpliedcomparisonbetweentwodifferentthingswhichshareatleastoneattributeincommon

Lifeisajourney.

Heisawalkingdictionary.

Takeawayloveandourworldisatomb.

Theyarebirdsofafeather.

Beautyisbutflower,whichwrinkleswilldevour.

Holdfasttodreams,forifdreamsdie,lifeisabroken-wingedbirdthatcannotfly.

Helivesinapalaceofahouse.

Hisspeechtouchedoffastormyprotest.

Hewolfeddownhissupper.

Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.

3Personification

Figurewhichrepresentsabstractionsorinanimateobjectswithhumanqualities,includingphysical,emotional,andspiritual;theapplicationofhumanattributesorabilitiestononhumanentities.

"SuchactsarecommonlystimulatedbyforcesofhatredandmalevolencesuchastodayareeatingtheirwayintothebloodstreamofAmericanlife."

--USSCJusticeEarlWarren,EulogyforJohnF.Kennedy

"Onceagain,theheartofAmericaisheavy.ThespiritofAmericaweepsforatragedythatdeniestheverymeaningofourland.“

--LyndonBainesJohnson

4Hyperbole

deliberateexaggerationofaperson,thing,quality,eventtoemphasizeapointexternaltotheobjectofexaggeration;intentionalexaggerationforrhetoricaleffect

Sofirstofall,letmeassertmyfirmbeliefthattheonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself.

Thechamberiscelebratinganimportantmilestonethisweek:your70th

symbolizinganendaswellasabeginning,signifyingrenewalaswellaschange.

Wefindourselvesrichingoodsbutraggedinspirit,reachingwithmagnificentprecisionforthemoonbutfallingintoraucousdiscordonearth.Wearecaughtinwar,wantingpeace.We'retornbydivision,wantingunity.

...althoughthesurfaceappearstobe...very,veryfine-grainedasyougetclosetoit.It'salmostlikeapowder...Okay,I'mgoingtostepofftheLEMnow.

That'sonesmallstepforaman;onegiantleapformankind.

11Parallelism:Figureofbalanceidentifiedbyasimilarityinthesyntacticalstructureofasetofwordsinsuccessivephrases,clauses,sentences;successivewords,phrases,clauseswiththesameorverysimilargrammaticalstructure.

"I'vetriedtoofferleadershiptotheDemocraticPartyandtheNation.If,inmyhighmoments,Ihavedonesomegood,offeredsomeservice,shedsomelight,healedsomewounds,rekindledsomehope,orstirredsomeonefromapathyandindifference,orinanywayalongthewayhelpedsomebody,thenthiscampaignhasnotbeeninvain."

--JesseJackson,1984DemocraticNationalConventionAddress

"WehaveseenthestateofourUnionintheenduranceofrescuers,workingpastexhaustion.

We'veseentheunfurlingofflags,thelightingofcandles,thegivingofblood,thesayingofprayers--inEnglish,Hebrew,andArabic."

-GeorgeW.Bush,9-20-01AddresstotheNationonTerrorism

"...andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth."

--AbrahamLincoln,GettysburgAddress

12Synecdoche:Figureofcomparisoninwhichawordstandingforpartofsomethingisusedforthewholeofthatthingorviceversa;anypartorportionorqualityofathingusedtostandforthewholeofthethingorviceversa--genustospeciesorspeciestogenus.

AndIbeganalittlequietcampaignofpersuasionwithcertaineditors,seekingtoshowtheunlimitedpossibilitiesforeducationandamusement.Onewouldhavethoughtthatwewouldfindwillingearsonthepartofthenewspapers.

Giveusthisdayourdailybread.

MoscowandWashingtonwillholdtalksontheissue.

Chinawonthechampionshipatthetournament.

13Metonymy

thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother.Thesubstitutednamemaybeanattributeoftheotherthingorbecloselyrelatedwithit.Usuallythetwothingsarecloselyassociated.

Hemusthavebeenspoiltfromthecradle.

Heisnotapersonwholetshisheartrulehishead.

Hehasaroughtongue.Shehasasharptongue.

Athousandmoustachescanlivetogether,butnotfourbreasts.

Thecoatwouldbebeyondhismiserablepocket.

ThereisamixtureofatigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.(FEROCIOUSANDCUNNING)

ToreadaShakespeareoraMarkTwainistoeatafoodfullofprotein.

Intheleast-developedregionsinourcountry,thereisfarmoreignorance(theilliterate)thanknowledge(theeducatedpeople).

14Alliteration

Figureofemphasisthatoccursthroughtherepetitionofinitialconsonantletters(orsounds)intwoormoredifferentwordsacrosssuccessivesentences,clauses,orphrases.Twokindsmaybedistinguished:1)Immediatejuxtapositionoccurswhenthesecondconsonantsoundfollowsrightafterthefirst--back-to-back.2)Non-immediatejuxtapositionoccurswhentheconsonantsoccurinnonadjacentwords.

IthinkIneedabiggerbox.

Isn'tthatwhatbeinganinternationalmanofmysteryisallabout?

Noonestandinginthishousetodaycanpassapuritanicaltestofpuritythatsomearedemandingthatourelectedleaderstake.

Haveyouforgottenyou'refacingthesinglefinestfightingforceeverassembled?

15Onomatopoeia:theuseofwordsthatsoundliketheirmeanings,ortheformationofawordinimitationofthenaturalsoundassociatedwiththeobjectoractioninvolved.-

-Thebeebuzzes.Thebatcracks.

-Thehencackles.Thecockcrows.Theduckquacks.

-Thepiggrunts.Thehorseneighs.Thebullbellows.

-Thehastyeatergulpshisfood.

-Therainpatteredallnight.

-Aheavystonecrashedthroughthewindow,likethecrackofapistolshot.

16Pun

afigureofspeechdependinguponasimilarityofsoundandadisparityofmeanings

1.Acannonballtookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.

2.Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweek.

3.Tryoursweetcorn,youwillsmilefromeartoear.

17Euphemism

Euphemismisafigureofspeechwhichisthesubstitutionofaninoffensive,mildorvagueexpressionforaharshorunpleasantone.Thetopicsmostlikelytobesubstitutedareillness,death,oldage,toilethabits,povertyandunemployment,menialjobsorprofessionsoflowsocialstanding,politicalandmilitaryactivities,andsoon,e.g.

1.Hiswifeisexpectinganotherchild.(Hiswifeispregnantagain.)

2.Onthe14thofMarch,ataquartertothreeintheafternoon,thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes,andwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair,peacefullygonetosleep,butforever.

18Climax

thearrangementofphrasesorsentencesinanascendingorder

1.Ihonoredhim,Itrustedhim,andIlovedhim.

2.Socialposition,friends,reputation,lifeitself,hadnolongeranyattractionforhim.

3.Hisacquaintances,hisfriendsandevenhisfamilyturnedagainsthim,thetraitor.

19Anti-climax

thearrangementofphrasesorsentencesin