研究生英语复习资料

UnitOneFromCompetencetoCommitmentWhentoday’shigh-schoolseniorsareaskedwhattheyplantodoaftergraduates,mostsaythattheyintendtogetabachelor’sdegree.Theyhavebeentoldthattheirgenerationhasonly“onewaytowin”-bygettingatleastatleastabachelor’sdegree,inthehopethatitwilleventuallyleadtoaprofessionaljob.Inarecentsurveyofhigh-schoolseniorsconductedbytheNationCenterforEducationStatistics,85percentoftherespondentssaidtheyplannedtogetabachelor’sdegree.And,although20yearsagoonly45percentofhigh-schoolgraduateswentontocollege,today68percentactuallymatriculate(注册),withthemajorityenrollinginfour-yearortwo-yearprogramsdesignedtoallowthemtransfertofour-yearinstitutions.Accordingtoconventionalwisdom,therapidriseinthenumberofstudentsattendingcollegeiscausefornationalcelebration.Butourresearchsuggeststhat,intenditmaybecausefornationalconcern.Why?Becauseformanyyoungpeople,the“onewaytowin”paradigm(例子)isnotrealistic,giventheiracademictalentsandthelabor-marketprojections.Studentsrankingbelowthetopthirdoftheirhigh-schoolgraduatingclasstoooftenfailtoearnasbachelor’sdegreeiftheyenrollincollege.Thecostofsuchfailure–inbothdollarsandunmetexpectations-isrisingandbeginningtoerodepublicconfidenceinoursystemofhigheducation.A:ArnoldToynbeehassaidthatallprogress,alldevelopmentcomefromachallengeandaconsequentresponse.Withoutchallengethereisnoresponse,nodevelopment,nofreedom.Sofirstweowetoourchildrenthemostdemanding,challengingcurriculumthatiswithintheircapabilities.A.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。因此，我们首先应当在我们孩子的能力容许的范围内为他们开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。B:Thesecondopportunitywecangiveourboysandgirlsistherighttofailure.“Freedomisnotonlyaprivilege,itisatest,”writesDeNouy.Whatkindofatestisit,whatkindoffreedomwherenoonecanfail?ThedayispastwhentheUnitedStatescanaffordtogivehighschooldiplomastoallwhositthroughfouryearsofinstruction,regardlessofwhetheranyvisibleresultscanbediscerned.Weliveinarrowedworldwherewemustbealert,awaketorealism:andrealismdemandsastandardwhicheithermustbemetorresultinfailure.Thesearehardwords,buttheyarebrutallytrue.Ifwedepriveourchildrenoftherighttofailwedeprivethemoftheirknowledgeoftheworldasitis.B.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是容许他们有失败的权力。德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”假如没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其与否获得任何明显收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。我们目前生活在一种外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警惕，有所认识；而现实主义规定树立一种要么成功要么失败的原则。这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实。假如我们剥夺了孩子的失败权力，实际上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。1、当今的大学生，尽管他们努力地想使自己成才，但对未来还是很模糊的。（establishoneself）Today'suniversitystudentsarestrugglingtoestablishthemselves,buttheystillhaveambiguousfeelingsabouttheirfuture.2、一种人假如不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能实现他的自我价值。因此，理想的本科教育必须使学生超越自我。（transcend）Amancannotfindhimselfwithoutfindingacenterbeyondhimself.Sotheidealismoftheundergraduateexperiencemusthelpthestudenttranscendhimself.3、我们强烈地但愿在大学所学到的知识在此后的工作与学习中能起到重要的作用。（revealoneself）Weeagerlyhopethatthelessonsleanedintheuniversitywillrevealthemselvesinourperformanceintheworkplaceandfurthereducation.4、四年的本科学习是走向成功生活的唯一道路，这种说法是无法接受的。（gounchallenged）Itcannotgounchallengedtosaythatthe4-yearundergraduateexperienceistheonlypathtosuccessinlife.5、在对一种关键的问题作结论时，假如只相信所谓专家而不相信自己，不根据调查的成果，不根据试验的数据，那是在冒险。（runtheriskof;blindfaithin）Weruntheriskofmakingcriticaldecisions,notonthebasisofwhatweknow,thefindingsofinvestigations,andthedataofexperiments,butonthebasisofblindfaithinprofessedexperts.6、我们的事业需要一批受过良好教育又能关怀他人的年轻人，他们能团结一致，互相学习，积极参与四化建设。（bandtogether;participatein）Ourtaskneedsalargegroupofwell-informed,caringyoungpeoplewhocanbandtogether,learnfromeachother,andactivelyparticipateinthefourmodernizations.7、假如这所新学校要有生命活力的话，它培养的学生不仅要有扎实的基础和纯熟的专业技能，还要有奉献精神。（betoendure;commitoneself）Ifitistoendure,thenewschoolshouldhelpthestudentsnotonlyacquireasoldbasiceducationandbecomecompetentinaspecificfield,butalsobereadytocommitthemselvestoothers.8、假如大学生对考试过于投入，就有也许把能力与奉献放到次要地位，这样说一点也不过度。（pushtothefringes）Itisnottoomuchtosaythatifundergraduatesexcessivelydevotethemselvestoexaminations,thewillpushcompetenceandcommitmenttothefringes.9、我甚至没有跟他说话，当然更不用说与他讨论有关你们学校的改建问题。（muchless）Ididn’tevenspeaktohim;muchlessdiscussthereconstructionofyourschoolwithhim.10、有人认为考试是很重要的，但也有人认为考试有不少弊端。因此考试留下了一种我能处理的问题——考试对教育有什么影响？（openquestion）Somepeoplethinkexaminationsaresecondtonone,butsomethinkexaminationshavealotofdisadvantages.Examinationsleaveusanopenessentialquestion---whatinfluencedoexaminationsexertoneducation?UnittwoFamilybusiness:theNextGenerationAsmallfamily-ownedcompany,Eisai,wasoneoftheoriginalmanufacturersofvitaminE,anditmaintainedastrongresearchcommitmenttonaturalpharmaceuticals.Overtheyears,itdevelopeddrugsforthetreatmentofcardiovascular,respiratory,andneurologicaldiseases.Thecompanyexperiencedsteady.Modestgrowth,andin1992salesreached197billionyenandprofitsapproached13billionyen.Althoughitwasthesixth-largestJapanesepharmaceuticalcompany,Eisaiwasarelativelysmallplayerinanindustryinwhichglobalcompetitionwasincreasingwhilegrowthinthedomesticmarketwasslowingdown.In1993,HaruoNaitotookoveraspresidentfromhisfather.Beforethat,hehadchairedEisai’sfive-yearstrategicplanningcommittee.Duringthattime,hehadbecomeconvincedthatthecompany’sfocusonthediscoveryandmanufactureofpharmaceuticalswasnotsustainableforlong-termgrowthagainstlarge,globalcompetitors.Twoyearsafterbecomingpresident,NaitoformulatedaradicalnewvisionforEisaithathecalledHumanHealthCare.Itextendedthecompany’sfocusfrommanufacturingdrugtreatmentsforspecificillnesstoimprovingtheoverallqualityoflife.Toaccomplishthatmission,Eisaidevelopedawidearrayofnewproducts.Andthat,inturn,wouldrequirebroadinvolvementandcommitment.Heencouragedinnovativeactivityandcreatedanenvironmentinwhichemployees’effortswouldbeacceptedandrewarded.Soontherewereproposalsfor130additionalHHCprojectsandbytheendof1996,intheJapanesedomesticpharmaceuticalindustry,andEisai’scustomersandcompetitorsviewthecompanyasaleaderinhealthcare.Owners/foundersareextremelydrivenanddynamic.Oftentheyexcelatmorethanoneskill.In,manycases,productionexpertsarealsomarketinggeniusesorskilledfinanciers.Replacingthemmayrequiremorethanoneperson.Therefore,familybusinessownersshoulddetermineexactlyhowthesuccessionprocessshouldcreatehisorherownchart.Thesechartsshouldthenbecompared.Thedifferenceswillpointtogapsinthemanagementstructureandhighlightareasofmisunderstandinganddifferencesinperception.Ａ.业主/企业创立者不仅进取心强，并且精力充沛。他们往往擅长于多种技能。在诸多状况之下，他们即是生产专家又是营销天才或经验丰富的金融家。要接替他们的工作则需要诸多的人。因此家庭企业主应当通过制定组织机构图来明确规定该企业怎样运作。参与交接过程的每个重要组员也应当制定他们自己的组织构图。然后,对它们进行比较。各机构之间的不一样点将表明管理体制上的差异、存在误会的重要方面及观念上分歧。Fewbusinesses,evenfamilybusinesses,growwithoutthehelpofloyalemployees.Moreoftenthannottheyholdkeypositionsinmanagement.Therefore,youmustkeepyouremployeesinformedaboutlong-rangsuccessionplans.Keymanagementmusthaveaclearpictureofwheretheystandandwhattheirresponsibilitieswillbeinasuccession-managementstructure.Developacompensationandbenefitstructurethatissufficienttoattractandretainkeymanagersaswellastomotivatethemtoperforminthebestinterestsofthebusinessandthefamily.Ｂ.没有忠心耿耿雇员,很少企业可以发展壮大，虽然是家庭企业也是如此。这些尽职的雇员多半担任了重要管理职务。因此，应当将有关产业继承的长远计划随时通报给他们，而重要的企业管理人员必须清晰懂得他们在产业交接管理机构中的职责。改善企业的劳保福利制度以吸引和留住重要部门经理,激发他们的积极性,使他们能为企业和业主的最大利益而工作1.他不仅是位杰出的银行家和公认的贸易专家，并且还是位经验丰富的企业主管。（nottomention）Heisanexperiencedbankerandanacknowledgedtradeexpert,nottomentionanexcellentmanagingdirector.2.意大利一种和平组织的志愿者不顾危险，已开赴伊拉克首都巴格达，构成“人体盾牌”，以制止美国轰炸该地。（regardlessof）Regardlessofdanger,volunteersfromanItalianorganizationforpeacehavegonetoBaghdad,thecapitalofIraq,toforma"bodyshield"forthepurposeofpreventingtheUSfrombombingtheplace.3.在这个家庭里，没有人比朱蒂更能致力于经营房地产生意。（bededicatedto）NobodyinthefamilyismorededicatedtooperatingtherealestatebusinessthanJudy.4.由于经济不景气，房地产经纪人正处在或减少房价或减少销售量的两难境地。（dilemma）Becauseoftheeconomicdepression,realestateagentsareinthedilemmaofwhethertolowerpricesorletsalesfalloff.5.史密斯先生往往靠谨慎投资而获取巨额利润。（moreoftenthannot）Moreoftenthannot,Mr.Smithearnsgreatprofitsbycarefulinvestmentofhiscapital.6.约翰在学校里各门功课的成绩都不怎样，但在体育方面倒是身手不凡。（excelat）Johndidnotmakemuchofamarkinhisstudiesatschool,butheexcelledatsports.7.有条不紊的职责交接是家庭企业长期繁华的一种条件。（transition;long-range）Ordrlytransitionofresponsibilitiesisaconditionforthelong-rangeprosperityofafamilybusiness.8.在制定投资计划之前，你最佳对投资前景有个清晰的理解。(haveaclearpictureof)Youhadbetterhaveaclearpictureofprospectsbeforeformulatingaplanforinvestment.9.尽管雕塑费时，不过仍有某些人以雕塑为职业。（timeconsuming）Althoughsculptureisatime-consumingart,therearestillsomepeoplefollowingitasaprofession.10.这家电脑软件企业正处在从独资经营到合资经营的转化过程中。（inthemidstof）Thesoftwarecompanyisinthemidstofbeingtransformedfromanindividualproprietorshiptoajointventure.UnitthreeAnAmericanloveAffairTodayitcanbesaidthatwheelsrunAmerica.ThefourrubbertiresoftheautomobilemoveAmericathoughworkandpay.Wheelsspin,andpeopledriveofftotheirjobs.Tiresturn,andpeopleshopfortheweek’sfoodatthebigsupermarket.Downthehighway.Hubcapswhirl,andthewholefamilyspendsadayatthelake.Eachyearmorewheelscrowdthehighwaysas10millionnewcarsrolloutofthefactories.OneoutofeverysixAmericasworksatassemblingcars,drivingtrucks,buildingroads,orpumpinggas.Americawithoutcar?it’sunthinkable.ButeventhoughthemajorityofAmericanswouldfindithardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutacar,somehavebeguntoresizethattheautomobileisamixedblessing.Trafficaccidentsareincreasingsteadily,andlargecitiesareplaguedbytrafficcongestion.Worstofall,perhaps,istheairpollutioncausedbytheinternal-combustionengine.Everycarengineburnshundredsofgallonsoffueleachyearandpumpshundredsofpoundsofthesmogthathangsoverlargecities.Someofthesegasesarepoisonousanddangeroustoone’shealth,especiallyforsomeonewithaweakheartorarespiratorydisease.Oneanswertotheproblemofairpollutionistobuildacarthatdoesnotpollute.That’swhatseveralmajorautomobilemanufacturersarecryingtodo.Butbuildingacleancariseasiersaidthandone.Sofar,progresshasbeenslow.Anothersolutionistoeliminatecarfumealtogetherbygettingridoftheinternal-combustionengine.Inventorsarenowworkingonturbine-poweredcars,aswellasoncarspoweredbysteamandelectricity.Butmostofuswon’tbedrivingcarsrunonbatteriesorboilingwaterforawhileyet.Manyautomakersbelievethatitwilltakeyearstodeveloppracticalmodelsthatarepoweredbyelectricityorsteam.Historically,jeep’sreputationasago-anywherevehicledatesbacktotheSecondWorldWarwhentheoriginaltheJeep,suppliedbytheWillyscompany,carriedAlliedforcesthroughthePacificandEurope.TheMacquariedictionaryofMotoringsaysthenameJeepstemmedfromtheUnitedStatesArmy’sdecisiontocallthevehicleGPforGeneralPurposevehicle.Thenamewaseventuallycorruptedto“jeep,”fromthepronunciationofthelettersGP,andbecameatrademarkownedbytheWillyscompany.JeepbecamepartofChryslerin1998andthecompanyhassincespentalotofmoneytorevitalizetheJeepproductionfacilities,andtoincreasethenumberandstyleofmodelsavailable.Chryslersaysthejeep’swar-timereputationandruggedimageundoubtedlyhelpedittocarveoutanewroleinpeacetimeasarecreationalvehicle.ItsaystheJeepcreatedtheoriginalmarketforrecreational,off-roadvehiclesusingthepowerfulfour-wheeldrivetraction(knowncommerciallyas4WD)forwhichthearmyjeepwasfamous.在历史上，吉普车以其能适应多种路况的杰出性能而著称于世。这种美名可以追溯到二战期间，当时由威利斯企业提供的最初型号的吉普车载着盟军部队驰骋于太平洋沿岸及欧洲战场。<<麦氏汽车驾驶大全>>一书认为，“吉普”这个名字来源于美国军队决定把这种车辆叫做GP（forGeneralPurpose）即多功能车之意。而后，GP这两个字母的读音被误发成为“吉普”，并成为威利斯企业享有的商标名称。1988年吉普为克莱斯勒企业所有，此后该企业投入了大量资金更新改造吉普车的生产设备，提高吉普车的产量并开发多种新车型应市。克莱斯勒企业称吉普车在战争年代享有的盛名以及其结实耐用的形象无疑会有助于它在和平时期树立其作为休闲娱乐车的新形象。该企业说，吉普为休闲，越野车开发了新市场，它有强劲的4轮牵引装置（商业上称为4轮驱动），过去军用吉普车曾因此而享誉四方。1.汽车诞生后发展很快，很快就替代了马。（displace）Theautomobilewasimprovedveryrapidlyafteritwasinventedandsoondisplacedhorses.2.由于汽车污染环境并严重伤害人体，甚至杀人，我们也许不得不消减私人拥有汽车的数量而更多地依赖公共交通系统。（masstransitsystems）Wemayhavetocutdownonthenumberofprivatelyownedcarsanddependmoreonpublicmasstransitsystemsbecausecarspolluteandmaimorevenkillpeople.3.汽车轮子给我们带来了更好、更为便利的交通时，它也应对诸如空气污染、交通事故、交通拥挤之类的许多问题负责。（beguiltyof）Whilewheels(automobiles)havebroughtwiththembetterormoreconvenienttransportation,theyareguiltyofmanysins,suchasairpollution,trafficaccidentsandtrafficcongestion.4.美国人对汽车的热爱以及他们较大的工作流动性是出了名的。（benotedfor）Americansarenotedfortheirloveforcarsandgreatjobmobility.5.要是燃料质量和效率的提高和技术的进步能大大减少汽车的排放量，那该多好啊。（ifonly）Ifonlyadvancesinfuelqualityandefficiencyandintechnologywouldradicallyreducetheemissionsfromautomobiles.6.在美国，高度发达的公路网使在各地之间来来往往成为也许。（fromcoasttocoast）AhighlydevelopedhighwaynetworkhasmadepossibletheeasymovementfromcoasttocoastintheUnitedStates.7.一想到这条林荫大道的建设速度，参观者都感到很吃惊：这条路很快前还在开挖及铺设排水管。（theverythoughtof;tearup）Theverythoughtofthespeedatwhichthebeautifulavenuewasconstructedelectrifiedeveryvisitor;theroadhadonlyrecentlybeentornuptolaydrain-pipesnotlongago.8.环境保护主义者严厉训斥了汽车，认为汽车是产生空气污染的重要原因。（denounce）Environmentalistshavedenouncedautomobiles,believingtheyareamajorfactorintheproductionofdirtyair.9.由于有便利的公共交通，在大都市的市郊，许多新建的住宅群拔地而起。（riseup）Manynewresidentialcomplexeshaverisenupinthesuburbsofmetropolitancitiesbecauseoftheavailabilityofconvenientpublictransportation.10.尽管非常喜欢汽车，许多人还是相信广泛地使用公共交通系统能缓和交通拥挤。（lendcredenceto）Despitetheirloveforcars,manypeoplelendcredencetotheextensiveuseofthepublictransportsystem,whichcancutdownontrafficcongestion.UnitfourTheNo-childFamily:GoingAgainst100,000yearsofBiologyChildrenarenowleavinghomeinlateadolescence-anearlieragethaninthepast.Adolescentarenolongerinvolvedinmakinganeconomiccontributiontothefamily.Infact,theirmajoreconomicimpactedisasconsumers.Therefore,thefamilyhaslittlereasontokeepthechildhomeasaneconomiccontribution.Itisbecomingincreasinglycommonforyoungpeopletoleavehomeforcollegeortolivewithsomeoneelsewhentheybecomeemployed.Notonlydofamilieshavefewerchildrenbuttheyhavetheminschoolandoutofthehomeatyoungeragesthaninthepast.Themostsurprisingfindingswithregardtochildrenshowanegativeimpactonmarriageduetochildren.Therehasbeenmuchevidencethatchildrencontributetogreaterconflictanduncertaintyinamarriage.Studiesshowthatgeneralifesatisfactionishighestforpeoplewhentheyareyoung,married,andchildless.OtherstudiesshowthatAmericancoupleswithchildrenathomelendtohavelowermaritalsatisfactionthanthosewithoutchildren.Forbothmenandwomen,reportsofhappinessandsatisfactiondrop-anddon’triseagainuntilthechildrenaregrownandabouttoleavethenest.A:Someobserverssuggestthatperhapswhatweareseeingisnotarealchangeatall,that,likethesexualrevolution,itisnotreallyarevolutioninbehaviorbutinexpression.“itmaybe,”saysoneConnecticutpsychoanalyst,“thatanidentifiablegroupthathasexistedallalongissimplycomingoutofthecloset,likehomosexuals.Thespiritofthetimeistodoyourownthingandnothideit,andthesepeoplemayreflectanincreasedfranknessandopennessratherthananyrealchange.A.某些观测家提出，我们正在看到的这种现象主线就不是什么重大变化，或许它和性革命同样，不是人们行为上的而是体现方式上的一种剧变。一位住在康涅狄格州的精神分析学家说，“也许，一直就有那么一群与众不一样的人存着。只不过他们目前从隐蔽外走了出来，公开表明了他们的观点，就像同性恋者那样。我们这一时代的时尚就是干你想干的事而不是加以掩饰。这些人身上所反应的不是什么变革而是人们目前越来越坦率直言的这样一种现象。B:InrecentdecadesithasbecomeclearthatforadistinctminorityofAmericanwomenthetraditionalmotherroleintheseclusionofthehomeisnolongeracceptable.Formanythefamilyisofdiminishingimportance.Thedevelopmentofeducationforwomenhasbeenacrucialfactorinthischange.Today,over80%ofallwomencompletefouryearsofhighschoolascomparedtoonly35%in1940.Thisisrelatedtothefactthatmarriagenowoccursayearlaterfortheaveragewomen.Theproportionofwomenaged20to24whoaresingleincreasedfrom28%in1996to40%bythemid1970s.Childearingisbeingpostponedsothat,comparedtothe1960s,10%fewerwomenbeartheirfirstchildinthetwoyearsimmediatelyfollowingmarriage.Furthermore,morewomentodayremainchildless.Work,olderageatmarriage,andchildlessnessarethebasicchangesthathavetakenplaceinwomen’srolesinrecentyears.B.在近来几十年的时间里，人们渐渐地明白了一种事实，那就是：为数不多的妇女已不再接受并乐意饰演深居简出的老式母亲角色。许多人认为家庭的重要性正日益消失。妇女受教育程度的提高是导致这一文化的重要原因。如今，百分之八十的妇女完毕了四年制的高中学习。而在1940年，完毕这一阶段学习的妇女仅占百分之三十。这与目前美国妇女平均晚一年结婚有关。二十岁至二十四岁未婚者从1960年的28%上升到20世纪70年代的40%。人们推迟了生儿育女的时间，只有不到10%的妇女是在结婚后两年内生孩子。除此之外，越来越多的妇女不想要孩子。工作、晚婚、不要孩子是近年来妇女作用发生变化的重要体现。1.某些职业观测家认为，目前的年轻人不再对政治和事业感爱好；他们越来越关注与他们自身关系更为亲密的问题。（preocccupiedwith）Someprofessionalobserversbelievethatyoungpeopletodayarenolongerinterestedinpoliticsandcauses,butrather,havebecomeincreasinglypreoccupiedwithissuesclosertothemselves.2.一种妇女所获得的教育程度越高，就越有也许走出小家庭这个环境，到社会上去实现自我。（belikelyto;realizeoneself）Thehigherawoman’seducationalattainment,themorelikelysheistogooutoftheprivatesettingofthenuclearfamilyandtorealizeherselfinthecommunity.3.就我而言，某些已婚夫妇作出选择不要小孩的真正原因是他们非常自恋，以致于他们没有多出的爱给他人。（startafamily;liebehind;havenomarginof;spare）AsfarasIamconcerned,whatreallyliesbehindthedecisionofsomemarriedcouplesnottostartafamilyisthattheyaresonarcissisticandhavenomarginoflovetospareothers.4.这家企业甚至在未征求发明人同意的状况下，就将其一项注册过的新发明投放市场。这一行为违反了专利法。（goagainst）Thecompanyputonthemarketaregisteredinventionevenwithoutaskingtheinventor’spermission,whichgoesagainstthepatentlaw.5.在某些国家的敦促下，联合国对该国施加压力，迫使其放弃研制和使用核武器。（pressuresbtodo）Urgedbysomeothercountries,theUnitedNationshaspressuredthecountrytogiveupdevelopingandusingnuclearweapons.6.按照每个会员必须是无子女的这一规定，怀特先生及其太太只好推出Non-Parent协会，由于他们很快就要当父母了。（alternative;parenthood）Accordingtotherulethateverymembershouldremainchildless,Mr.AndMswhitehavenoalternativebuttowithdrawfromtheNon-ParentAssociation,fortheywillattainparenthoodsoon.7.他期望通过上演一部肥皂剧来揭示现实生活所固有的复杂性。（implicit）Heexpectstoreveal,bypresentingasoapopera,thecomplexityimplicitinreallife.8.几乎在每个国家，嗜用麻醉品、酗酒和摧残小朋友均有变为最令人深思的社会问题的趋势。（loomas）Invirtuallyeverycountry,drugabuse,alcoholabuseandchildabuseloonasmostchallengingsocialproblems.9.在接受采访时，这些老年人合理地解释了为何会对当今青年人产生矛盾心理的原因。（beambivalentabout;rationalize）Wheninterviewed,theseelderlypeoplerationalizedwhytheywereambivalentabouttoday’syoungpeople.10.不少大学生更关怀怎样在毕业后谋得一份酬劳优厚的工作，怎样在这个充斥竞争的社会里迅速得到提高。（beconcernedwith）Manycollegestudentsarefarmoreconcernedwithhowtogetahighly-paidjobongraduationandhowtoreceiveaquickpromotioninthecompetitivesociety.

UnitfiveSandwichGenerationIntheworld’srichcountries,whenyouretireat65youcanexpecttolive,onaverage,foranother15or20years.Ahundredyearsagoyouwould,onaverage,havebeenalreadydead.Thelate20thcenturyhasbroughttomanytheultimategift:theluxuryofaging.Butlikeanyluxury,agingisexpensive.Governmentsarefrettingabout(苦恼)thecostalready;Buttheyalsoknowthatfarworseistocome:Overthenext30or40years,thedemographicchangesoflongerlivesandfewerbirthswillforcemostcountriestorethinkinfundamentalwaystheirarrangementsforpayingforandlookingafterolderpeople.In199018%ofpeopleinOECDcountrieswereagedover60.By2030thatfigurewillhaverisentoover30%.Theshareofthe“Oldestold”(thoseover80),nowaround3%,issettodouble.Thevastmajorityoftheseolderpeoplewillbeconsumers,notproducers.Thankstostatetransfers,beingoldindevelopedcountriesmostlynolongermeansbeingpoor.Theoldpeoplewillexpectdecentpensionstoliveon;theywillmakeheavydemandsonmedicalservices;andsomewillneedexpensivenursingcare.Yetwhiletheirnumbersareexpandingfast,numbersofpeopleatwork-whowillhavetofootthebill-willstaymuchthesame,soeachworkerwillhavetocarryamuchheavierburden.Masssurvivaltoaripeoldagewillnotbeconfinedtorichcountries.Mostdevelopingcountries,whosepopulationsarenowmuchyoungerthanthedevelopedworld’s,arestartingtoagefast.ThenewcombinationofageandpovertyinseveralcountriesinLatinAmericaandAsiawillcreatemanyproblemsthatarealreadyfamiliartoindustrialcountries,butwithfarfewerresourcestotacklethem.Ethicaldilemmasovertheuseofscarceresourceswillbemagnified.Financingofhealthcareandpensionscouldbeanightmare.在不少拉丁美洲和亚洲的国家,老年化和贫困将引起许多新问题,而这些问题对于工业化国家来说并不陌生,不过这些国家拥有资源少得多。在使用有限资源时所碰到伦理道德问题将更为突出,为医疗保健和养老金提供资金也许成为这些国家面临的一件棘手的事。In