被动语态精讲

被动语态初中被动语态语法讲解（一） 语态分类英语动词有两种语态•，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.（主动）Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.（被动）汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。（二） 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：一般现在时：am/is/are+done一般过去时：was/were+done一般将来时：shall/will+bedone一般过去将来时：should/would+bedone现在进行时：am/is/are+being+done过去进行时：was / were + being +done现在完成时：have/has+been+done过去完成时：had + been + done将来完成时：shall/will+havebeen+done过去将来完成时：should/would+havebeen+done［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。常见的八种时态中的被动语态一般现在时：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrown in the southofthecountry.一般过去时：(1)Theyagreed on the buildingofanewcar factory last month.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.一般将来时：(1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.过去将来时：(l)Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.现在进行时：(1)TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.过去进行时：(1)Theworkerswere mending theroad.Theroadwasbeing mended.现在完成时：(1)Someonehastold methe sportsmeeting might beputoff.Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.过去完成时：(1)WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.（四） 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。（l）Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.（五） 被动语态的使用当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。“Mr.White,thecupwasbrokenafterclass.”2•突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语,而代替by短语。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.（六）主动语态变被动语态的方法（1） Myauntinvited me toherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语f I wasinvited（bymyaunt）toherdinnerparty.主语谓语 宾语（2） Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.f Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2•把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3•把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。语态转换时所注意的问题把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，贝V在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.注意：1•一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to,如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。Thebookwasshowedtotheclass.Mybikewaslenttoher.2•—般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。Anewskirtwasmadeforme.Themeatwascookedforus.Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，女口： agreeto, askfor,laughat, operatedon,listen to,look after, thinkof,talkabout等。The patientis beingoperatedon.The problemis solved.Itneedn't betalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout, carryout.findout.giveup,handin,makeout.passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout.turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.—Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstruetions.—Weweretoldtofollowherinstruetions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to,但改成被动语态后都带to,这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.—Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.误：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.误：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?误：Whowasthestorywritten?正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：（1） Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。（2） Thenewproductsellswell. 这新产品很畅销。对比：Thebookssellwell.（主动句）Thebooksweresoldout.（被动句）Themeatdidn'tcookwell. （主动句）Themeatwascookedforalongtime. （被动句）下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如:feel,look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。第二，谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。如：Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook・误：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.误：Herhandwashadburned.第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如：The firebrokeout inthe capitalbuilding.误：The firewas broke outin the capitalbuilding.第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。When we got tothe topofthe mountain,the sunhadalreadyrisen.误：The sun had already beenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.误：Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：ItaughtmyselfEnglish.误：MyselfwastaughtEnglish.Weloveeachother.误：Eachotherisloved.在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如:据说 Itissaidthat…据报导 It is reported that …据推测 It is supposed that …希望 Itishopedthat…众所周知 It is wellknownthat…普遍认为 It is generallyconsidered that…有人建议 It is suggestedthat…It is reportedthatitisgoingto raintomorrow.It is wellknownthatThomasEdison inventedthe electrie lamp.初中被动语态练习题1. ( ) 1ThePeople'sRepublicofChina _ onOctober 1, 1949.A. foundB.wasfoundedC.isfoundedD.wasfound() 2English inCanada.A.speaksB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isspoken() 3This English song bythegirls after class.A. oftensingsB. often sangC.is often sangD.isoftensung() 4This kindof car in Japan.A, makesB. madeC. is making D.ismade()5Newcomputers allovertheworld.A. isusedB.areusingC.areusedD.haveused2( ) 1Ourroommust clean.A. keepB. bekeptC. tobekeptD. tokeep() 2-I'd liketobuy thatcoat.-I'm sorry. .A.itsoldB.it'ssellingC.It'sbeensoldD.ithadbeensold() 3 Anewhouse at thecorner of theroad.A.isbuildingB.isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding() 4 Thekey on the tablewhen I leave.A. wasleft B. will beleftC. isleft D.hasbeenleft() 5 Doctors in everypartofthe world.A.need B.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed()6Hisnewbook nextmonth.A.willbepublishedB.ispublishingC.isbeingpublishedD.hasbeenpublished3() 1Japanese ineverycountry.A. is not spoken B. are spokenC.isspeaking D. is not speaking( ) 2 Thesepapers yet.A. have notwritten B.have not been writtenC. has not written D. has not been written() 3 The sportsmeet be held untilnext week.A.didn'tAB.，亠wontC.isn'tD.doesn't()1-Myshoesarewornout.A.Can'ttheybemended?B.Letmehavealookatit.C.Howmuchdothey，cost?D.Can'ttheymended?()2thewatchbeenrepairedyet?Ibadlyneedit.A.DoesB.HasC.IsD.Are()3thesedesksbeneeded?A.WillB.AreC.HasD.Do5() 1Why totalkaboutityesterday?A.didn'tameetinghold B.wasn'tameetingheld C.wasn'theldameeting D.ameetingwasn'theldTOC\o"1-5"\h\z()2Whowasthebook ?A.write B.wrote C.written D.writtenby()3Where theseboxesmade?A.was B.were C.is D.am6()1Theflowersoften.A.mustbewaterB.mustbewateredC.mustwateredD.mustwater()2Thebooksmayfortwoweeks.A.bekeptB.beborrowedC.keepD.borrow()3ThebrokenbikeherebyMrSmith.A.canmendB.canmendedC.canbemendD.canbemendTOC\o"1-5"\h\z7()1Theoldbridgeinmyhometown nextmonth.A. is going to be rebuiltB. willrebuiltC.aregoing to berebuiltD. aregoingtorebuilt() 2 The play atthe theatrenextSunday.A. is going to be shownB. willshownC.willshowD. is shown()3Theoldstonebridge nextweek.A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willberebuildC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.willrebuild8()1Nowthesemagazines__inthelibraryforalongtime.A.havekeptB.arekeepingC. havebeenkeepingD.havebeenkept() 2Thepot for hotwater.A.used;keepingB.wasused;keepingC.isused;tokeepD.areused;keep()3TeainthesouthofChina.A.growsB.isgrownC.weregrownD.willgrow()4Thebridgestwoyearsago.A.isbuiltB.builtC.werebuiltD.wasbuilt()5Wetclothesareoftenupnearafireinrainyweather.A.hangB.hangedC.hangingD.hung9() 1Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemust dirtythingsintoit.A.bestoppedtothrowB.bestoppedfromthrowingC.stoptothrowD.stopfromthrowing() 2Theteapot water.A. isfilledwithB. filledof C.fullingof D.filled() 3 Old people must belookedafterwelland politely.A. speaktoB.spoken C.speak D.spokento() 4 Old people must .A. lookafterwellB. belooked wellafterC. lookedwell afterD.belookedafterwell10() 1Newly-bornbabies inhospital.A. are takengood care B.aretakengood careofC.takegoodcareofD.takegoodcare() 2 Theywere at thesuddennoise.A.frighteningB. frightenedC.frightenD.frightens()3Thesewallsstone.A.aremadeofB.madeof.C.aremadeintoD.madeinto11()1JanetosingusanAmericansonglastSaturday.A.calledB.wasaskedC.toldD.wassaid() 2Thepapers tothem.A.wereshownB. showC.shown/D.haveshown( ) 3Thecoat hersister.A.madetoB.weremadeforC.wasmadeforD.wasmadeto12()11 fiveminutestodecidewhetherIshouldgoornot.A.gaveB.wasgivingC.hadgivenD.wasgiven()2Goodcare suchthings.A.shouldtakeofB.shouldbetakenC.shouldbetakingD.shouldbetakenof()3Shewill goodcare.A.take;ofB.betaken;ofC. take; foryouD.betaken;ofyou13()1Theteachermadehimhishomework.A.todoB.doC.didD.done()2Theboy_streetswithoutpayintheolddays.A.wasmadetocleanB.madecleanC.madetocleanD.wasmadeclean()3Thesechildren dance.A.wereseentoB.wereseenforC.wereseenD.sawto14()1Thesestones well.A.arefittedB.fitC.fitsD.isfitted()2Thebike 500yuan.A.wascostB.costedC.costD.iscosted()3Theimportantmeetingonacoldmorninglastyear.A.was'hadB.washeldC.heldD.had15()1Greatchanges inthepasttenyearsinChina.A.tookplaceB.havetakenplaceC.weretakingplaceD.hadtakenplace() 2Youcan'tusethecomputer,it .A.wasbrokendownB.iswrongC.isbadD.hasbrokendown() 3 Greatchanges inour country duringthepast 20years.A.havehappenedB. happenedC.havebeenhappenedD.werehappened() 4 Thewatchhas often down.A.satB.lainC.brokenD.fell16() 1 Pleasepassmeanothercup.This