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Evidencesuggeststhatanimportantstimulusbehindtheriseofearlycivilizationswasthedevelopmentofsettledagriculture,whichunleashedaseriesofchangesintheorganizationofhumancommunitiesthatculminatedintheriseoflargeancientempires.Theexacttimeandplacethatcropswerefirstcultivatedsuccessfullyisuncertain.Manyprehistoriansbelievethatfarmingmayhaveemergedindependentlyinseveraldifferentareasoftheworldwhensmallcommunities,drivenbyincreasingpopulationandadeclineinavailablefoodresources,begantoplantseedsinthegroundinanefforttoguaranteetheirsurvival.Thefirstfarmers,whomayhavelivedaslongas10,000yearsago,undoubtedlyusedsimpletechniquesandstillreliedprimarilyonotherformsoffoodproduction,suchashunting,foraging,orpastoralism.Therealbreakthroughtookplacewhenfarmersbegantocultivatecropsalongthefloodplainsofriversystems.Theadvantagewasthatcropsgrowninsuchareaswerenotasdependentonrainfallandthereforeproducedamorereliableharvest.Anadditionalbenefitwasthatthesedimentcarriedbytheriverwatersdepositednutrientsinthesoil,thusenablingthefarmertocultivateasingleplotofgroundformanyyearswithoutmovingtoanewlocation.Thus,thefirsttrulysedentary(thatis,non-migratory)societieswereborn.Astimewenton,suchcommunitiesgraduallylearnedhowtodirecttheflowofwatertoenhancetheproductivecapacityoftheland,whiletheintroductionoftheironploweventuallyledtothecultivationofheavysoilsnotpreviouslysusceptibletoagriculture.落迫于不断增长人口和日益减少的食物资源压力而开始在地里种植种子试图维持他们的生计物会把营养物质沉积在土壤里，这就使得农民能够在常年耕作一块土地而不用去开垦新的耕ThespreadofthisrivervalleyagricultureinvariouspartsofAsiaandAfricawasthedecisivefactorintheriseofthefirstcivilizations.Theincreaseinfoodproductionintheseregionsledtoasignificantgrowthinpopulation,whileeffortstocontroltheflowofwatertomaximizetheirrigationofcultivatedareasandtoprotectthelocalinhabitantsfromhostileforcesoutsidethecommunityprovokedthefirststepstowardcooperativeactivitiesonalargescale.Theneedtooverseetheentireprocessbroughtabouttheemergenceofanelitethatwaseventuallytransformedintoagovernment.ThefirstclearstepsintheriseofthefirstcivilizationstookplaceinthefourthandthirdmillenniaB.C.inMesopotamia,northernAfrica,India,andChina.Howthefirstgovernmentstookshapeintheseareasisnotcertain,butanthropologistsstudyingtheevolutionofhumancommunitiesinvariouspartsoftheworldhavediscoveredthatonecommonstageintheprocessistheemergenceofwhatarecalled“bigmen”withinasinglevillageoracollectionofvillages.Bymeansoftheirmilitaryprowess,dominantpersonalities,orpoliticaltalents,thesepeoplegraduallyemergeastheleadersofthatcommunity.Intime,the“bigmen”becomeformalsymbolsofauthorityandpassonthatauthoritytootherswithintheirownfamily.Asthecommunitiescontinuetogrowinsizeandmaterialwealth,the“bigmen”assumehereditarystatus,andtheiralliesandfamilymembersaretransformedintoahereditarymonarchy.区人类群体的进化时，发现在这个过程中有一个共同阶段，那就是在单个或多个村落中“bigman落的领导者。后来，“bigman”成为了权力的正式象征，并且还会把权力传给他们家族的其、Theappearanceofthesesedentarysocietieshadamajorimpactonthesocialorganizations,religiousbeliefs,andwayoflifeofthepeopleslivingwithintheirWiththeincreaseinpopulationandthedevelopmentofcentralizedauthoritycametheemergenceofthecities.■Whilesomeoftheseurbancenterswereidentifiedwithaparticulareconomicfunction,suchasproximitytogoldorirondepositsorastrategiclocationonamajortraderoute,othersservedprimarilyasadministrativecentersorthesiteoftemplesfortheofficialcultorotherritualobservances.■Withinthesecities,newformsoflivelihoodappearedtosatisfythegrowingneedforsocialservicesandconsumer ■Somepeoplebecameartisansormerchants,whileothersbecamewarriors,hierarchicalcharacterofthesocietyasawhole,witharoyalpalacesurroundedbyanimposingwallandseparatefromtheremainderoftheurbanpopulation.Inotherinstances,suchastheIndusRiverValley,thecitieslackedaroyalprecinctandtheostentatiouspalacesthatmarkedtheircontemporarieselsewhere.这些定居社会的出现对社会组织、宗教信仰和住在界定范围内的人们的生活方式都造成了巨大的影响。随着人口的增长和中央集权的发展，城市开始出现。其中一些城市中心被赋上了一个特定的经济功能，像那些靠近金矿或铁矿的，或是在主要贸易路线上占据关键战略位置的；其他地区主要充当行政中心，或是作为用于官方祭礼和其他典礼仪式的寺庙神殿地址。在这些城市里，为满足不断增长的社会服务和消费商品的需求，新的生活形式出现了。一些人变成了工匠或商人，另一些人则成了武士、学者或牧师。在某些情况下，首批城市的物理分割整体上反映了社会严格的等级特征。富丽堂皇的围墙环绕着皇家宫殿，也隔离了城市剩下的人们。但另一方面，如印度河流域，城市就没有像同时期其他地方一样的皇家区域和豪解析：culminate:“toreachthehighestoraclimacticordecisivepoint;toreach、endorthefinalresultofsomething”(Merriam-Webster).“达到顶点/高潮；以告终”。对应A解析：细节题，定为原文“Manyprehistoriansbelievethatfarmingmayhaveemergedindependentlyinseveraldifferentareasoftheworldwhensmalldrivenbyincreasingpopulationandadeclineinavailablefoodresources,begantoplantseedsinthegroundinanefforttoguaranteetheirsurvival.” in解析：undoubtedlyBAccordingtoparagraph2,whatareTWOreasonswhyfarmerschoserivervalleysforcultivation?ToreceivecredityoumustselectTWOanswerchoices.ThecropsgrowninrivervalleyswerenotcompletelydependentonFarmingtechniquescouldnotbeeasilyappliedtosoilsfarfromTheheavierweightofriversoilresultedinmorereliable解析：细节题，定为原文“Theadvantagewasthatcropsgrowninsuchareaswerenot、dependentonrainfallandthereforeproducedamorereliableharvest.Anadditionalenablingthefarmertocultivateasingleplotofgroundformanyyearswithoutmovingtoanew标红色处分别对应A“richinnutrients营养丰富和Bnotcompletelydependentonrainwater”不完全依赖降水。解析：enhance:“toincreaseorimprove”，增强，加强，提高。对应B“improve”解析：provoke“tocausetheoccurrenceof”D“broughtabout”Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingisNOTareasonwhygovernmentsfirstaroseamongagriculturalcommunities?解析：否定事实题，定为原文“Theincreaseinfoodproductionintheseregions significantgrowthinpopulation(A),whileeffortstocontroltheflowofwater、maximizetheirrigationofcultivatedareas(B)andtoprotectthelocalinhabitantsfromhostileforcesoutsidethecommunity(C)provokedthefirststepstowardcooperativeactivitiesonalargescale.Theneedtooverseetheentireprocessbroughtabouttheemergenceofanelitethatwaseventuallytransformedintoagovernment.”解析：否定事实题，定为原文“Thefirstclearstepsintheriseofthefirst placeinthefourthandthirdmillenniaB.C.inMesopotamia,northernAfrica,India,andChina(A)Howthefirstgovernmentstookshapeintheseareasisnotcertain(D政府如何出现不得而知，所以不对),butanthropologistsstudyingofhumancommunitiesinvariouspartsoftheworldhavediscoveredthatonecommonstageintheprocessistheemergenceofwhatarecalled“bigmen”withinasinglevillageoracollectionofvillages.Bymeansoftheirmilitaryprowess,dominantpersonalities,orpoliticaltalentsC成为领导者原因)thesepeoplegraduallyemergeasthethatcommunity.Intime,the“bigmen”becomeformalsymbolsofauthorityandpassthatauthoritytootherswithintheirownfamily.Asthecommunitiescontinuetogrowinsizeandmaterialwealth,the“bigmen”assumehereditarystatus(B世袭，子孙相传),Paragraph3explainswhyaneedforleadershiparoseinearlycivilizations,andparagraph4describeshowthatleadershipdeveloped.Paragraph3suggeststhatagriculturewasfirstpracticedinAsiaandAfrica,andparagraph4discusseshowitmighthavelaterspreadtotherestoftheworld.Paragraph3describesseveralmethodsofearlygovernment,andparagraph4givesanextendedexampleofoneofthem.Paragraph3discussesacauseofthespreadofrivervalleyagricultureincivilizations,andparagraph4discussesan、析第三说了导即后政形的原四讲了导者如形的。对 应A中hy和how。Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Somecitieswereassociatedwitheconomicactivities,whileothersweregovernmentorreligiouscenters.Emergingcitiesgenerallyservedstrategicadministrative,economic,andreligiousThecreationofaneconomicoradministrativeactivityledtotheemergenceofacityforitspropersupervision.Somecitiesemergedaseconomiccentersandlaterbecamethesitesofadministrativeorreligiousactivities.解析：Whilesome oftheseurbancenters wereidentifiedwithaparticulareconomicfunction,suchasproximitytogoldorirondepositsorastrategiclocationonamajortraderoute,othersservedprimarilyasadministrativecentersorthesiteoftemplesfortheofficialcultorotherritualobservances.由原句中“Whilesome...,other”可知整个句子主要逻辑关系为分 中之后A 第一个分类主干为：urbancenters...wereidentifiedwith...economicfunction，正式的经济功能，对应A前半句；第二个分类主干为：othersserved...asadministrativecentersorthesiteof...，对应A后半句。Paragraph5suggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwasaconsequenceoftheemergenceofcities?解析：细节题，定为原文“Withinthesecities,newformsoflivelihoodappearedto、新的生活形式出现是为满足不断增长的社会服务和消费商品的C“sevice-aducildjobs。Accordingtoparagraph5,whywerehugewallsbuiltaroundearlyroyal解析：细节题，定为原文“Insomecases,thephysicaldivisionwithinthefirstcitiesreflectedthestricthierarchicalcharacterofthesocietyasawhole,withapalacesurroundedbyanimposingwallandseparatefromtheremainderoftheurbanpopulation.”分隔出去。对应C“把统治阶级和 Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.解析：ThiswasaccompaniedbyincreasedprofessionalTspofsnlseiiain专业化分工。也就是说下句要说到的专业分是句某现的因符合逻的有最后一。空讲了新活式出现后列了像商、士学者牧一系 列专业工作职位。Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasin、ThepracticeofsettledagricultureinsomeareasofAsiaandAfricawascrucialtothedevelopmentofearlycivilizations.Prehistoriansdisagreeastowhetherearlyfarmersfirstcultivatedcropsalongfloodplainsorfirsttriedcultivatingcropsinlesssuccessfulenvironments.Cultivationinfertilerivervalleysresultedinpredictableharvests,whichmeantthatfarmersnolongerneededtomigrateconstantlyinsearchoffood.Becausecropscouldbecultivatedmoresuccessfullywherefarmerswerenotcompletelydep