第一重点11月23日11 29 12 6老西口小范围合集综合写作部分

brokenintopiecessticky，所以2datingbacktoXXX年以前，并且在中国，日本还有某个国家都有发现，然后发现某个沟壑还是海峡有可能就是那个坑speech说第一那些碎片的化学物质没有因为地壳运动受热而改变，所以时间应该很短，应该没有250-millionold这么老。第二碎片只ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidencetosupportthetheorythatthePermian–TriassicmassextinctionwastriggeredbyameteoriteimpactingEarth.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheorybypointingoutitsweaknesses.Thefirstevidenceistherecentdiscoveryofmeteoritefragmentscontainingmineralgrainswhichdatedto250millionyearsago,thesametimewhentheextinctionoccurred.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheoryasunconvincing,arguingthatanysubstancewouldbetransformedcompletelyafter250millionyearsofgradualchemicalprocess,sothemineralsnowpreservedinthefragmentsmusthavebeenformedquiterecently.ThesecondevidenceisthescatteredmeteoritefragmentsinChina,Indiaand[],indicatingthemagnitudeofadisastrousmeteoriteimpactthatcouldwipeoutalmosttheentirespeciesonEarth.Yetaccordingtothelecture,thefactthatthefragmentswereonlyfoundinthreecountries,andnotintherestoftheworldsuchasEurope,wasactuallyproofthatthemeteoritecollisionwasnotstrongenoughtocausesuchamassiveextinction.ThethirdevidenceisalargecraterfoundoffthecoastofAustralia.Itssizematchesthatofameteorite,indicatingthatitwasanimpactsiteforameteoritecollision.Nevertheless,thelecturerproposesadifferenttheory.HeexplainsthatthiscratermayhavebeencausedbyEarth’sinternalforcessuchasvolcanicactivities.3阅读：GM 有好【12】可以耐干旱，在3aa缺乏。听力部分认为gm的好处被夸大了，因为：Thereadingpassageintroducestothereadersthebenefitsofgeneticallymodifiedcrops,whilethelecturetriestoconvinceusthatthesebenefitsareoverexaggerated.ThefirstbenefitisthatGMcropsaregoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheypossesspestresistantgeneswhichcanreducetheneedtousepesticide.However,thelecturerarguesthatiftheseresistancegenesspreadtowildcrops,theywillgrowoutofcontrolwhichmaybringmoredamagetotheenvironment.ThesecondbenefitisthatGMcropscanincreasefarmers’profitsbecauseGMcropscanproducegoodyieldsevenindryseasons.However,thelecturerpointstothefactthatfarmersofGMcropshavetopayaheavysumofmoneytoGMseedcompanies,andtheyhavetodoitannually.ThisbringsupthecostofgrowingGMcropssignificantly.ThethirdbenefitisthatGMplantcanaddimportantnutrientslikevitaminAtothedietofpeoplewholackthosenutrients.However,accordingtothelecture,thenutrientsintroducedthroughGMcropsarefarfromenough.Thecorrectandmoreeffectivewaytodealwithnutrientdeficiencyistoencouragepeopletoeatmorevegetableslikesweetpotatoes.4bee200millionyears1没化石。没花没食物。化石结构可能不是bee的。speaker反驳1，没有化石是因为那时候没树，无法preservebeefeedonpinetreeThereadingpassageandthelecturepresentcontrastingviewsregardingthehypothesisthatbeesexistedpriorto200millionyearsago.Accordingtothereading,allfossilrecordsofbees,includingtheearliestonefoundinthestateofArizona,datetheexistenceofbeestonomorethan200millionyearsago.However,thelecturerexplainsthatthisisbecausetreesdidnotexistuntilaboutthattime,soonlyafterthenwasitpossiblefortreeresinstopreserveafossilizedbee.Clearly,thisdoesnotruleoutthepossibilitythatbeesmayhavepredatedtheexistenceoftree(andtreeresin)andsohaveanancestrylongerthan200millionyears.Furthermore,thereadingpresentsasimilarargument,sayingthatflowersandfloweringplantsdidnotexistuntil200millionyearsago,sopollen-dependentbeescouldnothaveexistedbeforethen.However,thelecturerarguesthattheearliestbeesdidnotnecessarilyfeedonflowers.Theycouldhavefedonnon-floweringplantssuchaspinetreesorferns,andonlygraduallyevolvedtodependonfloweringplants.Finally,thereadingcautionsthatthefossilnestmightnotbethatofbeesbecausethereisacruciallackofspiralingstructureinthebeechambersthatisprevalentinmodernbeenests.However,thelecturerpointstothesamewater-proofsubstancefoundinboththefossilizedchamberandmodernbeechambers,arguingthatthemakersofthefossilnestwereindeedbees.命中指数：4从protectcoralreeffishmarketlocalfish人工捕捉无法区分lionfish和其他鱼，很多rare的鱼也都在coralreef，会牵连其他鱼种引进市场会导致有人人工养殖。Lionfish如果从fishfarmescape，这就造成了更严重的invasive问题有些lionfish是有毒的，吃了以后会造成vomitingnumbnessarching，我们无法检验每一条鱼，所以吃他们unsafe。[1].Lionfishareknownforeatinganythingtheycanfitintheirmouths,andseemtoeatnearlyconstantly.DuringastudyofinvasivelionfishintheBahamas,onelionfishwasobservedtoeattwentysmallfishinthespaceofthirtyminutesandreducethejuvenilefishpopulationsgreatly.Fast-growingandcapableofreproducingyear-round,lionfisharealsoout-competingnativespeciesandspreadingmorequicklythananyonepredicted.Withtheirindiscriminanteatinghabits,lionfisheatoutotherspeciesinarapidspeed,whichpreventalgalovergrowthonreefsandthereforeahealthierreefenvironment.TheCaribbeanlionfishinvasioncouldbecomethemostdisastrousmarineinvasioninhistorybydrasticallydecreasingtheabundanceofcoralreeffishesthroughouttheentireregion.Thus,theyshouldbecaughtforthereasonofprotectingthecoralreef.(weixin:laoxikou)[2].Onthesameline,sincelionfishdirectlyimpactpopulationsofnumerousfishandcrustaceanspecies,includingcommerciallyvaluablespecieslikesnappers,groupers,lobstersandsoon.Bycatchinglionfish,thereducednumberofthemwillallowotherfishes,especiallythefishforthelocalmarketpurposetorecoverandbouncebackinnumbers.[3].Lionfishmakefordelicious,delicate,economicalfilletsthatofferaperfectpopofproteinandlowfatmeat.Therearenocatchlimits,andtheycanbeprepareddozensofways.Oncestrippedofitsvenomousspines,cleanedandfilletedlikeanyotherfish,thelionfishbecomesdelectableseafoodfare.Thisisagreatsourceofnutrientsforthelocalpeople.[1].Whenhumancapturingthelionfish,they‘alsocatchotherfishesatthesametime.Wherelionfishappears,therearemanyotherfishesaround.Besides,therearemanyrarefish,suchasspecieslikeparrotfish,whichcanpreventalgalovergrowthonreefsandorlobstersthatcatchstarfishforthewholesomenessofthereefenvironment.Thus,thismethodswillnotallowpeopletodistinguishwhichfishiswhichfishandwilleventuallyhurteverythinginthatarea.[2].Inthesecondplace,iflionfishisintroducedtothefishmarket,the"benefits"ofsellingsuchfishwillturnintotheprivatefishingfarmproblem.Inotherwords,fish-sellingpeoplewillartificiallypropagateorartificiallycultivatelionfish.Asweallknowthatfarmedfishmayescapethepen'snettingandthiswillcausemoreseriousinvasiveproblemtothelocalecosystem.[3].Thirdly,aftertestsofnearly200lionfishshowthatmorethanaquarterexceedfederallevelsforatoxinthatcannotonlycause-diarrhea,vomitingandfatigue-butalsoneurologicalproblemssuchaspainfullytinglinghandsandfeet,afeelingofhavinglooseteeth,and,oddestofall,areversedsenseoftemperature.Besides,wecannotexamineallthefishonebyone,sothisisnotasoundandsafeidea.Rhoneriverbust阅读：passageleader因有三。（1）雕塑风格（realism）是西泽时期引入的；雕塑特点和罗马铸币上西泽相似（thehair是不respect。听力：lecture完全反驳这个观点，原因有三。Slimnoseandlongleg没有用的雕塑都往河里扔，举了一个叫Neptune的雕塑，是古罗马的一个神。Thelectureandthereadingpassagebothtalkaboutalife-sizemarblebust,foundduringanarchaeologicalexcavationandretrievedfromthebedoftheriverRhone.WhiletheauthorofthepassageattributesthisbusttoJuliusCaesar,thelecturerrefuteseachoftheargumentspresentedinthereading.First,thestyleoftheportraitcouldnotbeusedasevidencetoshowthatthisbustwasthatofJuliusCaesar.AlthoughthebustwasmadeinastyleverypopularduringCaesar’stime,thisstylecontinuedtobepopularmanyyearsafterCaesardied.Therefore,thisbustcouldverywellhavebeenmadeinamuchlatertimeforsomeoneotherthanCaesar.Second,thesimilaritiesbetweenthebustandtheportraitofCaesaronsilvercoinswereratherlimitedtothehaironly.Inotherfeaturessuchastheneckandthenose,therearemanyobviousdifferences.IfthebustwasCaesar’s,thenitshouldhavelookedthesameinallfeaturestootherportraitsofCaesar.Finally,thelocationwherethebustwasfoundcouldnotproveanything.ArchaeologicalstudyalsoexcavatedotheritemsfromthesameplaceincludingasculpturefortheGodofNeptune.Thisindicatesthatpeoplecouldhavethrownthingsintotheriverbecausetheyhavebecomeuselessratherthanbecauseofpoliticalreasons,aswhatthereadingsuggests.阅读ToBuildCrossingsforwildlifecrossings;theyarenottrainedtomakeuseofcrossings很浪费钱啊Financial而且theareasaffectedbyroadorbyotherhumandevelopmentthathavealreadydamagedtoomuch.Notlongtermstrategy.因栖息地都坏掉，不要(无法)crossings,这样可以保护动物待在同一个区，虽然这样也许会让population下降。听力:反对阅读人都受伤了还是怎么的，说考虑到这些因素，建crossings能保护人类啊。Castingdoubtsontheissuewhetherornotwildlifecrossingsshouldbemadeforthegreatestbenefitsofhumanbeingsandwildlifecreatures,thespeakerholdsaperspectivecontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutwhethertheanimalscanusethecrossingsanditmeansthatifanimalsdonotknowhowtomakeuseofthecrossings,itisnotadvantageoustothebuildingplan;however,fromthelisteningpassage,itsaysthatanimalscanbetrainedtousetheman-madecrossings.Forexample,thebearandwolvescasesinthelisteningthattheycanmakeuseofthecrossingsaftercertaintime,suchasadecadeco-existingwiththecrossings.(weixin:laoxikou)Thereadingpassageneverthelessholdsthatthosewildlifeanimalscannotusethecrossingsandthebuildingplanwillbeinvalid.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,itisnotafinancialwasteforbuildingwildlifecrossings.Iftherearenocrossingsbuilt,thedamagecanbemadenotjusttoanimals,buttovehiclesandtohumans.Buildingwildlifecrossingsisconducivetomutualbenefits;thusitisnotwastingmoney.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthatbuildingwildlifecrossingsisatotalwasteofmoney;itwillnothelphumanstosavemoneyontheaccidents.Thirdly,thespeakerthinksthatbuildingwildlifecrossingscanactuallyhelpanimalsolvethefragmentationproblembycreatinglinksandbridgesthatovercomethemainbarrierssuchroadsandotherhumandevelopmentsothatanimalcanhavefullaccesstoalltheirterritories.Thiscanprovidethemmoreopportunitiestosurvive,thriveandgrowastheyhavemorechancestofindfoodandreproduce.Yet,thereadingindicatesitisbettertokeepwildlifeanimalsinreservedareaswheretheycanbetterbeprotected.Inshort,thepointsputforthaboutthewildlifecrossingsinthereadingandlisteningarecontradictory.hydroelectricdamReading:hydroelectricpowerplantsthreelowlowthewaterpathsprotectwildlifeaccountoftheresearchcostforselectinglocationandbuildingcost,thecostofhydroelectricplantsisnotlowhydroelectricplantsproducethesameamountofgreenhousegasesasfossilfuelplantwaterpathscannotprotectallfishes,anexampleinEngland,akindoffishcannotusethewaterpathassalmondo.Besuspiciousofwhetherhydroelectricpowerisadvantageoustouscomparedwithotherpower,thespeakerholdsaperspectivecontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutthecostanditmeansthatpriortoadamcanbebuilt,manystudieshavetoberesearchedandmadesureiftherockaroundthepotentialdamcansupporttheheavyandmassiveconstruction.（taobaoID:zhuxugame0725）Thedamscannotbebuiltjustanywherenearariversource.Inaddition,thecostofbuildingadamisenormous.Thisisnotcostcutting.However,thereadingthinksdamsarebuiltrightinthesourceanddonotneedextrafueltotransportthepower,soitismoreinexpensive.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,eventhoughtheoperationofsuchplantdoesnotgenerategreenhousegases,hydroelectricplantscratefloodedareasthatmakelargeamountsofplantmaterialtodecomposeanddecay.Thisis"thesource"ofproducinggreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxideandmethane.Fortropicalareaswherevegetationisdensest,thedamagetotheenvironmentisjustthesamecomparedtocoalplants.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthathydroelectricplantsdonotcauseharmfulgasestothesurroundings.Thethirdpointisregardingthewildlife.Itistruethatsalmoncanbesavedintheresearchbecausetheyarestrongandgetupstreamfromthedam.Thisisnotthecaseforotherkindsoffishinplantsstillcausenegativeejectswildlife.Thus,allpointsfromthereadingpassagearedifferentfromthosestatedinthelisteningcontent.stones没有风强到能吹到石头，并且给了张照片，石头陷在muddy里，按writer的理论，石头不应该 法搬动石头（3）如果是人干的，那一定会留下痕迹，这种muddy里，没有人能做到不留痕迹。Thereadingpassagetriestoexplainwhysomestonesindesertareasshowsignsofmovingslowlyacrossthesurface.However,allthethreetheoriesproposedinthereadingarerefutedbythelecturer.Thefirsttheoryisthatthestonesaremovedbytheforcesofwinds.Thisismadepossiblebypowerfulwindstormsinthevalleyandmuddyandslipperysurfacesonrainydays.However,theprofessorarguesthatwindsstrongenoughtomovearockhaveneverbeenrecordedonEarth.Furthermore,there’sevidenceshowingthatpartofthestonesisbeneaththemuddysurface,indicatingthatthestonesarenotslidingonthesurface.Thesecondtheoryisthattherocksmovebecauseofthefloatingicesheetsthatsurroundtherocks.However,thistheoryisalsonotpossiblebecause,asthespeakersays,thedesertareaisextremelydry,soitlackstheamountofwatertoformlargeicesheets.Eventhoughicecouldpossiblyformduringthenightwhenthetemperaturedrops,duringthedaytheicewouldmelt.Therefore,icesheetscouldnothavebeentheforcesatplay.Finally,thereisthepossibilitythathumanoranimalinterventionratherthannaturalforcesmadethishappen.However,ifthisweretrue,theprofessorsays,thentherewouldhavebeentracesleftofhumansoranimalsmovingtherocks,andthesetraceswouldnothavebeeneasilyremovedinsuchmuddyplaces.Yetthefactisthatneitherthetracesofhumansnorthoseofhorsesexistnearthemovingrocks.Sothehumaninterventiontheoryishighlyunlikely.congestionpricingcity中的某个区域收费，这样就能缓解一improvetime主要就是说节省时间)improvethatarea's收的fee可以用于revenuethecity可以再修路，修桥等等lecture中，professor否定了这个观在收费区里面环境可能会好点，但是周围的车相对就会增多，noiseandairpollution就会多。所以不是整个city都能环境变好affordsubwaysubway，这样一Thepolicyofcongestionpricingisenforcedinsomeurbanareasinordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion.Thereadingpassageexplainsthebenefitsofcongestionpricing,whilethelecturewarnsthatthispolicyhasanumberofnegativeeffects.Thereadingsuggeststhatcongestionpricingreducestrafficsodriverscanreachtheirdestinationinlesstime.However,thelecturercontendsthatnotallpeoplewillfindittime-saving.Somedriverswillgoroundthepricingzoneinordertoavoidcongestionsurcharges.Forexample,deliverydriverswilltakealongerroutetoavoidthisadditionalcost,sothedeliverytimeisThesecondbenefitmentionedinthereadingisthatcongestionpricingimprovesurbanenvironment.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthismaybetrueforareaswithinthechargingzonebecausethereislesstrafficthere.（taobaoID:zhuxugame0725）Butinthesurroundingareas,pollutionandnoisemaybecomeworseasaresultofincreasedleveloftrafficthatmovestothoseareas.Finally,accordingtothereading,congestionchargesareasourceofcityrevenuewhichcanbeusedbythegovernmenttoimprovepublicfacilitiessuchasroadsandbridges.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthispolicywillleadsomepeopletoswitchfromdrivingtousingpublictransportationsuchasthesubway.Thiswillentailanadditionalcostforsubwaymaintenance,whichmayevenexceedtherevenuefromcongestionpricing.Thereforethepolicywillnothelpimproveroadsand命中指数：3wounded啊；还有根本就没那个时候最常被狩猎的动物—驯鹿，所以说动物主题和打猎不一定这个magicalpower在不同的文化中有不同的含义啊，insomecase，这是一种仪式，actuallythemagicalpowertheirancestorsbelieveinisthattheycancommunicatewiththeanimalslivingThereadingpassageexplainsthepurposeofprehistoricpaintingsfoundinLascauxCaveinFrance.Accordingtothereading,thesepaintingswerecreatedbythepainterswiththehopeoffindinggoodlucktoensuresuccessfulhunting.However,thelecturerdisagreeswiththisFirst,thereadingstatesthattherearelargeanimalsinsomepaintingsdepictedasbeingwoundedbyspearsandarrows,suggestingthattheseanimalswerehuntedbythepainters.（关联视频里对动物图案有一定介绍）Howeverthelecturerpointsoutthatthereareotherpaintingsthatdepictsmallanimalssuchascatsandreindeers,whichprehistoricpeopledidnothunt.Moreover,someanimalsinthepaintingsdonotappeartohavebeenwounded.Sothesepaintingsmaynotberelatedwithhunting.Second,humanfigureswithanimalheadsmaynotbeproofthatthepaintingswererelatedwithhunting.Accordingtothelecturer,somehumanfiguresdonotappearinthepaintingtobestanding;someareevensleeping.Theywereclearlynothuntinginsuchahorizontalposition,soitisprobablynottruethatthehumansinthepaintingsarewearinganimalheadsasacamouflagewhilehunting.Thethirdtheoryinthereadingproposesthatthepainterscreatedthesepaintingsbecausetheybelievedthatthesepaintingsmighthavemagicalpowers.Butthelecturerarguesthatthismagicalpowermighthavenothingtodowithhunting.Thepaintersmighthavebelievedthattheycouldcommunicatewiththeirancestors’spiritsthroughthesepaintedanimals.候的人类没有保存肉的方法，所以不太可能去hunt大动物；同时期小动物也死了不少。BeingskepticalaboutthetheoryoftherelationbetweenhumanhuntingandtheextinctionoflargemammalsinNorthAmerica,thelisteningpassageputsforthaperspectivetotallycontrarytothereasonsstatedinthereadingcontent.Tobeginwith,itisaboutthetiminghumanbeingscametotheplacewherelargemammalswerewipedout.Thelisteningpassagesaysthatthereisnoexactlythecauseandeffectrelationfortheextinctionofthoselargemammalswiththearrivalofhumanbeings.Thatistosay,theextinctionandthetimeofhumanarrivalarejustacoincidenceandsuchlargeextinctionmustbecausedbysomethingelse,suchasweatherabnormality.However,thereadingindicates,itishumanbeingsappearingtocertainareasthatlargeanimalswereextinctandtheywerehappenedatthesameperiodoftime.Secondly,thecontradictorypointregards-thebehavioroflargeanimals.Tobemoreconcise,largemammalsdidnothavepredatorsatthattime,sohumanhuntingwasnotadifficultjob.Fromthelisteninghowever,itsaysthathumanbeingsdidnotknowfoodpreservationskillstokeepmeatforalongtimeandtheyhuntedonlywhattheyneeded.So,thedecliningnumberoflargeanimalsshouldnotbesodrasticduetothisreason.Additionally,humanbeingsweremovingalotanditisnotconvincingatallwhatsoeverthatallthelargemammalswereextinct.Lastly,thelecturersuggeststhatnotjustlargemammalswereextinctatthattime,butweremanysmallerones,suchascertainkindsofbirds.Thereadingcontenthowevershowsthathumanbeingsonlyhuntedforlargemammals.Whatshallbetheexplanationwhysmalleranimalswerealsoextinctatthattime?Thus,thelisteningsupportsothertheoriesforsuchextinction,suchasextremeweatherconditionandtheforth.Toconclude,thelisteningcontentistotallyopposingtowhatthereadingsaysinthearticle.阅读：小额贷款（microcredit）poorthepoorbusinessadministrativecostpoor的会减可以educatethem并举了例子India,teachthemhowtofinancehowtobudget可以给asmallofgroup,insteadofeachperson，这样的话cost也不会增加穷人从international机构中获得贷款之后，governmentsavemoney可以用于bridgesandroad。Inthelecture,thespeakermakesseveralpointsabouttheadvantagesofmicrocredit,awayusedtohelpthepoorforasuccessfulfuture;thismethodhoweverissupportedbythereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutifmicrocreditreallyhelpsthepoorinbusiness.Fromthereading,itsaysthatborrowerscanonlybenefitfromsuchloanswhentheyhavetheknowledgeoffinanceandbusinesssettingupexperience.（taobaoID:zhuxugame0725）However,thisisdifferentfromthelisteninginthatmanyfinancialagenciesprovidebasicfinancialeducationtocustomerswhentheyaskfortakingoutsuchloans,suchashowtobudgewisely,howtokeepcostsdownandtheforth.Moreover,fromthereadingpassage,microloansarenoteffectivebecausetheyarecostlytoprocess,addingupburdentothebank.However,theprofessorassertsthatmicrocreditbenefitsthepoor.Forinstance,banksdonotneedtorespondtotheentireindividualrequest.Inotherwords,fourorfivecustomerscantakeoutaloantogetherandsharetheadministrativecosts.Finally,theprofessorpointsoutthatmicrocreditcouldensurethegovernmenttobeinvestingthemoneysavedintootherfields.Forexample,governmentscanusethismoneytobuildinfrastructuresuchasroads,bridges,orpowerlines.Thosethingsareallhelpingthecitizens.However,thereadingsaysthatgovernmentcanpasstheresponsibilityofhelpingthepoorontothesideofbank.Inconclusion,microfinancingisnotagreatideatohelpthepoortogetridoftheirpovertyanddifficultyinlife.Thus,thereadingpassageandthelisteningcontentarecontradictoryonstandsheldtowardthisissue.说有个BASSmanhaten鱼，应该转而去减少这种BASS鱼。ThepopulationofthemenhadenintheChesapeakeBayhasbeendecliningduetooverfishing,sothegovernmenthascalledforabanonmenhadenfishinginthearea.Theauthorofthepassageisconcernedthatsuchabanmaynotbetherightsolutionwhilethelecturergivestheoppositeopinion,arguingthatthebanisnecessaryandjustified.First,thereadingpointstothefactthattherealcauseofthedeclineinthemenhadenpopulationisnotfishing,butthestripedbass,amajorpredatorofthemenhaden,soratherthanlimitingmenhadenfishing,weshouldreducethepopulationofthestripedbass.However,thelecturearguesthatthestripedbassserveasanimportantlinkintheeco-system,keepingthepopulationofmanyfishspeciesundercontrol.Weshouldavoiddisturbingthenaturalbalanceoftheecosystem,sothebestsolutionisstillabanonmenhadenfishing.Second,thereadingsuggeststhatthemenhadenareanimportantsourceofproteinforlivestockandpoultry.Placingabanonmenhadenfishingwouldnegativelyaffectnearbyfarms.Thelecturer,however,statesthatthemenhadencanbereplacedbysoybean,whichisalsoaveryeffectivesourceofproteinforlivestockandpoultry.Therefore,banningfishingintheChesapeakeBaywouldnotcreateanyshortageofproteinsnecessaryforfarmsinthenearbyareas.Finally,theauthorofthepassageisworriedthatlimitingmenhadenfishingwouldleadtothelossofjobopportunitiesforfishermen,dealersandintheprocessingindustries,whichwouldhamperthelocaleconomy.Fromthelecture,however,welearnthatthebanonmenhadenfishingisonlyatemporarypolicy.Oncethepopulationofthemenhadenreturnstonormal,thebanwillbeliftedandfishingandotherrelatedindustrieswillgrowhealthilyagain.Ontheotherhand,ifoverfishingisnotstopped,itwouldresultinatotalcollapseofthelocaleconomysoonerorlater.cigaretteunhealthyfood政府从这部份高税收拿到更多的收入，可以用来投资，增加revenueofgovernment,可以benefiteveryone.高税收不致于改变人的生活习惯。而且烟有highandlowquality的差别，便宜的含有更多有害物圾食品贵了还买增加经济负担(burden)unhealthyfood交高税，但是跟富人比起来，穷人交的税相对高，所以不公平。政府得到这笔钱不想失去，所以不会制定进一步戒烟的policy,所以并没有Thereadingpassageandthelecturepresentcontrastingviewsregardingwhetherthegovernmentshouldimposehighertaxationoncigaretteandunhealthyfood.First,thelecturearguesthatincreasedtaxationwillnotpreventpeoplefromconsumingcigarettesorjunkfoodasthereadingsuggestsbecauseconsumerswouldswitchtolessexpensivebrandstheycanafford.Theseareoftenoflowqualityandcontainmoreharmfulsubstances,whichmayproduceevenmorehealthriskstoconsumers.Second,accordingtothelecture,ahighertaxmeansthatthepoorpeoplewouldhavetopayahigherproportionoftheirincomethandothewealthypeopleonconsumptionofthesamecigarettesorfood,whichisfinanciallyunfair.Thisisindirectcontradictionwiththereading’sclaimthatitisjustifiableforsmokersandjunkfoodconsumerstopayahighertaxbecausetheyarethepeoplewhoaremorelikelytogetsickandneedthegovernment’smedicalservice,whichisfundedbytaxrevenues.Third,thelecturerwarnsusthatoncethegovernmenthasincreaseditsrevenuebecauseofhighertobaccoorjunk-foodtax,itwillbecomesodependentonthistaxthatitmustbereluctanttoformulatepoliciesonbanningsmoking(inpublicplaces)orunhealthyfoods.Thereading,ontheotherhand,presentsanoptimisticviewthatthegovernmentisgoingtousethismoneyontheconstructionofpublicfacilitiesthatcanbenefiteveryone.命中指数：2plant是很多，但是营养很少warmclimateisactuallyadisadvantage,becausetheyneededtocoolThelectureraisesobjectionstothethreereasonspresentedinthereadingpassageastowhy[animalname]hadagiantbody.First,thelecturersaysthatoxygencompositioncouldnothavebeenthereasonbecause...Second，thelecturerarguesthatalthoughthereweresufficientplantsfor[animalname]tofeedon，theydonotadequatelysupportthegrowthofalargebodybecausetheseplantswereactuallyverylowinnutrition.Finally，accordingtothelecture，thewarmclimatebackwhen[animalname]livedwasactuallyadisadvantagewhenitcomestocontrollingbodytemperature,[animalname]neededtocooloffconstantlyandalargebodysizeconstrainedtheireffortstodoso.(3)（训象人用摸耳朵的方式）Thereadingpassagepresentsthreeinterestingmythsthatpeopleoftenhaveaboutcertainabilitiesandbehaviorsofelephants.However，thelecturerdispelsthesemythsusingevidenceandfacts.Thefirstmythisthatanelephantseemstobeabletopredict(anticipate)itsdeathandthatitgoestospecialelephantgraveyardstodie，whichisoftennearthewater.However,thefactisthataselephantsgrowold,theirteetharegraduallyworndown，sooldelephantsusuallystartlookingaroundforsoftervegetationatthewater’sedge.Thisiswheremostelephantseventuallydie.Thesecondmythisthatelephantshavenaturaltalentsindrawing.Theycanholdabrushwiththeirtrunkanddrawpicturessuchasflowers.However,accordingtothelecture,thisabilityistrained.Trainersteachelephantshowtopaintandguidetheirpaintingbytouchingelephants’ears.Anelephantisnotreallypaintingapictureoutofitsmind,itissimplycreatingfixedpatternsoflines.Thethirdmythisthatelephantsfearmice.Inanexperiment,anelephantbackedoffwhenitsawamouse.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthisisnotfear.It’sananimal’snaturalinstincttobecautiouswhenitseessomethingunfamiliar.Elephantsthatliveinthezooarenotscaredofmiceatallbecausetheyarefamiliarwiththepresenceofmicethere.IF（ironfertilizationiron倒入海中，帮助一种phytoplankton生长，吸收更多的二氧化碳，从而减缓全球变暖。Thepassagedisagreeswiththiswayforthreereasons.实验证明IF方式并不effective。过多的iron导致过多的phytoplankton，造成oceantoxin，对环境也不利。ecologicalsystemintheoceanareaphytoplankton太多了，我们就停止这种方法，phytoplankton就会因为养分不Thelecturerejectsviewspresentedinthereadingpassageregardingtheeffectivenessofironfertilization.Contrarytowhattheread