ap学科词汇与公式汇总1224

AP(⼀ absolutelyconvergentadjantiderivative,n不定积分binomialtheoremnchainrule,n链规则calculusnconditionallyconvergentadjcontinuity,n连续convergevdefiniteintegralnderivative,n导数differentialcoefficient,n微分differentialequation,n微分方程directionalderivativendiverge,v发散divergencengradient,n梯度implicitdifferentiationnimplicitfunction,n隐函数improperintegralnintegrable,adj可积的integral,n积分integrationbypartsnleft-handlimit,n左极限limitnlocalmaximumnlocalminimumnmethodoflagrangemultipliersnmultipleintegral,n多重积分partialderivativenpolarcoordinates,n极坐标powerseries,n幂级数right-handlimit,n右极限rotation,n旋度seriesnsubstitutionrulentableofintegrals,n积分表taylor’sformulanthree-dimensionalanalyticgeometryntotaldifferential,n全微分trigonometricsubstitutionnabsolutelyconvergent绝对收敛absolutevalue绝对值algebraicfunctionanalyticgeometry解析几何antiderivative不定积分approximateintegrationapproximation近似法、逼近法arbitraryconstant任意常数arithmeticseries/progression(AP)算数级数asymptotesverticalandhorizontal)(垂直/水平)渐近线averagerateofchange平均变化率basebinomialtheorem二项式定理，二项展开式Cartesiancoordinatessystem笛卡儿坐标系Cauch’sMeanValueTheorem柯西均值定理chainrulecalculus微积分学closedintervalintegralcoefficient系数compositefunctionconchoid蚌线continuity(函数的)连续性concavity(函数的)凹凸性conditionallyconvergentcontinuity连续性criticalpoint临界点cubicfunctioncylindricalcoordinatesdecreasingfunction递减函数decreasingsequence递减数列definiteintegral定积分derivative导数determinantdifferentialcoefficientdifferentialequation微分方程directionalderivative方向导数discontinuity不连续性discriminant(二次函数)判别式diskmethod圆盘法divergence散度divergentdomain定义域dotproductdoubleintegralellipse椭圆ellipsoid椭圆体epicycloid外摆线Euler'smethodBC)欧拉法expectedvalued期望值exponentialfunctionextremevalueheoremfactorial阶乘finiteseriesfundamentaltheoremofcalculusgeometricseries/progression(GP)几何级数gradient梯度Greenformulahalf-angleformulasharmonicseries调和级数helix螺旋线higherderivative高阶导数horizontalasymptotehorizontalline水平线hyperbola双曲线hyperboloidimplicitdifferentiationimplicitfunction隐函数ncrement增量increasingfunction增函数indefiniteintegralindependentvariable自变数inequality不等式ndeterminateform不定型infinitepoint无穷极限infiniteseries无穷级数infiniteseries无限级数inflectionpoint(POI)拐点initialcondition初始条件instantaneousrateofchangeintegrable可积的integral积分integrandintegration积分integrationbypartintercept截距intermediatevalueofTheoreminversefunction反函数irrationalfunction无理函数iteratedintegral逐次积分Laplacetransformlawofcosines余弦定理leastupperbound最小上界left-handderivative左导数left-handlimit左极限L'Hospital'srulelimacon蚶线linearapproximationlinearequation线性方程式linearfunction线性函数linearity线性linearizationlocalmaximumlocalminimumlogarithmicfunction对数函数MacLaurinseries麦克劳林级数meanvaluetheoremMVT)中值定理minimum最小值methodoflagrangemultipliersmodulus绝对值multipleintegralmultiple倍数multiplieroctant卦限openintervalintegraloptimization优化法，极值法origin原点orthogonalparametricequation(BC)参数方程partialderivative偏导数partialdifferentialequationpartialfractions部分分式piece-wisefunctionparabolaparaboliccylinderparaboloid：抛物面parallelepiped平行六面体parallellines并行线parameter：参数partialintegrationpartiton：分割periodperiodicfunctionperpendicularlinespiecewisedefinedfunctionplane平面pointofinflectionpoint-slopeform点斜式polaraxis极轴polarcoordinates极坐标polarequationpole极点polynomial多项式powerseriesproductrulequadrant象限quadraticfunctionsquotientrule商的求导法则radical根式radiusofconvergencerange值域(relatedrateofchangewithtimerationalfunction有理函数reciprocalremaindertheorem余数定理Riemannsum黎曼和Riemanniangeometryright-handlimit右极限Rolle'stheoremroot根rotation旋转secantlinesecondderivativesecondderivativetestsecondpartialderivative二阶偏导数seriessinefunction正弦函数singularity奇点slantslantasymptoteslope斜率slope-interceptequationofalinesmoothcurve平滑曲线smoothsurface平滑曲面solidofrevolutionsymmetry对称性tangentfunction正切函数tangentline切线tangentplane切(平)面tangentvector切矢量taylor'sseriesthree-dimensionalanalyticgeometrytotaldifferentiation全微分(二 Chapter4.AP(⼀ AssociationBarchartBivariatedataBoxplot盒式图Conditionalprobability条件概率Continuousdata连续数据，取自某个区间Continuousrandomvariable连续随机变量Correlationisnotcausation相关关系不意味着因果关系Discretedata离散数据DiscreterandomvariableDotplotFive5)-numbersummary5minvalue,Q1,median,Q3,maxvalueHistogram直方图InterquartilerangeLeast-squaresregressionlineLineofbestfit最佳拟合线Marginalandjointfrequencies（双向表中的）边际频数和联合频数Mean平均值MedianModeNegativelyassociatedOutlier异常值Percentilerank百分位秩PositivelyassociatedProportion比值CategoricaldataQualitativedataNumericaldata=Quantitativedata定量数据用数字描述的数据Quartiles四分位秩，即数据系列的25%、50%、75%位置的数据Range全距，最大值与最小值之差ResidualResistantstatisticScatterplot散点图Skewed歪斜的非对称分布，如Skewedtotheright尾部向右延伸Standarddeviation标准差Stemplotstem-and-leafplot)Symmetric对称的Uniform均匀分布UnivariatedataVariance方差Block（模块Blockdesign（模块化）设计Census普查CompletelyrandomizeddesignConfoundingvariable混淆变量Doubleblind双盲Experimentalunits实验单位ExplanatoryvariableMatchedpairs成对MatchedpairsdesignObservationalstudy观察研究ObservedvaluesOutcome结果Probabilitysample概率抽样，一种随机抽样技术Randomization随机化Randomsample随机抽样ResponsevariableSamplesurvey抽样调查SimplerandomsampleStatistic（样本的）统计量StratifiedrandomsampleSubjects试验对象，特指人SurveyTreatmentvariable处理变量Undercoveragebias覆盖面偏差VoluntaryresponsebiasBinomialdistribution二项分布CentrallimittheoremComplementofanevent互补事件Degreesoffreedom自由度DensityfunctionEstimate估计EventExpectedvalue期望值GeometricdistributionIndependenteventsIndependentvariable独立变量MutuallyexclusiveeventsNormalcurve正态曲线Normaldistribution正态分布ProbabilitydistributionRandomphenomenon随机现象Randomvariable随机变量Samplingdistributionofastatistic（比例或者均值）的抽样分布Standardnormaldistribution标准正态分布tdistributionttstatistictAlternativehypothesisnullhypothesisChi-square卡方分布Goodness-of-FitTestConfidenceinterval置信区间Confidencelevel置信水平Criticalvalue临界值HomogeneityofproportionsInferentialstatistics推断统计MarginoferrorOne-sidedtestp-valuesP值PointestimateRobust强烈的同strongStatisticallysignificant统计上显著的Two-sidedalternative双侧备择Two-sidedtest双向检验Type-Ierror一类错误Type-IIerror二类错误Unbiasedestimate(二 验和置信区间的核心公式，statistic——样本统计量，parameter——总体参数，criticalvalue——根据置信水平（t分布中还要考虑自由度）zscoretscore。样本&z、ttσs回归线的斜率t分布时，df=n-2;AP(⼀ MesoamericaMayflowerCompact五月花号公约CityonaHillSalemWitchTrialsBacon’sRebellion培根叛乱TreatyofParis巴黎条约Antinomianism废弃道德律论;唯信仰论Indenturedservants契约仆人Mercantilism重商主义Proclamationof17631763宣言CommitteesofcorrespondenceEnlightenment启蒙主义Virginiaplan弗吉尼亚方案NewJerseyplan新泽⻄方案SeditionFactions派系StatesRights州权利JudicialReviewTreatyofGhentMonroeDoctrine⻔罗主义TrailofTears血泪之路Spoilsystem分赃系统MaysvilleroadvetoTariffofAbominations可恶的关税法案Americansystem亨利·克雷的美国系统EmbargoNullification州对联邦法令的拒绝执行(或承认)AmericanColonizationSocietyWilmotProviso威尔莫特但书PopularSovereigntyFugitiveSlaveLawMormonsNativism排外主义FreeSoil无奴隶制度BorderStatesCarpetbaggers美国内战后利用南方不定局势谋利的人ScalawagsSharecropper佃农SocialGospel社会福音SalvationArmy救世军CraftUnions技术工人工会GildedAge镀金时代PoliticalMachineTrust托拉斯BullMoosePartyFederalReserveactOpendoorpolicy⻔户开放政策BoxerRebellion义和团运动RooseveltCorollary罗斯福推论TreatyofVersailles凡尔赛条约Anarchist无政府主义者Feminism女权主义Ghetto贫⺠窟Irreconcilable势不两立的Isolationism孤立主义PollTax人头税ReferendumPrimary初选ManifestDestinyDeficitSpending赤字支出Deflation通货紧缩Recession经济衰退Subsidy补助津贴WelfareStateDisarmamentNeutrality中立Lend-leaseAct租借法案SphereofInfluenceSuezCrisis苏伊士运河危机U-2IncidentU2侦察机事件BayofPigsInvasion猪湾入侵CubanMissileCrisisPeaceCorpsVietcongGulfofTonkinResolutionTetOffensive春节攻势SALTStrategicArmsLimitationsTalks(美国与前苏联之间的)限制战略武器谈判ABMTreaty反导条约ArabOilEmbargo阿拉伯石油禁运Solidarity(波兰的)团结工会IranianHostageCrisisGlasnost俄语公开性；开放Perestroika俄语改革(指八十年代前苏联的经济及政府机构的新调整)Containment遏制Détente缓和Doctrine主义ReaganomicsBabyBoom婴儿潮Stagflation经济滞胀AP(⼀ BasiceconomicconceptsProductionpossibilitiesfrontier：生产可能性边界（与生产可能性曲线相同）Comparativeadvantage：相对比较优势absoluteadvantage：绝对比较优势marketequilibrium：市场均衡businesscycle：经济周期unemploymentinflation：通货膨胀growth：增长MeasurementofEconomicPerformanceNationalincomeaccounts：国民收入账户Circularflow：经济循环Grossdomesticproduct：国内生产总值（GDP）Realgrossdomesticproduct：实际GDPNominalgrossdomesticproduct：名义GDPPriceindices价格指数NaturalrateofunemploymentAggregatedemand：总需求Aggregatesupply：总供给Sticky：黏性Flexible：自由伸缩性Stagflation：滞胀Actualoutput：实Economicfluctuations：经济波动FinancialSectorTimevalueofmoney：货币的时间价值moneysupply：货币供给Moneydemand：货币需求creationofmoney：货币的创造Moneymarket：货币市场LoanablefundsmarketQuantitytheoryofmoney：货币数量论Realinterestrate：实际利率nominalrate：名义利率Inflation,Unemployment,andStabilizationPolicies20–30%)Fiscalpolicy：财政政策Monetarypolicy：货币政策Governmentdebt：政府债务Demand-pullinflation：需求拉动型通货膨胀Cost-pushinflation：成本推动型通货膨胀ThePhillipscurve：菲利普斯曲线(humancapitalInvestmentinhumancapital：人力资本投资Investmentinphysicalcapital：物质资本投资Researchanddevelopment：研发technologicalprogress：技术进步OpenEconomyInternationalTradeandFinance10–15%Balanceofpaymentsaccounts：收支账户平衡Balanceoftrade：贸易平衡Currentaccount：经常账户Capitalaccount：资本账户Foreignexchangemarket：外汇市场Exchangerate：汇率Currencyappreciation：货币升值Currencydepreciation：货币贬值Netexport：净出口Accountingprofit：会计利润Economicprofit：经济利润Depreciationrate：折旧率Automaticstabilizers：自动稳定器Propensitytoconsume：消费倾向Averagepropensitytoconsume：平均消费倾向Marginalpropensitytoconsume：边际消费倾向Budgetconstraints：预算制约Budgetsurpluses：预算盈余Budgetdeficits：预算赤字Balancesheet：资产负债表Base-yearprices：基年价格Closedeconomies：封闭经济Openeconomies：开放经济GDPdeflator：GDP平减指数CPI：消费者价格指数Shock： Discountingrate：折现率Presentvalue：现值Discouragedworkers：丧失信心的工人Disposableincome：可支配收入Disposablepersonalincome：个人可支配收入Economicfluctuation：经济波动Actualexpenditures：实际支出Plannedexpenditure：计划支出Excessreserves：超额准备金Fixedexchangerates：固定汇率Floatingexchangerates：浮动汇率Factorprices：要素价格Factorsofproduction：生产要素Federalreserve：美国联邦储备委员会Fiatmoney：法定货币Fisherequation：费雪方程式Fishereffect：费雪效应Structuralunemployment：结构性失业Seasonallyunemployment：季节性失业Cyclicallyunemployment：周期性失业Frictionalunemployment：摩擦性失业Inflationtax：通货膨胀税Marginalproduct：边际产量Marketclearing：市场出清Shoe-leathercost：鞋底成本Menucost：菜单成本Netcapitaloutflow：资本净流出Netforeigninvestment：国外净投资Productionfunction：生产函数Reserverequirement：法定准备率Stabilizationpolicy：稳定政策 GreatDepression：大萧条Velocityofmoney：货币流通速度Wagerigidity：工资刚性(二 ScarcityResourceslaborlandComparativeadvantageabsoluteadvantageopportunitycost机会成本anoutwardbow向外弯曲ThePrincipleofIncreasingCost机会成本递增规律Specialization专业化serviesonavoluntarybasis(自愿基础上)Equitable公平的Fundamental基础的Constant持续的，不变的EquilibriumQuantitypriceincrease/decrease增加/减少shifttotheleftamovementalongthecurvedeterminants决定因素，影响因素tastepreference口味，偏好expectationofincomesubstitute/complement替代品/互补品Necessity/Luxury必需品/奢侈品NormalgoodsinferiorgoodsExpenditure消费，支出tax/subsidy税/补助Simultaneous同时的Priceceiling/pricefloorGasoline汽油steak牛排InputBelow/above在……下/在……上Effective有效的efficient有效率的PriceElasticityofDemandPriceElasticityofSupplyIncomeElasticityofDemandcrosselasticityofdemand交叉需求弹性Proportion比例TradeTaxtaxrevenueT*Q,distributionoftaxburdenaper-unit(anexcise)salestax每卖出一件收取TalumpsumtaxT——可以理解成罚款pricewithouttax不收税时的价格pricebuyerspaypricesellersreceiveTariff关税Consumer/producersurplusdeadweightlossExport出口,import进口DomesticpriceworldpriceNetgain净收益deriveddemandFactors要素：Labor劳力capital资本land土 MRPmarginalrevenueproduct边际产量值MPmarginal(physical)product边际产量Wagetaker指企业只能接受市场工资水平Immigration移民 ProductivityLeisure休闲，闲暇Lorenzcurve曲线 Marketfailure市场失灵Negative负positive正externalityspillovereffectsallocateresourcesefficiently有效配置资源MarginalSocialBenefitMSCRemedypolicyactionInternalize内部化ImposeataxusesubsidyPublicgoodsprivategoodsPreventfromdoing排除，阻止RivalExcludableexcludeNeitherconsumersnorproducers，otherthanthebuyersandsellersChemicalindustry化工企业Pollutetheair污染空 Nationaldefense国 vaccine疫苗disease疾 firework爆 Incomeeffect收入效应Totalutility总效用 realincome收入的实际购买 Explicitcosts显性成本，implicitcosts隐性成本lawofdiminishingmarginalreturns/productefficientscale有效规模产量(ATC最小时)economiesofscalediseconomiesofscalereturnstoscaleeventually最终Incuraloss导致损失Profitmaximization利润最大化ImperfectcompetitionPricetakerpricemaker/marketpowerExitshutdownenterentry进入(名词)priceDiscriminationExcessCapacity产能过剩(有多余产能没用上)Productdifferentiation产品差异化，advertisingEfficient,inefficient有效的，无效的Nobarrierstoentry没有进入壁垒efficiencymaximizing,sociallyoptimal,allocativelyefficientP=MC或说D与MC相交处。AP甲乙丙丁戊己庚辛壬癸dec-十二苯benzphen-)萘naphthal-蒽anthrac-菲phenanthr-甲form-(羧酸,醛)乙acet-(羧酸,醛)丙propion-(醛)丁butyr戊pentan-(醛)valer-(羧酸)烷烯alkene二烯-乙丙烯(二 acidapparatus仪器，装置aqueoussolutionarrangementofelectronsassumption假设atomicmass原子量atomicnumber原子序数atomicradius原子半径atomicstructurebecomposedofbombardment撞击boundary界限cathoderayscathode-rayoscilloscopeC.R.O)ceramic陶器制品chemicalbehaviour化学行为chemicalproperty（物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质）clockwise顺时针方向的configuration构型copper铜correspondtocorrosive腐蚀d-blockelementsddeflect使偏向，使转向derivefrom源于deuterium氘diffusemixturedistanceeffect距离效应distil蒸馏distinguish区别distributiondoublycharged(2iondye染料effectofelectriccurrentinsolutionselectricalchargeelectricalfieldelectricallyneutralatomelectricity电electrolysiselectronshielding电子屏蔽emissionspectrum（根据发射光源和激发能量方式所产生的特征电磁波谱）energylevel能态，能级（稳态能量，有相同主量数的电子壳层）fertiliserfirstionisationenergyfluorescentscreen荧光屏fluoride氟化物fuelfundamentalsubstancefuzzy模糊的gas气体gaseousstategravity重力GroupⅠ第一族Heisenberg’suncertaintyprinciplehydrofluoricacid氢氟酸intermsofinnermost最内的，最深的interaction相互作用internalstructure内部结构interpret解释eV表示）ioniseJ.JThomson’se/mexperimentLatin拉丁leptonliquid液体magnet磁铁magneticfield磁场MalteseCrossmarble大理石massnumbermatter物质metalfoil金箔meteorite陨星Millikan’soil-drop’ecperimentmodel-building模型建筑narrowbeam狭窄的光线negativeelectrode（cathode）negligible可以忽略的neutron中子nitrate硝酸盐noblegasnormalpressures常压nuclearcharge（原子）核电荷nuclearmodelforatomsnuclearreaction核反应nucleus（pl.nuclei）Orbital轨道paraffinwax石蜡PeriodicTableplasticspositivecharge（带有质子的物质，用丝绸摩擦玻璃棒，在棒上会产生正电荷）positiveelectrode(anode)阳极positivelychargedparticleion)potentialdifference电位predictionprotium氕proton质子量子quantummechanicsQuantumTheory量子理论radioactivesource放射源repel排斥repulsion斥力respectivelyrung梯级scatteringeffectSchr?dingerequation（波动）方程（一偏微分方程，描述基本粒子波动性）scintillation火花shellshieldingeffectsimplersubstance（指由同种元素组成的纯净物）solid固体spherespinstablestatemolecularorbitalmolten熔化non-linearmolecule非直线分子non-metallicelementnon-polarmolecule非极性分子non-stickproperties不黏性nylon尼龙,聚酰胺纤维octahedron八面体oppositelychargedelectronoppositelychargedion电性相反的离子outer-shellelectron外层电子oxoniumion(=hydroniumionpolarmolecule极性分子polarisationofions（在阴阳离子自身电场作用下，产生诱导偶极，而导致离子的polarizedpoly聚乙烯poly(esterchainpolychlorinatedbiphenylsPCBs（二）苯polymer聚合物,高分子polymerchainprotein蛋白质quartzrelativebondstrengthrepulsion斥力ruby红宝石sapphiresemi-preciousstonesinglebond单键slipperysodiumchloridesolidstate固态soluble可溶sparinglysolublesublime升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态)sucrose蔗糖surfacetensionsymmetricaldistributiontensilestrength抗拉强度tetrahedralmolecule四面体分子tetrahedron四面体theδ+andδ-chargesδ+和δ-电荷three-dimensionalarrangement三维排列triangularpyramidalmoleculetrichloromethane三氯甲烷trigonalplanarmoleculetriplebond三键unitcellvapourpressurevolatility挥发性washing-upwaterispeculiarweapon武器δbondδ键πbondπ键πorbitalπChapter4andantacidtabletatomicradii(＝atomicradius)bariummeal钡餐BlocksofelementsinthePeriodicTablebrickred砖红色brilliantwhitishflamebubble泡cameralensescement水泥chalkchemicalspeciesclay黏土，泥土cliffcloudywhiteprecipitatecovalentradius共价半径coveredwithalayerofitsoxidecrucible坩埚crumbled-blockddiatomicmoleculedilute稀释disulphurdichloridedolomite白云石electronegativeelectropositiveevolution（气体）散出exothermicreactionf-blockf区filtrationfirework焰火flare照明弹goodconductivityofheatandelectricitygypsum石膏hydrogencarbonate碳酸氢盐incendiarybomb燃烧弹indigestionremedyLawofOctaves八行周期律（当元素按原子量增加的顺序排列成以八个为一组时，则上下每组LawofTriadslime石灰limewater（水溶液）limelight灰光灯limestone石灰石liquidphase液相magnesiumribbon相同者置于各行之下，由此形成18列，各列元素的化合价按正规顺序变化）metalhydridemetallicradiusmoltenslag熔渣monatomicion一价离子mortar灰浆negativeoxidationstateopaque不透，不传导oxidationoxidationnumberabbreviatedoxno（某元素一个原子的荷电数，这种荷电数由oxidationstateoxidisingagent（得到电子的物质）p-blockp区periodicpatterns周期律periodicity周期性photographicflashbulbphotosynthesis光合作用pitchblende沥青铀矿plaster石膏plasterofPairspositiveoxidationstatequicklime生石灰reciprocal倒数redoxsystemreducingagent（逝去电子的物质）reduction还原refractorymaterialrotarykiln回转窑（炉）saturatedsolution饱和溶液s-blocks区scumsedimentaryrocksiemenspermetreSm-1（西门singleatom单原子slakedlime（固）solidphase固相suspension悬浮液theoutmostelectronstherisingpartsofthecurvethetrendisuneven趋势是不规则的thermaldecomposition（分）解toxic有毒的tracerbullettrough曲线上的最小值valency化合价vapourphasevigorous剧烈的Chapteracreamprecipitate米黄色沉淀aerosolpropellantammoniasolution氨水anomalouspropertiesantiseptic抗菌剂，防腐剂apparent透明的bacteriableach漂白bromineisadarkredliquidgivingoffadenseredvapourcaptureanelectron捕获一个电子chlorineisgreenishyellowgascontamination污染covalentdiatomicmoleculecyclohexane环己烷displacementreaction（由一种单质跟一种化合物起反应,生成另一种单质和另一种disproportionationreaction歧化反应（又叫electronaffinity（原子保持其离子电荷的亲合势）fireextinguisher灭火器flammable易燃的fluoridecontroversyfluorineispaleyellowgasfoamingagent起泡剂germicide杀菌剂halide卤化物halogen卤族元素，简称卤素hydratedhalideioninert惰性的iodineinalcoholiodineisashinygrey-blackcrystallinesolidwhichsublimestoapurplevapourliverdamageLubricant滑润剂non-flammable不易燃的organicsolventorgano-chlorine有机氯ozonelayer臭氧层poisonous有毒的PTFEpolytetrafluoroethenePVC聚氯乙烯solvent溶剂thyroidproblemvolatility挥发性waterpurificationwaterproofclothing防水布Chapterreactionratesacidity酸性，酸度adsorb吸附aldehydeatnormaltemperaturesandpressuresbasicity碱度；碱性Bung塞camphorcatalyticconvertercelluloid赛璐珞(明胶)chemicalanalysis化学分析chemicalkineticscolorimeter色度计colourintensityconcentrationofreactants反应物浓度constantrandommotiondesorb解吸esterification酯化exhaustgasesfactorsthataffecttherateofareactiongassyringe气体注射器glassdeliverytubehomogeneouscatalysis（催化剂与反应物在同相中反应）intensityoftheradiation照射的强度invertedwater-filledburettelatitude纬度low-energycollisionsnitrocellulose硝化纤维素nitroglycerine硝化甘油oxyacetylenetorch氧乙炔火炬ppb十亿分之一（10－10）ppm百万分之一（10－6）pressuresensorratedeterminingstepremoval去除scanningprobemicroscopy(SPMsealedcontainer密闭容器surfaceareatemperaturesensor温感器（能对温度变化作出反应）theasymmetricshapeofthecurvethecollisiontheoryofreactivity（Timer计时器Chapterequilibrabase碱closedsystemconstancyofmacroscopicpropertiescottonwool脱脂棉fertility肥(沃)度forwardsdirectionirreversibleone-wayreactionkeepthepressureconstant保持恒压macroscopicpropertiesnailvarnishremoverporousiron多孔的铁reactionvessel反应容器reversedirection反方向reversiblereactionAP物理(⼀ displacementvelocity速度speed速率accelerationforce力normalforce正压力frictionalforcecoefficientoffrictionairresistance空气阻力gravitationalforce万有引力tension（绳子或杆的）拉力conservativeforce保守力inertia惯性work功powerkineticenergy动能potentialenergymomentum动量impulse冲量angulardisplacementangularvelocity角速度escapevelocity逃逸速度angularspeed角速率angularacceleration角加速度tangentialacceleration切向加速度centripetalaccelerationtorque力矩restoringforce恢复力centripetalforcemomentofinertia（rotationalinertia）rotationalkineticenergy转动动能circularmotionorbit轨道periodfrequencyamplitudeangularfrequency角频率constantofspringangularmomentum角动量centerofmass质心mechanicalenergy机械能free-bodydiagramwork-energytheoremconservationofmechanicalenergyimpulse-momentumtheorem冲量定理conservationofmomentum动量守恒conservationofangularmomentum角动量守恒ramp斜坡、incline斜面blockdisk圆盘cart小车hooplaunchingdeviceprojectile抛射体airtrackspring弹簧simplependulum单摆physicalpendulumpivot转轴pulleyhinge铰链elasticcollision弹性碰撞inelasticcollisionoscillation振动simpleharmoni