海洋观测浮标中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文比照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：支持美国航天局地球科学事业的下一代海洋观测浮标简介伍兹霍尔海洋争论所与杰克逊和图尔正在开发一款改进版的支持美国航天局地球科学事业的系船测定浮标系统。此项型设计运用了伍兹霍尔海洋争论所在浮标、系泊、传感系统方面的海洋经水温、传导性〔盐度、生物光学传感器和辐射计在不同深度的性能，以及应用于海流的声学多普勒海流剖面仪。此系统可以对海洋科学争论在全世界范围内的陆架区域进展部署调配，包括海洋水色卫星地面真实性验证。它将一代近地轨道通信卫星〔LEO〕应用于两方面，高通量指挥掌握和数据遥测。浮标构造它们被热镀锌，并且为了防止腐蚀而被涂层。一些旧的钢护浮标〔潜水式有塔状物的网状浮子〕在20年后仍旧还在使用，所以其使用寿命不是问题。而且，基底用重钢棒线材制成可以削减同铝制浮标一样必需要增加锌制或铅制重物来进展压载。浮标塔由6061-T6铝材制成，由于这种材料轻，塑料垫圈可以使钢基底与电隔离。安装在塔上的有一个雷达反射器、闪光灯式海洋监视巡防、遥测天线、气象传感器、太阳能电池板和一个阿尔戈斯定位信标天线。太阳能电板可以通过摇摆从而进入到浮标中心的仪表井。这个井直径24”深45”为电池、太阳能电池板调整器、电力输送系统、数据处理和储存系统、遥测系统和后备阿尔戈斯定位信标供给了足够的空间。可以从其顶部的一个开口进入到浮标的水密电子井。较大直径可以允许一个人侧身进入到井中以对其底部的电池进展作业。为了简易修理而装配电子器件始终以来都是一个问题。在类似但是较小的GLOBEC〔GLOBEC〕浮标中，电池和电子器件被拧在电子井每一面的栏杆上。俯身在小井中对这些器件进展作业确实很困难。在这个型的浮标中，电子器件安装在支架上，支架可以由焊接在井内部的四个分开的导管进展滑动。每个导管顶部的硬橡胶“弹簧”和销钉将支架固定住。将电子器件和电池从浮标中拿出进展外部修理照旧是个难题。此的卫星接收天线〔左边〕和传输天线〔左边。浮圈Surlyn〔Gilman〕为浮标供给浮力支持。GLOBEC2000浮力制成。最初的设计目的是使浮标漂移在锚上，不会有被拖下去和下沉的风险。有一个防护浮标，它具有由下沉的铁链系泊住的一个较小泡沫圈。当拖动其他设备时我们将其恢复到正常状态。泡沫受到挤压，但是它渐渐伸展到近乎于原来的大小。泡沫浮子在水下因捕鱼活动而被拉伸到格外远时它就无法使用了。目前的泡沫浮子可以使漂移防止被拉到失去浮力和沉物的点之下。对于较重的有效载荷来说，较大直径的泡沫圈易于代替现有的泡沫圈以供给增加的浮力。为了削减浮标在海浪波场的倾斜运动，泡沫的下部有两舷分割开，这样浮圈底部近乎于一个半球。所以，波浪会给浮标带来较少的倾斜时刻，而且弹力细绳可以为科学观测供给一个更稳定的平台。黄色颜料组成的Surlyn四年中，这些黄色浮标仅有稍微的褪色，但是其颜色的保持度比那些着色的钢浮标要好很多。这种泡沫证明很牢靠，尽管它显示出有被撞击和冲击的痕迹，但是其大体真正的使用性能并未有受到破坏。其抗撞击的力量比钢浮标要强的多，钢浮标会碎裂然后生锈。泡沫浮圈也更简洁处理由于它可以紧贴在船上而且在恢复线连接时不会对浮标或船只造成任何损坏。令人惊异的是，泡沫也削减了对浮标的维护工作，由于它并不像钢防护浮标一样易于脏污。浮标用高压清洗机易于清洗，而且使用前在水线下用标准的防污染漆易于着色。我们根本不需要做其他任何日常维护。另一方面，钢浮标需要刮擦、涂底漆、以及在每次使用时进展定期上漆着色。太阳能发电系统浮标数据，遥感系统和传感器均由太阳能发电系统供给动力。四个Solarex64瓦特太能能电池板通过专业概念公司生产的分路开关调整器来装载两个Concord电池公司生产的安时可充电密封胶体干电池。二极管网络将电池连接到数据系统和传感器以防因放电导致一局部系统的瘫痪。所以，两个单独的电力系统有一块电池和两个太阳能电池板，每个太阳能电池板为浮标系统供给动力。这种冗余在过去并未有证明其是必要的，但是增加了牢靠性。早期浮标的太阳能发电系统使用了四种10瓦特装有两个40安时Powersonic胶体干电池的SolarexGLOBEC科学浮标使用四个20瓦特SolarexPowersonic40GLOBEC10Solarex40引起强流流失，并为设备供给令人满足的动力。我们使用10Solarex15至今它们看来仍崭如昨仍在有效工作。早期钢浮标太阳能电池板安装在近水45°角度处。设计理念是让波浪可以冲洗掉因鸟儿停留在浮标上对太阳能电池板产生的脏污。对于额外电力的要求可以通过添加安装高于塔的太阳能电池板来实现，而且它们没有观看不到的脏污。所以，GLOBEC太阳能电池板安装在如建议的用于地面应用的纬度正10°之处。在测试中显示水中光的反射使得这个角度未有像之前想象的那么重要。浮标Surlyn泡沫浮标保护。我们还没有遇到过太阳能电池板破损的现象除了在恢复时它受到船只突出局部的撞击〔在使102。太阳能电池板阵列传输电力给电池系统，然后电池系统传送电力到浮标系统，这一过程是很难3.5安培电至一块胶体干3.7安培，所以我们做的不901.00.75256瓦特”太阳能电池板阵列实际上可以给电池供给80瓦特电力。那时候，太阳能电42〔550〕到电池中。这些数据需要通过太阳角度和白昼时间来进展核算。同时，在较冷天气下，太阳能电池板和电池会表现出较低的效率。调整器对防止胶体干电池的过量充电格外必要。假设充电过量它们会释放氢气，在浮标井中会形成一个易爆炸的环境。我们也安装了一个催化室将氢气和浮标中的全部氧气转化为水，水最终由枯燥剂吸取掉。在电池上有一个穿过阻流二极管的电压降，这样仪表上显示的能量仅移动了低于电池电压的1/3伏。温度缺乏和电池效能低的缘由是我们通常设计电力系统的两个安全因素的其中之一，并且系统已供给了必要的电力。系统有一个另外的问题由于计算机在被不断的供给电力，而且额外的电路为了进展诊断而在始终工作，这样太阳能系统只能在有少量云的长夏季月份中保持不衰退。内部电力掌握时钟承受认可过去成功被使用过的PC/104系泊系泊是浮标和锚之间一个紧拉的彼此顺应的连接。在潜水区域〔深度40-100米，这个系泊必需承受大于6米因海浪和潮水产生的浮标起伏漂移震荡，以及由于电流产生的水平位移。这就有了符合弹性系泊成分的可能。四到六分之一英寸直径的NATASYN橡胶弹性成分〔由浮标技术公司完成和装配而成〕形成了系绳。每个成分需被100100选择系绳的长度是为了给某些特定使用状况供给足够的伸展拉力。在恶劣的天气和高电流状况下弹性往往超过100%。从GLOBEC弹性系绳子中获得的正面阅历被用来开发美国宇航局浮标的弹性系泊。在浅水区部署使用此系统的构造配置图低张力增加了这些系泊的使用寿命，由于削减了对系泊硬件的磨损，这也反过来在增加使用寿命的12改进削减了浮标移动。此系泊的一个特点是水面浮标与近海底的传感器组件通电连接。弹簧线软线组件〔像结实的听筒线〕围着其中一个弹性部件螺旋上升〔弹簧软线组在伍兹霍尔海洋研究所为SSAR漂流浮标工程开发，此工程为GAMOT工程的一局部为了测量全球海洋变暖而设立存在。弹600〕它们#18AWG导线盘旋包围的铁心线，和一个厚厚的外部挤压的橡胶绝热罩组成。0.7英寸厚的电缆螺旋盘围着钢心轴，将最初未处理过的橡胶绝热罩蒸压硫化到螺旋的外形。绝热罩供给了扭转弯曲的刚度和回缩。回缩是弹簧软线在去除外部张力之后收缩到其原来外形的一种力量。弹簧软线螺旋盘绕的包装方向沿着橡筋带多个局部交替进展。我们期望进一步的试验说明弹簧软线可以在没有足够长的外管保护的条件下仍可以使用，以从水面为设备供给动力，并且将数据回送到水面平台以进展存储和遥感。连接器全部电子井的穿透均通过位于浮圈的井之上的三个馈入板来完成。每块板有六个连接器，范围GLOBEC使用某些传统的橡胶塞填6个月的部署中发生了三次小型泄露大事〔数滴坏，那就是由于“冲洗”带切口的电缆而使得少量的盐水进入到数字转换器接口的传感器连接处。所以，要供给任何水都无法进入到井中的坚实阻碍物，只有使用水下连接器。BrantnerandAssociates2〔用于每个太阳能电池板〕12插头〔用于塔上一个单独电子信号调整模块的气象信号〕型连接器。水中传感器的信号沿着系泊强力构件而后传送给浮标。它们受保护避开不被标准的橡胶软管和灭火水龙带所戏弄，那里系着电缆Surlyn泡沫的一个洞并且插入插头到浮标井中的穿板式连接器。我们承受的是全水下甚至全水上的设计理念，由于浮标可能拉到水下或有海浪从上面冲刷过去。因此，连接器能够供给牢靠的电通路，它们易于连接和断开，并且不会泄露。数据系统数据系统由PC/104100Intel80486DX4Linux操作系统。Linux,是一种自由分布，类似于Unix的操作系统，供给了多用户、多程序设计处理保护和觉察于现代桌面工作站的网络容量。支持AX.25协议，分组无线应用的必需物被构建固定为Linux有了多任务操作系统，任务调度，例如翻开或关闭传感器就可以轻易实现，并且多种多样的仪器接口可以被单独开发和执行起来。单一传感器的抽样率可以单独设置。该系统还可以通过软件对单一系泊的多个试验效劳传感器进展配置，通过使用标准的网络工具将数据指引到适当的目的站。〔WinSystems16兆字节的RAM,I/O16位的PC/104总线接口。为了建立嵌入式系统，计算机通过一个单5模拟数据采集通过使用PCM-A/D-1WinSystem16个单端输入输入信道的12位A/D转换器来实现完成。串口多路器〔BayTechH系列〕供给多个连续接口。计算机掌握传感器和无线电传送功率由PC104-PDIS08(WinSystems)8SATPAK-104PLUS-L〔ZeliSystems〕配上一个TrimbleSK8GPS接收器来实现卫星跟踪。以太网接口板完成系统，当浮标未使用时可以远程访问数据系统。1.5Linux系统的性能意味着赐予系统尽可能多时间的能量。供给大量的RAM如系统硬盘一样大幅削减进程交换是一种重要的电力消耗。将来考虑会增加一个电力掌握闹钟，这样系统可以在软件的掌握下在需要保存电力的状况下被准时关闭掉。命令和遥感系统命令和遥感系统是此工程的主要型开发局部。此系统利用型低地球轨道卫星〔LEO〕来使得通过遥感平台发出的数据在数量级方面增加，并且允许命令被传送到浮标。〔数据9600有效波特率的全双向操作。链路层协议是AX.25；应用层是PACSAT一整套协议。PASCAT星中，储存保存很多天，然后往往在同一个卫星经过时由地面站下载下来。同样地，地面站可以上传文件到浮标地址，这里可以识别文件，下载，然后执行其包含的命令。我们自行设计的无线电完全由数据系统计算机进展掌握。软件推测了基于GPS定位和时间的卫星可见度，激活了无线电设备，开头上传，然后在卫星经过时为多普勒频移调整无线电接收器。通过卫星来同步进程侦听情报播送，下载文件到浮标地址。4到5个轨道通过，但是根本上，只有一半是在提升并且在一个可以4-5100千字节生产量的卫星上传大约50据在被二次抽样或上行平分前已被单独的存档。尽管至今只有一种卫星被使用，但是跟踪软件和无线电设计可以与多个卫星进展通信。我们打算将来这么做来增加数据容量，我们的目标是每天至少1传感器05伏的模拟输入，和RS323RS485数据。为了科学争论，本系统将会在如下对整套传感器进展描述。气象观测在水面3浮标的数据系统抽样1赫兹的风，计算矢量平均风速，在平均间隔时间的最小和最大风。测量大气为了与生物争论相结合，我们也做了引入PAR〔光合成有效辐射〕测量。为了完成气象组同样也对大气压力也进展了测量。水中观测包括沿着系泊电缆不同深度下对温度和电导率〔计算盐度和密度〕测量。这些传感器由浮标的数据系统供给动力能量然后将数据回送给浮标来处理、存储和遥感到海岸。声学多普勒海流剖面仪供给了从近水面到大陆架区域底部的海流剖面。底部压力仪器装配在系泊的低处，将围绕柔性弹性系绳的数据发送到浮标。为了将生物和全球气候争论结合在一起，一些生物光学组件通常将会被沿着系泊而隔开。每个都有带有遥感到浮标数据系统的自己的数据系统和4π立体弧度〔标量〕的PAR，叶绿素荧光计，一个投射表或光纤背散射传感器，温度和电导率传感器。为了和海洋水色卫星地面实况争论相结合，7个波段的辐射〔目前设置到SeaWiFS波长。结合的数据允许进展根本的物理和生物争论，而且为全球气候变化争论的局部之一卫星颜色争论的估算绿水辐射供给上升流辐射剖面。致谢浮标的开发由美国航天局/歌达飞行中心供给支持，合同编号为NAS5-97057。我们要感谢美国航天局/歌达飞行中心的斯坦福胡克博士的支持和付出。此项开发借鉴了U.SGLOBECNSFOCE-93-13670OCE-96-32348下的长期系泊程序的阅历和传感器。我们还要感谢SeanKery的初期设计和对浮标供给的帮助，以及PatO’MalleyJeffLord努力和帮助。原文：

TheNextGenerationOceanObservingBuoyinSupportofNASA’s1.IntroductionTheWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution(WHOI)andJacksonandTull(J&T)aredevelopinganimprovedmooredinstrumentedbuoysysteminsupportofNASA”sEarthScienceEnterprise.ThisnewdesignutilizesWHOI”soceanographicexperienceswithbuoys,moorings,andsensingsystems,andJ&T”sexpertisewithaerospacetelemetryandcomputersystems.Thebuoysystemincludescapabilityforafullsuiteofmeteorologicalsensors,watertemperature,conductivity(salinity),bio-opticalsensorsandradiometersatseveraldepthsandanacoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) for currents. The system is capableofdeploymentoncontinentalshelfregionsworldwideforoceansciencestudies,includingoceancolorsatellitegroundtruthvalidation.ItusesthenewgenerationofLowEarthOrbiting(LEO)communicationsatellitesfortwoway,highthroughputcommandanddatatelemetry.BuoyStructureThesenewNASAbuoysystemsareconstructedfromsteelandaluminumwithafoamflotationcollar.Steel,usedforlowcostandsimplicityofconstruction,washotdipgalvanizedandpaintedforprotectionagainstcorrosion.Someoldsteelguardbuoys(submarinenetfloatswithtowersadded)arestillinuseafter20years,solifeshouldnotbeaproblem.Also,makingthebasefromheavysteelbarstockeliminatedtheneedtoaddzincorleadweightsforballastasinaluminumbuoys.Thebuoy’stowerismadeof6061-T6aluminumforlightweight,andelectricallyisolatedfromthesteelbasebyplasticshoulderwashers.Mountedonthetowerarearadarreflector,CoastGuardapprovedflashinglight,telemetryantennas,meteorologysensors,solarpanels,andanARGOSlocatorbeaconantenna.Onesolarpanelcanbeswunguptogainaccesstotheinstrumentationwellinthecenterofthebuoy.Thewellis24”indiameterandabout45”deeptoprovidespaceforthebatteries,solarpanelregulators,powerdistributionsystem,thedataprocessingandstoragesystem,telemetrysystem,andbackupARGOSbuoylocator.Accesstothebuoy’swatertightelectronicswellisthroughahatchinthetop.ThelargediameterallowsapersontoleanintothewelltoworkonbatteriesinthebottomMountingtheelectronicsforeasyservicinghasalwaysbeena problem.InsimilarbutsmallerGLOBEC(GLOBaloceanECosystemsdynamics)buoys,thebatteriesandelectronicsarescrewedtobarsonthesideoftheelectronicswell.Bendingoverthesmallerwellandworkingonthecomponentswasdifficult.Inthisnewbuoy,theelectronicsaremountedonracksthatslidedownfoursplitguidetubesweldedtotheinsideofthewell.Ahardrubberandpinatthetopofeachtubeholdtheracksinplace.Liftingtheelectronicsandbatteriesoutofthebuoyforservicingisstilldifficult.ThenewbuoysystemundergoingtestsofftheWHOIdock.Thefoamflotationcollaristhebasicbuoyhull.Ontopofthetowerthesatellitereceivingantenna(onright)andtransmittingantenna(onleft)aremountedasfarapartaspossible.FlotationCollarASurlynfoamflotationcollar(GilmanCorporation)providesthebuoyancyforthebuoy.InGLOBEC(ourfirstexperiencewiththistechnology)thebuoysweremadewithabout2000poundsofreservebuoyancywithfullpayload.Theinitialdesigngoalwastoenablethebuoystofloattheanchorandnotbedraggeddownandrisksinking.Wehadoneguardbuoywithasmallerfoamcollarmooredbychainthatdidsink.Werecovereditwhendraggingforotherequipment.Thefoamwascompressed,buthasslowlyexpandedtonearlyoriginalsizesincerecovery.Thefoamflotationcouldnotsurvivebeingpulledveryfarunderwaterbyfishingactivity.Thepresentfoamflotationwillpreventthebuoyfrombeingpulledundertothepointthatitloosesbuoyancyandsinks.Forheavierpayloads,alargerdiameterfoamcollarcaneasilyreplacetheexistingonetoprovideincreasedbuoyancy.Tominimizethetiltingmotionofthebuoyinthewavefield,thelowerportionofthefoamiscutwithtwochinessothebottomofthefloatationcollarapproximatesahemisphere.Therefore,thewavescanapplylittletiltingmomenttothebuoy,andwiththeelastictetherprovideamorestableplatformforscientificobservations.TheSurlynfoamisformedwithayellowpigmentindicatingaresearchbuoyandnotanaidtonavigation.DuringthelastfouryearstheyellowcolorofbuoysdeployedonGeorgesBankhasfadedonlyslightly,andheldupbetterthanpaintedsteelbuoys.Thefoamhasprovenreliableandalthoughitshowssomesignsofbeinghit,gougedandroughusageisnotreallydamaged.Itsurvivesbeinghitbetterthanasteelbuoythatwillchipandthenrust.Thefoambuoyisalsoeasiertohandle asitcanbe“snugged”uptothe shiponrecoverywithoutdamagetothebuoyorshipwhilerecoverylinesareattached.Surprisingly,thefoamhasalsoreducedbuoymaintenanceeffortsbecauseitdoesnotbio-foulasreadilyassteelguardbuoys.Thebuoysareeasilycleanedbyapressurewasherandthenrepaintedbelowthewaterlinewith standardantifoulingpaint beforedeployment. Weroutinelyhave doneno maintenance.Ontheotherhand,thesteelbuoysrequirescraping,priming,andregularpaintingeachtimetheyaredeployed.Conversionofpseudo-rigid-bodymodeltocompliantmechanismThebuoydataandtelemetrysystemsandsensorsarepoweredbysolarpower.FourSolarex64WattsolarpanelschargetwoConcordBatteryCorporation105amperehourdeep-cyclesealedgelcellbatteriesthroughSpecialtyConceptsInc.shuntswitchingregulators.Thebatteriesareconnectedtothedatasystemandsensorsthroughadiodenetworktopreventafailureinonepartofthesystemfromdischargingtheother.Thus,therearetwoindependentpowersystemswithonebatteryandtwosolarpanelseachwhichsupplypowertothebuoysystem.Thisredundancyhasnotprovennecessaryinthepast,butaddsalevelofreliability.Solarsystemsonearlierbuoysusedfour10WattSolarexpanelswhichchargedtwo40amperehourPowersonicgellcellbatteries.ThisconfigurationworkedwellintheGulfofMaineandMassachusettsBay.GLOBECsciencebuoysusefour20WattSolarexorSiemenpanelstochargethreePowersonic40amperehourgelcellbatteries.GLOBECguardbuoysusetwo10WattSolarexpanelstochargeasingle40amperehourgelcellbattery.Thesesystemshaveprovenreliable,andunlessanequipmentfailurehascausedhighcurrentdrain,havesatisfactorilypoweredtheexperiments.Wearestillusingsome10WattSolarexpanels15yearsaftertheywereputinservice,andtheyappeartobeworkingjustaswellaswhennew.Thesolarpanelsonearlysteelbuoysweremountedatabouta45° anglenearthewater.Theideawastohavethewaveswashoverthesolarpanelsandcleananyfoulingduetobirdsperchingonthebuoys.Requirementsforadditionalpowerweremetbyaddingsolarpanelshigheronthetower,andtheydidnothaveobservablefouling.Therefore,theGLOBECsolarpanelsweremountedassuggestedforterrestrialapplicationsoflatitudeplus10° .Intestsitappearsthatthereflectionoflightfromthewatermakesthisanglenotasimportantasinitiallythought.TheconfigurationinthenewbuoyshasthepanelsangledoutslightlyfromthetowerwiththepanelsbeingprotectedbytheringatthetopofthetowerandtheSurlynfoamflotationcollaratthebottom.Wehavenotsufferedasolarpanellossotherthanwhenithasbeenhitbyaprotrudingpartoftheshipduringrecovery(twopanelsbrokenin10buoydeploymentyears).、Thepowerdeliveredbythesolarpanelarraytothebatterysystemandthentothebuoysystemishardertocalculate.Thefourpanelsaroundthebuoyassurethatatleastonewillbeindirectsunandthatatleast onewillbein theshade.Inatestofthesysteminclearskyconditionsinlatemorningwiththesunalignedwithonesolarpanel,thatpaneldelivered3.5ampsintoagelcellbattery.Themanufacturer’sspecificationsforthesepanelsstatesthatthemaximumloadcurrentoutis3.7amps,sowearenotdoingtoobadly.Thetwopanels90°fromthesunsupplied1.0ampseach,andtheoneintheshadesupplied0.75amps.Therefore,the“256Watt”solarpanelarraywasactuallysupplyingabout80Wattsintothebattery.Thatday,thesolarpanelsdelivered42ampere-hours(about550Watthours)tothebatteries.Thesenumbersneedtobescaledbythesunangleanddaylighttime.Also,incolderweathersolarpanelsandbatteriesperformlessefficiently.Aregulatorisnecessarytopreventoverchargingofthegelcellbatteries.Ifoverchargedtheyreleasehydrogengas,whichcanform anexplosiveenvironmentinthebuoywell.Wealsomountacatalyticcelltoconvertthehydrogenandanyoxygeninthebuoyintowaterthatisabsorbedbydesiccants.Thereisavoltagedropacrosstheblockingdiodesonthebatteries,sothepowerattheinstrumentationrunsabout1/3voltbelowthebatteryvoltage.Wegenerallydesignpowersystemswithasafetyfactoroftwotoaccountfortemperatureandbatteryinefficiencies,andthesystemshavesuppliedthenecessarypower.Thenewsystemhadanadditionalproblembecausethecomputerwascontinuouslypoweredandadditionalcircuitswereonfordiagnosticpurposes,sothatthesolarsystemcouldonlykeepupduringlongsummermonthswithlittlecloudcover.AninternalpowercontrollingclockwhichpowersdownthecomputerhasallowedPC/104systemstobesuccessfullyusedinthepast,andwillbeaddedtothissysteminthefuture.MooringThemooringisataut,compliantlinkbetweenthebuoyandanchor.Inshallowwaterdepths(40to100m),thismooringmustaccommodatethegreaterthan6mheaveexcursionsofthebuoyduetowavesandtides,andthehorizontaldisplacementduetocurrents.Thisispossiblewithcompliantelasticmooringelements.FourtosixoneinchdiameterNATSYNrubberelastomericelements(terminatedandassembledbyBuoyTechnology,Inc.)formthetether.Eachelementisstretchedabout100%with100lbstension,resultinginaverysoftspringresponse.Thetetherlength isselectedtoprovidesufficientstretch fortheparticulardeploymentconditions.Stretchoftenexceeds100%insevereweatherandhighcurrentevents.ThepositiveexperiencegainedwiththeelastictethersinGLOBECwasusedtodeveloptheelasticmooringfortheNASAbuoy.Atetheroperatesatsignificantlylowertensionslevelsthantheallchainorcablemooring.Theelastictethereliminatesthelargeshockloadsofconventionalmoorings.Thelowtensionsincreasethelifeofthesemooringsduetoreducedwearinthemooringhardware,whichinreturncanreducetheweightofhardwarerequiredwhileincreasingservicelife.Deploymentshaveexceeded12monthswithoutfailure.Theconstanttensiononthebottomofthebuoyreducesbuoymotionforimprovedscientificobservations.Anewfeatureofthismooringiselectricallyconnectingasensorpackageneartheseafloorwiththesurfacebuoy.Acoil-cordassembly(likearuggedtelephonehandsetcable)isspiraledaroundoneoftheelasticelements.(Thecoil-cordsweredevelopedatWHOIfortheSSARdriftingbuoyprogram,partoftheGAMOTprojecttomeasureglobalwarmingoftheoceans.Coil-cordassemblieshavesurvived6millionstretchcyclesinlabtestsandlongdeploymentsinsiderubberstretchhoseswithoutfailure.)Theyareconstructedofacentralbraidedstrengthmember,heavilyinsulated#18AWGconductorsspiraledaroundthecore,andathickouterextrudedrubberjacket.The0.7inchthickcableisspiraledaroundasteelmandrel,andautoclavedtovulcanizetheinitiallyuncuredrubberjacketinitsspiraledshape.Thejacketprovidestorsionalandflexuralrigidityandretraction.Retractionistheabilityofthecoilcordstocontracttoitsoriginalshapeafterremovalofexternaltension.Thewrappingdirectionofthecoil-cordspiralisalternatedinseveralsegmentsalongtheelastic.Wehopethatfurthertestswillshowthatthecoil-cordassemblywillsurvivewithoutexternalhoseprotectionoversufficientlylongdeployments,topowerinstrumentsfromthesurface,andreturndatatothesurfaceplatformforstorageandtelemetry.6.ConnectorsAllpenetrationoftheelectronicswellisdonethroughthreefeedthroughplateslocatedonthewellabovetheflotationcollar.Eachplateholdssixconnectorsthatrangefromcoaxialconnectorsfortheantennastomultiplepinunderwaterconnectorsforthesensorsandpower.GLOBECusedsometraditionalrubberstopperstuffingtubesto bringcoaxialandshieldedmeteorologicalsensorcablesintotheelectronicswell.Therewerethreeoccurrencesofsmall(severaldrop)leakswhichoccurredduringa6monthdeploymentthatleftasalttrailontheinsideoftheelectronicswell.Becauseofdrynitrogenanddesiccants,therewasonlydamageinonecasewhereasmallamountofsaltwatergotontothesensorconnectionsonthedigitizerinterfacedueto“hosing”idable.Therefore,toprovideasolidblocktoanywaterenteringthewell,onlyunderwaterconnectorsarecurrentlybeingused.ThesignalandpowerconnectorsareBrantnerandAssociateswith2(foreachsolarpanel) to 12 pins (for the meteorological signals from a separate electronics conditioningmoduleonthetower).Thesignalsfromthesensorsinthewaterarebroughtupalongsidethemooringstrengthmembertothebuoy.Theyareprotectedfromchaffingbystandardgardenhoseandalsosomefirehosewherethecablesareattachedtochainelementsandgoaroundsensormountingcages.ThecablesthengothroughaholeintheSurlynfoamandplugintobulkheadconnectorsinthebuoywell.Wehaveadoptedthephilosophyofusingfullunderwaterdesignevenabovewatersincethebuoymaybepulledunderorhavewaveswashoverit.Therefore,connectorsarecapableofprovidingreliableelectricalpath,theyareeasilyconnectedanddisconnectedanddonotleak.7.DataSystemThedatasystemisbuiltfromPC/104-formatcomponentswitha100-MHzIntel80486DX4microprocessor,andrunstheLinuxoperatingsystem.Linux,afreelydistributed,Unix-likeoperatingsystemprovidesthemulti-user,multi-programmingprocessprotectionandnetworkcapabilitiesfoundinmoderndesktopworkstations.SupportfortheAX.25protocol,necessaryforthepacket-radioapplication,isbuiltintotheLinuxsystem.Withamulti-taskingoperatingsystem,taskschedulingsuchasturningsensorsonandoffiseasilyimplemented,andthevariousinstrumentinterfacescanbeindependentlydevelopedandexecuted.Samplingratesforindividualsensorscanbesetseparately.Thesystemcanalsobeconfiguredviasoftwaretoservicesensorsformultipleexperimentsonasinglemooringanddirectthedatatotheappropriatedestinationusingstandardnetworkingtools.Thecomputermotherboard(WinSystems,Inc.)contains16MBytesofRAM,I/Ointerfaces,anda16-bitPC/104businterface.Builtforembeddedsystems,thecomputeroperatesfromasingle5voltpowersupplyanddoesnotrequireanattachedkeyboardorvideomonitor.AnalogdatacollectionisperformedusingthePCM-A/D-12(WinSystems),12-bitA/Dconvertorwith16single-endedinputchannels.Multipleserialinterfacesareprovidedbyaserialportmultiplexer(BayTechHseries).Computercontrolofsensorandradiopowerisaccomplishedwith the PC104- PDIS08(WinSystems)8-channel relayboard. SatellitetrackingismadepossiblewiththeSATPAK104PLUS-Lboard(ZeliSystems)matedwithaTrimbleSK8GPSreceiver.Anethernetinterfaceboardcompletesthesystem,givingremoteaccesstothedatasystemwhenthebuoyisnotdeployed.Aconsiderationinusingthistypeofsystemistherelativelylargepowercomsumptionofabout1.5amps.UtilizingthefullcapabilityoftheLinuxsystemmeansleavingthesystempoweredasmuchofthetimeaspossible.ProvidinglargeamountsofRAMreducesprocessswapping substantially as the system hard disk is a significant power consumer.Apower-controllingclockwillbeaddedinthefuturesothatthesystemmaybeturnedoffundersoftwarecontrolwhencircumstancesrequirepowerconservation.CommandandTelemetrySystemThecommandandtelemetrysystemisthemajornewdevelopmentofthisprogram.ThesystemtakesadvantageofnewLowEarthOrbiting(LEO)satellitestomakeanorders-ofmagnitudeincreaseintheamountofdatasentbytheremoteplatform,andtoallowcommandstobesenttothebuoy.Messagesaresentbetweensatelliteandsurfaceusingpacket(digital)radio.Uplinkanddownlinkfrequenciesaredifferent,allowingfull-duplexoperationwithaneffectivebaudrateof9600.Thelink-layerprotocolisAX.25;theapplication-layeristhePACSATsuiteofprotocolsPASCATsatellitesoperateinastore-and-forwardmode,muchlikeelectronicbulletinboards.Datafileswithsuitableheaderscanbeuploadedtothesatellite,storedforuptoseveraldays,andthendownloadedbythe groundstation,oftenduringthesamesatellitepass.Similarly,thegroundstationcanuploadfilesaddressedtothebuoy,whichidentifiesthefiles,downloads,andthenexecutesthecommandstheycontain.Theradio,ofourowndesign,isfullycontrolledbythedatasystemcomputer.SoftwarepredictssatellitevisibilitybasedonGPSlocationandtime,energizestheradio,initiatesuploading,andtunestheradioreceiverforDopplershiftsduringapass.Asimultaneousprocesslistensforinformationbroadcastbythesatelliteanddownloadsfilesaddressedtothebuoy.Ingeneralthereare4to5orbitalpassesofasinglesatelliteeachday,buttypically,onlyhalfareatanelevationandinadirectionthatcanbeefficientlyused.Eachpasslastsfor10to15minutes.Duringagoodpassourcurrentsystemuploadsabout50kbytesofdataforathroughputofabout100kbytes/daypersatellite.Thisnumberdoesnotconstrainourdata-takingprogramsincealldataareseparatelyarchivedonboardbeforebeingsubsampledoraveragedforuplinking.Althoughonlyonesatellitehasbeenusedtodate,thetrackingsoftwareandradiodesignarecapableofcommunicatingwithmultiplesatellites.Weplantodosointhefuturetoincreasethedatathroughputtowardsatargetofatleast1Mbyte/dayofdata.8.SensorsThedatasystemandsensorinterfaceisversatileandabletoacceptanaloginputsfrom0to5volts,andRS232andRS485serialdata.Forscientificstudies,thesy