礼貌原则-英语

BacktoGrice’sCPA:We’llallmissRobinHarrandBob,won’twe? B:Well,we’llallmissRobinHarr.第一页1第二页，共54页。Leech(1983)definesPOLITENESSasformsofbehaviorwhichareaimedattheestablishmentandmaintenanceofcomity,i.e.,theabilityofparticipantsinasocial-communicativeinteractiontoengageininteractionatanatmosphereofrelativeharmony.第二页2第三页，共54页。Leech’sPolitenessPrincipleMinimize(otherthingsbeingequal)theexpressionofimpolitebeliefsandMaximize(otherthingsbeingequal)theexpressionofpolitebeliefs.第三页3第四页，共54页。The6maximsofLeech’sPPtactmodestygenerosityapprobationvsvsagreementsympathy第四页4第五页，共54页。Leech’sPolitenessPrincipleTactMaxim

(inimpositives/directivesandcommissives)a.Minimizecosttootherb.MaximizebenefittootherGenerosityMaxim

(inimpositives/directivesandcommissives)a.Minimizebenefittoselfb.Maximizecosttoself第五页5第六页，共54页。ExamplesTakeaseat./Haveabanana.Waitasecond.Couldyousharpenthesepencils,please.(lesspolite)Couldthesepencilsbesharpened,please.(morepolite)

-----------------------------------------------Icanofferyoumycarifyouneedit.

YoucanoffermeyourcarbecauseIneedit

Icandropyouintownifyoulike.

Youcandropmeintown.Maximsoftactandgenerosity第六页6第七页，共54页。GuYueguo(1990)’srevision:TheTactMaxim(inimpositives)(i)Atthemotivationallevel(a)Minimizecosttoother(includingcontent-andmanner-regulatingsenses)(ii)Attheconversationallevel(a)MaximizebenefitreceivedTheGenerosityMaxim(incommissives)(i)Atthemotivationallevel(a)Maximizebenefittoother(includingcontent-andmanner-regulatingsenses)(ii)Attheconversationallevel(a)Minimizecosttoself第七页7第八页，共54页。Politenessscale:Cost–benefit

(havetodowithcontent-regualting)Haveanothersandwich.Enjoyyourholiday.Lookatthat.Sitdown.Handmethenewspaper.Peelthesepotatoes.benefittohcosttoh第八页8第九页，共54页。Politenessscale:Directness/optionality

(havetodowithmanner-regualting)Couldyoupossiblyanswerthephone?Wouldyoumindansweringthephone?Canyouanswerthephone?Willyouanswerthephone?Iwantyoutoanswerthephone.Answerthephone.indirectdirect第九页9第十页，共54页。ApprobationMaxim

(inexpressivesandassertives)a.Minimizedispraiseofotherb.MaximizepraiseofotherMaximofmodesty

(inexpressivesandassertives)a.Minimizepraiseofselfb.MaximizedispraiseofselfSource:Leech1983:81,132.第十页10第十一页，共54页。Speech-regulatingA:Icandropyouintownifyoulike.B:It’sverykindofyou,butitwillcauseyousomeinconvenience,won’tit?A:No,notatall.I’mgoinginthatdirection.B:Thankyouverymuch.第十一页11第十二页，共54页。ExamplesWhatamarvelousmealyoucooked!

Whatanawfulmealyoucooked!

A: ThisisoneofthebestarticlesI’veeverread.B: Yes,it’sbrilliant,isn’tit?我这个大老粗，不会说话。Maximsofapprobationandmodesty第十二页12第十三页，共54页。Leech’sPolitenessPrincipleAgreementMaxim

a.Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandotherb.MaximizeagreementbetweenselfandotherYes/Right/Ithinkso./Me,too./Can’tagreemore.Source:Leech1983:81,132.第十三页13第十四页，共54页。Partialagreement/tokenagreementA:That’swhereyoulive,Florida?B:That’swhereIwasborn.A:Youhateyourmomanddad..B:Sometimes.A:Haveyougotfriends?B:Ihavefriends.So-calledfriends.Ihadfriends.Letmeputthatway.第十四页14第十五页，共54页。Leech’sPolitenessPrincipleSympathyMaxim

a.Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandotherb.MaximizesympathybetweenselfandotherSource:Leech1983:81,132.第十五页15第十六页，共54页。Politeness:ExamplesI’mterriblysorrytohearaboutyourcat.I’mdelightedtohearaboutyourcat.Maximofsympathy第十六页16第十七页，共54页。ReminderTactMaxim>GenerosityMaximApprobationMaxim>ModestyMaximSubmaxim-a>Submaxim-bIllocutionarygoalsvs.socialgoals---politenessCompetitiveacts:requesting,ordering,refusing,etc.Convivialacts:offering,inviting,thanking,etc.Collaborativeacts:reporting,instructing,etc.Conflictiveacts:threatening,cursing,etc.第十七页17第十八页，共54页。ClashandtradeoffbetweenmaximsA:Whatanicejumperyou’rewearing.B:Oh,it’saveryoldone.A:Whatanicejumperyou’rewearing.B:Yes,it’sbeautiful,isn’tit?Modestyandagreement第十八页18第十九页，共54页。A:My,whatasplendidgardenyouhavehere-thelawnissoniceandbig,it’scertainlywonderful,isn’tit?B:Ohno,notatall,wedon’ttakecareofitatallanymore,soitsimplydoesn’tlookasniceaswewouldlikeitto.A:Ohno,Idon’tthinksoatall-butsinceit’ssuchabiggarden,ofcourse,itmustbequiteatremendoustasktotakecareofitallbyyourself;butevenso,youcertainlydomanagetomakeitlookniceallthetime:itcertainlyisniceandprettyanytimeoneseesit.B:No.I’mafraidnot,notatall...第十九页19第二十页，共54页。Whentwomaximscomeintoconflict,wehavetoallowonemaximtotakepriorityovertheother.Intheaboveexample,theJapanesewomanputModestyMaximatapriorpositionoverAgreementMaxim,whileEnglish-speakerswouldbeinclinedtofindsomecompromisebetweenviolatingtheModestyMaximandviolatingtheAgreementMaxim.第二十页20第二十一页，共54页。

ThegreatervalueattachedtotheModestyMaximinJapanesecultureisindicatedfurtherbythegreaterdegreeofunderstatementemployedingivingpresents.AnEnglishpersonmaycallhisgift“small”,theJapanesemaygofurther,andsay:

“Thisisagiftwhichwillbeofnousetoyou,……”(ModestyMoverruleQualityM)Ahostmayevengototheextremeofdenyingtheexistenceofthefoodheisoffering:

“Thereisnothing(toeat),butplease……” (ModestyMaximoverruleQualityMaxim)第二十一页21第二十二页，共54页。ClashbetweenmaximsQuantityandagreementA:Thiswasamarvellousconcert.B:Well,thefirstpiecewasquitenice.第二十二页22第二十三页，共54页。PragmaticParadoxParadoxarisesfromtheconflictof2maxims,herefromtheconflictoftheModestyandApprobationMaxims,justasitmayarisefromtheconflictofTactandGenerosityMaximswhenanoffer/invitationisrepeatedlydeclined.Inthiscase,thepragmaticparadoxtakestheformofrepeatedlydenyingthetruthofacompliment.第二十三页23第二十四页，共54页。Trade-offbetweendifferentmaximsA:Youweresokindtous.B:Yes,Iwas,wasn’tI.

Inofferingfoodtoaguest,aJapanesemaysay:Pleasehaveone!(thissentenceapparentlyminimizesgenerosity,butattachgreaterimportancetomodesty:tooffermorethanoneistosuggestthatone’sfoodiswortheating.)第二十四页24第二十五页，共54页。ImplicationorApplication

Cross-culturalpragmatics(Thomas,1995) AlotofresearchhasbeenmadeintotheculturaldifferencesinobservingLeech’sPolitenessPrincipleandthosespeechactsthatarecloselyrelatedtopoliteness,suchasrequest,apology,compliment,refusal,etc.Interlanguagepragmatics Researchhasbeendoneinthedifferenceinidentifyingpolitenessscalebetweennativesandsecondlanguagelearners.

第二十五页25第二十六页，共54页。CriticismofPPLeech’smodelhasattractedalotofcriticism.Ithasmainlybeencensuredfortheunlimitednumberofmaximswhichcanbeproducedtoexplaineveryperceivedregularityinlanguageuse(cf.Barron2003:17;Spencer-Oatey2000b:39;Thomas1995:167).ThismakesLeech’sapproach“atbestinelegant,atworstvirtuallyunfalsifiable”(Thomas1995:167).第二十六页26第二十七页，共54页。Thesixmaximsarenotsetaccordingtothesamecriteria,someforpolitebehavior,someforpolitespeech.第二十七页27第二十八页，共54页。Furthermore,empiricalresearchhasrevealedthatthereisnotalwaysapositivecorrelationbetweenpolitenessandindirectness(cf.Blum-Kulka1987:136ff.;Blum-Kulka1990:269ff.;Held1996:78),makingLeech’sequationofindirectnessandpolitenessuntenable.Moreover,Kasper(1990)criticizestheconversational-maximviewforitslackofanyempiricalbasis(Kasper1990:194),andissupportedbyWattsetal.(1992:7)andTaylorandCameron(1987:97)whojudgeLeech’stheorytobetootheoreticaltoapplytoreallanguage.AfinalcriticalaspectconcernsLeech’snarrowfocusonthepolitesideoflanguageandhisneglectofalltypesofuncooperativecommunication(cf.Trosborg1995:25).第二十八页28第二十九页，共54页。Politenessisculture-specificPolitenessisuniversal,i.e.itcanbeobservedasaphenomenoninallculturesDespiteitsuniversalitytheactualmanifestationsofpoliteness,thewaystorealizepoliteness,andthestandardsofjudgmentdifferindifferentcultures.第二十九页29第三十页，共54页。Leech,1983Someeasterncultures(e.g.ChinaandJapan)tendtovaluetheModestyMaximmuchmorehighlythanWesterncountries.English-speakingculture(particularlyBritish?)givesprominencetotheMaximofTact.MediterraneanculturesplaceahighervalueontheGenerosityMaximandalowvalueontheModestyMaxim.第三十页30第三十一页，共54页。DifferencesinPolitenessBetweenEnglishandChineseCulture

ModestyA:Yournewskirtisverybeautiful.B:Thankyou!外国客人：你的工作做得很好。中国服务员：不，我的工作还有许多缺点。第三十一页31第三十二页，共54页。Modesty:RespondingtocomplimentsWhenbeingcomplimented,anEnglish-speakingpersonwouldreadilyacceptthecomplimentbysayingsomethinglike“Thankyou”toshowhisappreciationofthepraise.AChinesespeakerwouldtrytodenythetruthofthecompliment.Self-denigrationhasbeenatthecoreofChinesenotionofpolitenessforovertwothousandyears.Theybotharebeingmodestandtheyboththinktheyarebehavingproperly.第三十二页32第三十三页，共54页。StudiesofPolitenessinChina徐盛桓，礼貌原则新拟

（外语学刊，1992/2）Gu,Yueguo,PolitenessphenomenainmodernChinese.JournalofPragmatics,

1990:14,237-257.顾曰国，礼貌，语用与文化

（外语教学与研究，1992/4）第三十三页33第三十四页，共54页。注意交际者身份，促进各方关系，注重得体性。1．注意自身一方（1）适合自己身份地位的话，不说不适合自己身份地位的话。（2）说话通常倾向于较为谦逊。徐盛桓教授的模式第三十四页34第三十五页，共54页。2.尊重对方（1）说适合对方身份地位的话，不说不适合对方身份地位的话。（2）对于对方，话语通常倾向于较为尊重或客气，尊重客气的程度 （i）同对方尊长或同他们跟自己疏远的程度成正比。 （ii）同对方付出的代价的程度成正比。 （iii）同对方要求他人付出的代价成反比。第三十五页35第三十六页，共54页。A:Excuseme,butwouldyoupleasetellmehowtogettoMartinPlace?”B:Well,gostraight,andthenturnleft.Youwon’tmissit.第三十六页36第三十七页，共54页。3.考虑第三方

充分注意到交际时在场的第三方，不说影响到他们身份地位的话。如果有需要，可以说适合他们身份地位的话。充分注意话语中提及的第三方，不说影响到他们身份地位的话，如果有需要，可以说适合他们身份地位的话。

第三十七页37第三十八页，共54页。ExampleSeveralladiesandgentlemenareattendingadinnerparty.Attheendofit,Mr.Liucomments,“Ah,MissLiisthemostbeautifulgirltonight.”第三十八页38第三十九页，共54页。

FournotionsunderlyingtheChineseconceptionof“limao”(Gu,1990):Respectfulness:appreciationoradmirationofother(concerningthelatter’sface,socialstatus…)[largelyidenticalwiththeneedtomaintainthehearer’spositiveface]Modesty/Self-denigration[thoughvaryingintheimportanceattachedtoitindifferentcultures,istoalargeextentuniversal;buttointerpretitasself-denigrationisuniquelyChinese]Attitudinalwarmth:demonstrationofkindness,consideration,hospitalitytoother[bearsastrongChinesetraitfordemonstratingkindnessandconsiderationandhospitality,thespeakerrunstheriskofinfringingonthehearer’spersonalfreedom,thusthreateninghisnegativeface]Refinement:self’sbehaviortootherwhichmeetscertainstandards[representsthenormativecharacterofpoliteness,which,thoughuniversal,hasnotbeenmentionedinanyimportanttheoryconcerningpolitenessraisedbywesternscholarssofar]GuYueguo’ssetofpolitenessmaxims第三十九页39第四十页，共54页。ThisformulationhasintegratedcertainfeaturesuniversallyrecognizedintheconceptionofpolitenessinvariousculturesandcertainfeaturessomuchemphasizedintheChinesecultureastobealmostuniquelyChinese.第四十页40第四十一页，共54页。“自卑而尊人”与贬己尊人准则(Themaximofdenigratingoneselfandelevatingtheothers)上下有义，贵贱有分，长幼有等”与称呼准则(Addressingmaxim)彬彬有礼”与文雅准则(Refinementmaxim)“脸”“面子”与求同准则(Agreement-seekingmaxim)“有德者必有言与德、言、行准则”(Virtue,speechandactmaxim)PolitenessmaximsspecifictoChina(Gu,1992)第四十一页41第四十二页，共54页。ThetraditionofhumblingoneselfandhonoringothersliesattheverycoreofChinesewayofpoliteness.Inmoderntimes,self-denigrationandself-effacingtaketheplaceofhumblingoneself.Themaximofself-denigrationandother-respectingrequiresthatoneshouldbemodestandhumbleinaddressingoneselfandthingsrelatedtooneself.Ontheotherhand,whenoneaddressingahearerandthingsrelatedtothehearer,heshouldtrytoelevateandhonorthehearer.e.g.鄙人，小弟您老，阁下

小儿，小女令郎，令爱愚见，拙见高见，尊意“自卑而尊人”与贬己尊人准则第四十二页42第四十三页，共54页。上下有义，贵贱有分，长幼有等”与称呼准则Thismaximmanifestsitselfinthewayofaddressing,whichshowsthesocialrelationbetweenpeople,andthechangeofwhichmoreorlessindicatesthevariationsinpeople'srelationship.e.g.姓+老师（学生对老师），老先生（对长者），小朋友（对小孩），大使夫人您好（不说大使老婆你好）Therefore,addressingmaximmeansgreetotherswithappropriateterms.第四十三页43第四十四页，共54页。Refinementmaximdemandstheuseofrefinedstatementandavoidanceofvulgarspeech,andalsodemandsmorefrequentuseofeuphemismsinsteadofdirectwayofspeaking.彬彬有礼”与文雅准则第四十四页44第四十五页，共54页。Virtue,speechandactmaximmeanstryingeverymeanstominimizethecostofothersandmaximizethebenefitsofotherswhenmeaningtodosomething;tryeverymeanstooverstateone'sbenefitsandunderstateone'scost.甲：鸡我帮你买。乙：行吗？太麻烦你了。你不是要到邮局去吗？甲：顺便。放在车篓里，又不费事。乙：那太谢谢你了。“有德者必有言与德、言、行准则”第四十五页45第四十六页，共54页。Theso-calledagreement-seekingmaximdenotesthatboththespeakerandthehearerseekagreementwitheachotherinmanyrespectsandtrytheirbesttomeetthedesireoftheotherside.Forexample,whenonehastoscoldothersorairdifferentview,theytendtopraisetheothersidebeforespeakingouthisdisagreement.Inmakingarequest,whichisnotimpoliteinnature,oneexposeshisfeelingtothehearer.“脸”、“面子”与求同准则第四十六页46第四十七页，共54页。ChenXinren:Normativepolitenessvsstrategicpolit