东北师范大学2010年考博真题及解析

东北师范大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartІ1.Intellectistothemindsightis＿＿tothebody.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.like答案：Awhat这时连接两个句子，表示“有如”或“就像…一样”。what只有用在这种“A对于B来说就象C对于D一样”句型当中时。Airistomanwhatwateristothefish.空气对于人类来说就象水对于鱼来说一样重要。2.Iregret＿＿youthatIcan’tgotoHangzhouforavisitnextSundaywithyou,becauseI’vecaughtabadcold.A.leavingB.tellingC.totellD.left答案：Cregrettodosth遗憾要做某事(动作还没发生)regretdoingsth后悔做过某事(动作已发生)regrettotellyouthat...遗憾要告诉你...regrettellingyouthat...后悔告诉了你...3.ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,＿＿byDr.SamuelJohnson,wasthefirstrealattemptasasystematicandinterestinglywrittensurveyofEnglishusage.A.constructedB.compiledC.composedD.collected答案：Bcompile编译，编制，编辑4.Sheisas＿＿ashermotherisbeautiful.A.plainB.commonC.dullD.humble答案：APlain在此意为“相貌平平的、不好看的”，与其后的beautiful相对两者比较项目不同，用完整模式。是为了强调对比,表示她的姿色十分平庸，但是她母亲却美艳动人。5.Ifyoukeepgettingwrongnumbers,yourphonecouldbe＿＿.A.deceptiveB.ineffectiveC.deficientD.defective【翻译】：如果你总是拨错电话号码，那么你的电话可能是有问题（毛病）的。【答案】：D【解析】：选项中defective做形容词，表示具有结构、功能、智力或举止行为不正常的特点的，常用来表达（某个东西）有缺陷，不够完美。近义词还可以是faulty，符合题意。这里面干扰最大的是Cdeficent，做形容词表示数量和程度的缺乏（比如维他命摄入不足，如果是用defective意思就成了维他命的本身有缺陷），也可以表示缺乏某种重要的品质或要素（比如缺德）6.Thecakehastoomuchsugarinit,but＿＿It’sOK.A.anotherofthatB.otherthanthatC.thatotherD.noneotherthan答案：Botherthanthat除此之外7.Wedidholdameetingyesterday,butyou＿＿,sowedidnotinformyou.A.didnotneedtoattendB.needn’tattendC.didnotneedattendingD.needn’thaveattended答案：A8.PresentattheChristmaspartywerethetwoprincessesandtheir＿＿husbandsandtheDukeofEdinburgh.A.respectableB.respectfulC.respectiveD.respected答案：CRespective各自的；respectful充满尊敬的；respectable可敬的，值得尊敬的，respected受到尊敬的9.Sheisalwaysfashionablydressedandlooks＿＿amongthegirlsinplainclothes.A.outstandingB.unusualC.distinguishingD.conspicuous答案：Dconspicuous显眼的，惹眼的（veryeasytonotice）,outstanding突出的，显著的（extremelygood）。10.They’veboughtaholidaycottageneatthesea,andin＿＿coursetheyplantomovetherepermanently.A.dueB.futureC.comingD.intended答案：Ainduecourse及时的，在适当的时候11.Thosepeoplewhoare＿＿aremostwelcometothepoliticians.A.credibleB.incredibleC.unbelievableD.credulous答案：DCredulous意为“轻信的，易受骗的”12.Afterwemadetheimprovement,therewereonly＿＿asbefore.A.one-tenthdefectiveproductsasmanyB.one-tenthasmanydefectiveproductsC.defectiveproductsone-tenthasmanyD.defectiveproductsasone-tenthmany答案：BOne-tenth和asmany都是修饰名词的，放在名词前。13.Thewholeembarrassing＿＿inthebarwasagreatdisappointmenttothemandsetabadexampleofEnglishhospitality.A.incidentB.accidentC.thingD.matter答案：Aaccident--意外事件,事故matter---事件,实质,原因,文件,素材...incident---小插曲,偶发事件,小事件14.＿＿heneededmoneyforanewcar,hedecidednottoborrowitfromthebank.A.AsmuchB.MuchthoughC.MuchasD.Thoughmuch答案：C这是as的一个倒装形式，正常的句子是这样的：Asheneededmuchmoneyforanewcar,hedecidednototborrowitfromthebank.as在这里有尽管的意思，但是由于这句话像突出“much”，所以将其如此倒装。例如：尽管他是个孩子，但是他英语却说得很流利。Asheisachild,hespeaksexcelentEnglish.当倒装的时候就变成了这样的句子：Childasheis,hespeaksexcelentEnglish.突出了孩子这一说法。一般都是名词，形容词或者副词会被提前，句子的从句倒装，而主句照写。15.TheClarkshaven’tdecidedyetwhichhotel＿＿.A.tostayB.istostayC.isforstayingD.tostayat【答案】D【解析】在这里whichhoteltostayat作动词decide的宾语，由于which要在该不定式中作成分，因此不及物动词stay后必须跟介词at，例如：Ihavegotaloafofbread；nowI´mlookingforaknifetocutitwith.我有一块面包，我在找一把小刀将它切开。Heisthebestmantoconsultwith.他是可以与之商量的最合适的人。16.Obviously,theChairman’sremarksattheconferencewere＿＿andnotplanned.A.substantialB.spontaneousC.simultaneousD.synthetic(1998年英语专业四级)答案：BSpontaneous自发的17.After＿＿seemedanendlesswait,itwasherturntoenterthepersonnelmanger’soffice.A.thatB.thereC.whatD.it答案：C因为after后面缺少一个宾语，而seemed前面缺少一个主语，所以我们要选一个既能充当after的主语又能充当seemed的关系代词，what就是答案，因为what相当于something+which。18.Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighboringcountry,＿＿bythepoliceeachtime.A.hadbeencapturedB.beingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecapturedD.unfortunatelycaptured答案：Conlytobedone做结果状语，常常表示一种意想不到的或者是不好的结果。A不能做状语B现在分词状语表示经常性的动作，而这里不是经常性的动作，意思不对，所以不选Dcaptured只表示某一次的动作，与eachtime相矛盾19.Fatcannotchangeintomuscle＿＿musclechangesintofat.A.anymorethanB.nomorethanC.nolessthanD.muchmorethan答案：A(not)anymorethan和...一样不能因为前面已经有了not脂肪不能变成肌肉，这跟肌肉不能变成脂肪一样。20.Thelocalauthoritiesrealizedtheneedtomake＿＿forelderlypeopleintheirhousingprogrammes.A.preparationB.requirementC.specificationD.provision答案：DA,makepreparationsfor做准备B.requirement要求C.specification要求，规定D.makeprovisionfor提供，供给句子的意思是：地方当局（政府）意识到在他们的住房计划中有必要为老人提供住房。二、ReadingcomprehensionPassageOne（2008年十月在职硕士全国联考英语真题）WhenIsawthenotice”Womenfilmextraswanted”inalocalnewspaper,Ijumpedatthechance.Sincechildhood,Ihaddreamtofbeingafilmstar.Thecastinginterviewwentwell,andtwodayslaterIwastoldthatIhadbeenchosen.Iwastolosesomeofmyenthusiasmfortheidea,however.Extrasareoftenleftinthedarkforsometimeastowhichroletheywillplay.Finally,thenatureofmyrolewasrevealed;Iwasaskedtoplayamentalhospitalpatient.Despitemydisappointment,Iagreedtoparticipate.Then,barelyaweeklater,thedayoffilmingdawned.All13ofusextras,mainlyhousewives,weredriventoanoldhospital.Thecoffeeandteatheyserveduslookedandtastedlikecement.Thenwewererushedofftomake-up.Myhairwaspinnedbackandmake-upwasappliedthatgavemeapaleappearance.Thenwejustsatinaminibusforafewhours,asthecamerasrolledelsewhere.AfterthesecondhourhadpassedIwasbecomingbored.Ibetstarsarenevertreatedlikethis,Ithought.IhadexpectedtobesobusythatIhadn’tcomepreparedforalongwait.Manyoftheothershadbroughtabookorknitting.Threehourshadnowpassed.Thenatlastwewerecalledtodoourscenes.Whenthedirectorcamein,wewereinstructedwheretostandandwhattodo.Alongwithafewother,Iwastoldtositatatableandweavebaskets.Thiswasnotaneasytask.Thecane(藤条)wehadtousewasverylong.Onseveraloccasionsmybasketfellapartinfrontofmyveryeyes.OnothersIonlysucceededinhittingacameramanintheeye.Lifefortheotherextraswasfarfromeasy.Jean,whowasbarefoot,hadtocirclethefloor.PoorAlicewasaskedtopretendtobangherheadagainstthewall.Meanwhile,Veronicasweptthefloor.Thankfully,afterjustafewattempts,thescenesweredone.Andsomyfirsttasteofthis“glorious”careerwasover.AlthoughIfoundtheexperiencequiteinteresting,myfirstscreenrolewillalmostcertainlybemylast.21.Theword“extras”usedinthisstorymean,peoplewho____.A.playunimportantpartsinafilmB.havelittleexperienceofactingC.pretendtobefilmstarsD.needapart-timejob22.Accordingtothestory,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueabouttheauthor?A.Sheunderstoodclearlythatmostfilmstarsusedtobeextras.B.Shedidn’trefusetheroleassignedtoheralthoughshedidn’tlikeit.C.Unlikeotherwomenwhowerereadingorknitting,shewasbusywithherscene.D.Theonlythingshedidwellwastousethecaneasaweapon.23.Alice,oneofthe13womenextras,wasprobablyplayingtheroleof____.A.adoctorworkinginthementalhospitalB.anursewhowashelpingherpatientsC.anotherpatientwithmentalproblemD.anotherhousewifebusywithherwork24.Fortheauthor,thefirstexperienceofactinginafilmwas____.A.almostanadventureB.arealnightmareC.veryinspiringD.quiteunpleasant25.Thebesttitleforthisstorycouldbe____.A.InFashionB.AFancyDreamC.OnCameraD.AGreatCareer21．A。本题是猜词题。在第一段中提到Sincechildhood，Ihaddreamtofbeingafilmstar．从童年时代起，我就一直梦想做电影明星。结合下文讲到的作者的一次拍电影的经历可知，该词的意思“临时演员”。22．B。本题是细节题。A项意思是尽管她不喜欢分配给她的角色，她还是没有拒绝。作者一开始欣然接受，但是后来知道自己要演的是一个精神病人。紧接着提到Despitemydisappointment，Iagreedtoparticipate可知B项正确。A项文中没有提到，C、D两项与文章不符。23．C。本题是细节题，答案在第六段Alicewasaskedtopretendtobangherheadagainstthewail．Alice被要求假装把头往墙上撞，即扮演精神病人。24．D。细节题，答案在最后一段，再结合前文的描述，可知作者这次做临时演员的经历不是adventure，也不是nightmare，更不是inspiring，而是unpleasant。25．C。本题是主旨题。本文讲述的是作者做临时演员的一次经历，所以C选项是正确答案。PassageTwo（2007年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语）It'satypicalsnoopycard:cheerfulmessage,brightcolors,thoughalittleyellowandfadednow.ThoughI'vereceivedfancier,moreexpensivecardovertheyears,thisistheonlyoneI'vesaved.Onesummer,itspokevolumestome.IreceiveditduringthefirstJuneIfacedasawidowtoraisetwoteenagedaughtersalone.Inalltheemotionalconfusionofthissuddensingleparenthood,Iwasoverwhelmedwith,ofallthings,thesimplesthousework:leakytaps,oilchanges,evenbarbeques(烧烤).Thosehadalwaysbeenmyhusband'sjobs.IwasembarrassedeverytimeIhitmythumbwithahammerorcouldn'tgetthelawnmower(割草机)started.Myuncertainattemptsonlyfueledthefearinsideme:HowcouldIbebothafatherandmothertomygirls?Clearly,Ilackedthetoolsandskills.Onthisparticularmorning,mygirlspushedmeintothelivingroomtoseesomething.(Iprayeditwasn'tanotherrepairjob.)The"something"turnedouttobeanenvelopeandseveralwrappedbundlesonthecarpet.MypuzzlementmusthavebeenplainasIgazedfromthecolorfulpackagestomydaughters'brightfaces."Goahead!Openthem!"Theyurged.AsIunwrappedthepackages,Idiscoveredasmallbarbecuegrill(烧烤架)andallthenecessaryobjectsincludingagreenkitchenglovewithafrogpatternonit."Butwhy?"Iasked."HappyFather'sDay！"theyshoutedtogether."Momsdon'tgetpresentsonFather'sDay.'Iprotested."Youforgottoopenthecard.'Janereminded.Ipulleditfromtheenvelope.TheresatSnoopy,ontopofhisdoghouse,merrilywishingmeaHappyFather'sDay."Because,"thegirlssaid,"you'vebeenafatherandmothertous.Whyshouldn'tyouberememberedonFather'sDay?"AsIfoughtbacktears,Irealizedtheywereright,Iwantedtobea"professional"dad,whohadthelatesttoolsandknewallthetricksofthetrade.Thegirlsonlywantedaparenttheycouldcountontobethere,dayafterday,performingrepeatedlythemaintenancetasksofbasiccareandlove.Thegirlsaregrownnow,andtheystillsendmeFather'sDaycards,butnoneofthosecardsmeansasmuchtomeasthatfirstone.Itssimplemessagetoldmebeingagreatparentdidn'trequireanyspecialtoolsatall--justawillingworker.26.By"itspokevolumestome",(Par&1)themotherinthestorymeansthecard__A.conveyedsignificantmeaningstoherB.arousedgreatsorrowinherC.broughtherpleasantfeelingsD.madeherfeelimportant27.Afterherhusband'sdeath,themotherfounditwasthehardesttoA.handletheemotionalshockB.facetheterriblelonelinessC.keepharmonyofthefamilyD.fulfillamaleroleinthehouse28.Whatpuzzledthemotherwhenherdaughteraskedhertoseesomethingonemorning?A.Itwasnotanotherrepairjobthistime.B.Bothofherdaughterslookedexcited.C.Shegotgiftsatthattimeoftheyear.D.Thebundlesonthefloorwerewrapped.29.ThegirlsgavetheirmotherabarbecuesetprobablybecauseA.itwaswhattheirmotherwantedB.itwasaproperFather'sDaygiftC.barbecuewastheirfavoritefoodD.theywantedtheirmothertobarbecue30.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutthefirstFather'sDaycard?A.Itmadethemothereagertogetthelatesttools.B.Itpraisedthemotherasaprofessionaldad.C.Itsfancydesignimpressedthemothermost.D.Itshowedthegirls'appreciationfortheirmother'slove.26.正确答案：A解析：出现在文章的第一段。解答这种问题，需要结合其前后的句义来理解。从第二句看起；"尽管过去几年，我都会收到一些既精美又昂贵的卡片，但是这张卡片却是我保存下来的惟一的一张"。通过对这个句子的分析，得知这张卡片对文中的女主人公有着不寻常的意义。所以A选项符合题意。27.正确答案：D解析：本题的内容出现在文中的第二段。该段讲到，由于这个女主人公丈夫的去世，使得她不得不去做一些本该由男人去干的事情。请注意本段最后一句：HowcouldIbebothafatherandmothertomygirls?Clearly，Ilackedthetoolsandskills"．对我的孩子们来说，我怎么可能承担起既当父亲又当母亲的责任呢?很明显，我缺乏必要的工具和技能"。综上分析，得知D选项为正确答案。其他选项都只是谈到了该段中的一部分，不够全面。28.正确答案：C解析：考查考生把握细节的能力，本题出现在文中第三段。本题的题目要求是：当女儿让母亲在那天早晨看些东西的时候，是什么让这个母亲感到不解?通读第三段发现最后一句mypuzzlementmusthavebeenplainasIgazedfromthecolorfulpackagestomydaughters'brightfaces．"母亲盯着女儿们红润的脸颊，一脸的茫然"。我们可以得知C选项为正确答案。其他选项均是将文中部分词语拿来作为干扰项，大家需要仔细辨别。29.正确答案：B解析：本题出现在文中第四段。该段中讲到，母亲在女儿们的催促下，打开了盒子，看到了一个烧烤的架子和其他一些必需品，母亲对此不解。纵观全段，可以排除A，C，D三个选项，文中并没有提及。故B选项为正确答案。30.正确答案：D解析：通读全文，可知A选项错误。这位母亲并不是急于要得到干活的工具，文中只是表达了她作为单身母亲在这种情况下的无奈，故不选。B选项有一定的迷惑性，但是阅读文中倒数第二段，得知母亲只是wantedtobea"professional"dad，事实上。只是有这种想法，但还不是一个职业的父亲，注意这里引号的用法，所以不选。C选项也不正确，文中是提到了孩子们的礼物设计得很有想象力，但是这并不是让母亲难以忘怀的理由，其根本原因是孩子们为什么会送给母亲礼物，故不选。D选项正确，孩子们正是通过在父亲节这一天送给母亲礼物表达了她们对母亲的感激之情。Passagethree（2006年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语）Don'thavetimetoreadanymore?Nowyoucangetfree,quickliteratureviaemail.Morethan100,000peopleopentheiremaileachdaytoreadachapterofabook,throughChapter-A-Day,anonlinebookclubcreatedtwoyearsago.It'safreeemailservicethatprovidesashortdailyreadingforbusypeople,exposingthemtoliteraturetheymaynotfindontheirown,inspiringsometorecommittothereadinghabit.About550publiclibrarysystemsrepresentingover3,000branchlibrariesalreadyhavesigneduptoofferChapter-A-Day.Viaemail,participantsgetaboutfiveminutes'worthofreadingeveryday.Afterthreechaptersareemailed,theinstallmentsstop,andthosewhowanttokeepreadingcanborrowthebookattheirpubliclibraryorpurchaseitonline.Chapter-A-Dayhaseightfreebookclubs,andsellsthousandsofbookseachmonth.Chapter-A-Daystartedin1999whenSuzanneBeecher,alifelongbooklover,realizedhowmanyofthewomenwhoworkedpart-timeforhersoftwarepanydidn'thavetimeintheirbusylivestoread.Shedecidedtotypepartofachapterofabook,andsendittoheremployeesthroughemail.Thenextdayshetypedalittlemore,andcontinuedtosendliteraryinstallmentseachday.Shesaysshestartedgettingfeedbackfromthestaffabouthowreadingmadethemfeel."Theyerested,andrealizedthat,thoughtheydidn'thavetimeintheirbusylivesforreading,justreadingthatlittlebiteachdaygotthembackinthehabit".Realizingthatmanyotherpeoplecouldbenefit,shedecidedtotaketheideaevenfurtherandstartanemail"chapter-a-day"bookclubtohelpotherseasetheirwaybackintodailyreading."Readingmakeschangesinpeople'slives."Beechersays.PatDempsey,alibrarianatapubliclibraryinOhio,hasfoundChapter-A-Dayhelpsherlibraryclientsgetbackinthehabitofreading."It'sadifferentwaytogetpeoplehookedonbooks,"shesays.31.Chapter-A-Dayisintendedtohelppeople__.A.getbackintothehabitofreadingB.relievestressfromofficeworkC.findinterestingbooksonlineD.buybooksmoreconveniently32.Thepassagewaswrittenin_.A.1999B.2000C.2001D.200233.ItcanbeinferredthatthroughChapter-A-Day__.A.publiclibrarieshavebecomecrowdedwithreadersB.MSBeechermademuchmoneyforhersoftwarecompanyC.peoplebegintoreadveryslowlyandpatientlyD.peoplecannotfinishreadinganybookonline34.Theword"installment"inthepassageprobablymeans"".A.alibraryemailB.ararepieceofliteratureC.afreenovelD.apartofabook35.MsBeecherdecidedtoexpandherChapter-A-Dayservicebecause.A.over3,000librarieshadjoinedB.manyotherpeoplecouldbenefitC.eightbookclubssupportedherD.freeemailservicewasavailable31.正确答案：A解析：本题是原文重现题，我们可以在第一段第四句中找到相应的对照：It'safreeemailservicethatprovidesashortdailyreadingforbusypeople，exposingthemtoliteraturetheymaynotfindontheirown，inspiringsometorecommittothereadinghabit．这是一项免费的电子产品服务，为工作繁忙的人们提供简短的每日一读，使他们接触一些可能自己无法找到的文学作品，促使他们恢复以前的阅读习惯。32.正确答案：C解析：本题是细节题，第一段第二句中提到Chapter-A-Day创建于两年前，第二段第一句明确提出Chapter-A-Day的创建时间“1999”年，由此可推断出这篇文章的写作时间是2001年。33.正确答案：C解析：题干中关键句式“Itcanbeinferredthat…”表明此题是推断题，考查学生对文章的理解能力，通读全文后，可以发现C项最符合题意。34.正确答案：D解析：本题是词汇题，考查根据上下文推测词义的能力。该词在第一段和第二段均出现过，从第一段“Afterthreechaptersareemailed，theinstallmentsstop，andthosewhowanttokeepreadingcanborrowthebookattheirpubliclibraryorpurchaseitonline．”可以推断出该词的意思。35.正确答案：B解析：从第二段倒数第二句话中可以找出正确答案：Realizingthatmanyotherpeoplecouldbenefit，shedecidedtotaketheideaevenfurtherandstartanemail"chapter-a-day"bookclubtohelpotherseasetheirwaybackintodailyreading．TextDBackintheolddays,whenIwasachild,wesataroundthefamilyroundtableatdinnertimeandexchangedourdailyexperiences.Itwasn'tveryorganized,buteveryonewasrecognizedandallthenewsthathadtobetoldwastoldbyeachfamilymember.Welistenedtoeachotherandtheinterestwasnotput-on;itwasreal.Ourfamilywasaunitandwesupportedeachother,andnurturedeachother,andlikedeachother,and—wewereevenwillingtoadmit—welovedeachother.Today,thefamilyroundtablehasmovedtothelocalfast-foodrestaurantandtalkisnoteasy,muchlessencouraged.Grandma,whousedtoliveupstairs,isnowthevoiceonlongdistance,andtheworkingparentisfartoobeatendowneachdaytospendeveningrelaxationtimelisteningtothesandboxexperienceofaneagerfour-year-old.Sofamilyconversationisasextinctasmyoldtoysandparentalquestionssuchas"Whathaveyoubeendoing,Bobby?"havebeenreplacedby"I'mbusy,gowatchtelevision.”AndwatchTVtheydo;countthembythemillions.Butit'susuallynotchildren'stelevisionthatchildrenwatch.Saturdaymorning,thechildren'shour,amountstoonlyabout8percentoftheirweeklyviewing.Wherearetheytobefound?Watchingadulttelevision,ofcourse,fromtheMatchGameinthemorning,totheafternoonatGeneralHospital,fromthemuggingsandbattlesontheeveningnewsrightthroughthefamilyhourandpastintoStarskyandHutch.That'swhereyoufindourkids,overfivemillionofthem,at10p.m.,notfewerthanamillionuntilaftermidnight!Allofthisisdonewithparentalpermission.Television,usedwell,canprovideenrichingexperiencesforouryoungpeople,butwemustuseitwithsomesense.Whenthecarpetisclean,weturnoffthevacuumcleaner.Whenthedishesareclean,thedishwasherturnsitselfoff.Notsothetelevision,whichisonfromthesuninthemorningtothemoonatnightandbeyond!Parentsmustexercisesomecontrolandshowsomeconcernabouttheculturalinfluenceonthechildwhenaprogramnotintendedforthatchildisviewed.Parentsneedtointervene（干涉）.Noninterventionmaybeawisepolicyininternationalaffairs,buttheresultsofparentalnoninterventionwillnotbewiseatall.36.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphsonemayinferthatthewriter'saattitudetowards"theolddays"is______.A.preferringB.hatingC.beingtiredofD.disappointing37.Whatdoes“beatendown”meaninthefourthparagraph?A.boringB.verytiredC.busyD.angry38.Accordingtothewriter,whoistoblameonchildren’swatchingtoomuchtelevision?A.thetelevisionstationsB.thesocietyC.TVprogramsD.theirparents40.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A.Parentalnoninterventionwillnotbepraised.B.Noninterventionmaybeagoodpolicyininternationalaffairs.C.Parentsmustexercisesomecontrolandshowsomeconcernabouttheculturalinfluenceonthechildren.D.Parentsneedtointervene.答案：36.A37.B38.D39.C40.CTextEAlthoughfewwoulddenythatitisbettertoberichthanpoor,forsomepeoplethequestformoneyissoall-consumingthatitextinguishesallotheraspectsoflife.Thecauseoftheurgetomakeenormoussumsofmoneyvarieswiththeindividual,butoftenmoneyisasubstituteforsomethingaperson'slifelacks.Tosome,moneymeanssecurity.Tosome,itmeanspower.Toothers,itmeansthepossibilityoflove,andtoafourthgroup,itmeanscompetitionandwinningthegame.Atremendousneedforpowerisinvariablythebottomlineforthosedriventomakealotofmoney.Thebiggerthepile,themorepowerfultheythinktheywillfeel.Parentsandfamilybackgroundalsoinfluenceaperson'spursuitofmoney.Manypeoplewhogrewuppoorandthenmadeafortuneliveinfearthattheywillloseit.Othersstriveformoneytocompetewiththeirwealthy,successfulparents.Makingmoneyforitsownsakecanbeaddictinglikehigh-stakesgambling.Themoretheyearned,thebiggertheirappetite.Theypaidgreatpricefortheirinsatiabilityformoneyintermsoftheirlivingquality.Forexample,theirobsessionwithmoney-makingrendersthemunabletoenjoywhattheyhaveearned.Instead,theyjustworkatsuchanintensepaceandundersuchstrenuouspressurethattheytotallyneglectedthemselves.Hencetheemergenceofvariouskindsofpsychologicalandphysicalproblems,likeimpotence,insomnia,heartattacksandproblemswithaspouseorchildren.TextFIfthenewartisnotaccessibletoeveryone,whichcertainlyseemstobethecase,thisimpliesthatitsimpulsesarenotofagenericallyhumankind.Itisanartnotforpeopleingeneralbutforaspecialclasswhomaynotbebetterbutwhoareevidentlydifferent.Beforewegofurther,onepointmustbeclarified.Whatisitthatthemajorityofpeoplecallaestheticpleasure?Whathappensintheirmindswhenthey“like”aworkofart;forexample,aplay?Theansweriseasy.Theylikeaplaywhentheybecomeinterestedinthehumandestiniesthatarerepresented,whentheloveandhatred,thejoysandsorrowsofthedramaticpersonagessomovethemthattheyparticipateitallasthoughitwerehappeninginreallife.Andtheycallawork“good”ifitsucceedsincreatingtheillusionnecessarytomaketheimaginarypersonagesappearlikelivingpersons.Inpoetrythemajorityofpeopleseekthepassionandpainofthehumanbeingbehindthepoet.Paintingsattractthemiftheyfindinthemfiguresofmenorwomenitwouldbeinterestingtomeet.Itthusappearsthattothemajorityofpeopleaestheticpleasuremeansastateofmindthatisessentiallyindistinguishablefromtheirordinarybehavior.Itdiffersmerelyinaccidentalqualities,beingperhapslessutilitarian,moreintense,andfreefrompainfulconsequences.Buttheobjecttowardwhichtheirattentionand,consequently,alltheirothermentalactivitiesaredirectedisthesameasindailylife:peopleandpassions.Whenforcedtoconsiderartisticformsproper-forexample,insomesurrealisticorabstractart-mostpeoplewillonlytoleratethem„iftheydonotinterferewiththeirperceptionofhumanfom1sandfates.AssoonaspurelyaestheticelementspredominateandthestoryofJohnandSusiegrowselusive,mostpeoplefeeloutoftheirdepthandareatalossastowhattomakeofthescene,thebook,orthepainting.AworkofartvanishesfromsightforabeholderwhoseeksinthatworkofartnothingbutthemovingfateofJohnandSusieorTristanandIsolde.Unaccustomedtobehavinginanymodeexceptthepracticaloneinwhichfeelingsarearousedandemotionalinvolvementensues,mostpeopleareunsurehowtorespondtoaworkthatdoesnotinvitesentimentalintervention.Nowthisisapointthathastobemadeperfectlyclear.Neithergrievingnorrejoicingatsuchhumandestiniesasthosepresentedbyaworkofanbeginstodefinetme45artisticpleasure;indeed,preoccupationwiththehumancontentoftheworkisinprincipleincompatiblewithaestheticenjoymentproper.*TristanandIsoldewerestar-crossedloversinamedieval46.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwiththe(A)livesartistsleadasopposedtotheonestheyimagine(B)emotionalimpactof