高考英语复习主旨大意题-北京真题再现学案

高中主旨大意题真题再现宇晨期中考试-细节题分析宇晨期中考试-细节题分析高中主旨大意题真题再现宇晨期中考试-细节题分析宇晨期中考试-细节题分析一、 题型识别1.WhatismainlydiscussedinParagraph2?WhatisthemainideaofParagraph3?Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat .Thelastparagraphmainlydealswith .WhatcanweconcludefromParagraph2?二、 答题方法排除法：首先排除含有细范信息的选项；找出段落主旨句（一般是第一或第二句）或总结句,画出关键词；如果岀现以下三类信息，其后的句子才是主旨句：1） 让步转折词although,but,however等；2） 对比类信息（时间对比、事物对比、观点对比）；3） 表结果的连接词so,thus,therefore等。如果全段都是细节或问题，那么主旨句可能有如下三种情况：1）上二段的段落主旨句或总结句（通常有代词提示）;2） 下一段的段落主旨句或总结句（对问题的回答通常在下一段）；3） 考生根据细节信息自行概括。将主旨信息与选项进行比对，找出同义转述和改写。三、 正确选项特征一定是段落主旨句或总结句的同义转述和改写。四、 错误选项特征段落暨里范的同义转述和改写；段落细节间的无关关联；未提及的新信息；极端词选项,如never,only,比较级或最高级等。【例题1】2019北京卷DBytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms（海洋微生物）calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolorfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolorvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.•Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolor.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.【答案】B解析：第一段只有一句话，因此这句话就是主旨句。其中thanksto（多亏……）表原因，即因为全球气候变暖，全世界海洋的颜色都将会变得更蓝、更绿。本题考查两段话的主旨，但利用做题技巧，第一段唯一的一句话必然和第二段的主旨有交集。因此，考生做题时可以直接根据第一段的语义来选答案B。第二段的主旨句不是第一句，因为最后一句话出现了表结果leadto。所以最后一句才是主旨句，即气候变暖会使特定区域藻类的生长速度此消彼长，从而导致海水外观改变。【答案】C解析：本段没有转折和因果信息，因此第一句就是主旨句，即斯坦福大学的认知科学家认为孩子无法习得颜色词汇的原因可能和这些词汇在英语中的使用方式相关，所以答案选C。【例题2】2020朝阳期末C【答案】C解析：本段没有转折和因果信息，因此第一句就是主旨句，即斯坦福大学的认知科学家认为孩子无法习得颜色词汇的原因可能和这些词汇在英语中的使用方式相关，所以答案选C。Cognitive（认知）scientistsatStanfordUniversityinCaliforniasupposedthatchildren'sincompetenceatcolor-wordlearningmaybedirectlylinkedtothewaythesewordsareusedinEnglish.Theyareusedmostlyinpre-nominalposition（e.g."bluecup"）,incontrasttopost-nominalposition（e.g.“Thecupisblue.”）.Thedifficultychildrenhavemaysimplycomedowntothechallengeofhavingtomakepredictionsfromcolorwordstotheobjectstheyreferto,ratherthanfromtheobjectstothecolorwords.•WhatisthepurposeofParagraph2?Topresentaphenomenon.Tomakeacontrast.Togiveapossibleexplanation.Toprovideanexample.Passage1（2017北京卷D）Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪恶）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（Al）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论）,putitthisway："Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere（干预），wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay .runoutofhumancontrolsatisfyhuman'srealdesirescommandarmiesofkillerrobotsworkfasterthanamathematicianPassage2（2013北京卷A）TheEPhasnoexposedheatingpartsthatcancauseafire.TheoutsideofEPonlygetswarmtothetouchsothatitwillnotburnchildrenorpets.WhatismainlydiscussedinParagraph2?TheheatoftheEP.ThesafetyoftheEP.TheappearanceoftheEP.ThematerialoftheEP.Passage3（2013北京卷C）Thephenomenonoftrackingcelebritieshasbeenaroundforages.Inthe4thcenturyB.C.,paintersfollowedAlexandertheGreatintobattle,hopingtopicturehisvictoriesforhisadmirers.WhenCharlesDickensvisitedAmericainthe19thcentury,hisold-outreadingsattractedthousandsof:ans,leadinghimtocomplain（抱怨）abouthislackofprivacy.Tabloidsofthe1920sand1930sranarticlesaboutfilm-starsinmuch:hesamewaythatmoderntabloidsandwebsitesdo.WhatisthemainideaofParagraph3?A.Greatheroesofthepastweregenerallyadmired.B.Theproblemfacedbycelebritieshasalonghistory.C.Well-knownactorsareusuallytargetsoftabloids.D.Worksofpopularwritersoftenhavealotofreaders.Passage4（2012北京卷D）LeeLane,avisitingfellowattheHudsonInstitute,takestheopposingview.Heacknowledgesthatwildernessesdoprovideusefulservices,suchaswaterconservation.Butthatisnot,heargues,areasontoavoidallhumanpresence,orindeedcommercialandindustrialexploitation.ThereareevermorepeopleontheEarth,andtheyreasonablyandrightfullywanttohavebetterlives,ratherthanmerelystruggleforsurvival.Whilethewaysofusingresourceshaveimproved,thereisstillagrowingneedforrawmaterials,andsomewildernessescontaintheminabundance.Iftheycanbetappedwithoutreducingtheservicesthosewildernessesprovide,theargumentgoes,thereisnofurtherreasonnottodoso.Beinguntouchedisnot,initself,acharacteristicworthvaluingaboveallothers.•WhatisthemainideaofParagraph3?A.Theexploitationisnecessaryforthepoorpeople.B.Wildernessescannotguaranteebetteruseofrawmaterials.C.Usefulservicesofwildernessesarenotthereasonfornoexploitation.D.Allthecharacteristicsconcerningtheexploitationshouldbetreatedequally.Passage5（2021门头沟一模B）AsBrahmexplained,ifyoubreakdownthecharacter"wu",itconsistsoftwocharacters:Oneis“ge",meaningdagger-axe;theotheris"zhi”，meaningtostop.So,themeaningofmartialartsinChineseisnotthe“artoffighting”，aconceptthatmanypeopletakeforgranted.Onthecontrary,hesaid,kungfuistheartofstoppingfighting.•WhatdoesParagraph2reallywanttotellus?Thecharacter"ge”means“tostop”.Kungfuisthe“artofnon-violence”.Thecharacter"wu”consistsoftwocharacters.MartialartsinChinesemeansthe“artoffighting".Passage6（2021石景山一模C）> Portcitiesbecomeindustrial,financialandservicecentersandpoliticalcapitalsbecauseoftheirwaterconnectionsandtheurbanconcentrationwhichdrawstoitrailways,highwaysandairroutes.Watertransportmeanscheapaccess,thechiefbasisofallportcities.Manyoftheworld'sbiggestcities,forexample,London,NewYork,Shanghai,TokyoandSanFranciscobeganasports-thatis,withland-seaexchangeastheirmajorfunction.Althoughtheirportfunctionsarenolongerdominantnow,theyremaindifferentkindsofplacesfromnonportcitiesandtheirportfunctionsaccountforthatdifference.WhichwouldbethebestheadingforParagraph3?Goodports,hugeprofitcentersOnceaportcity,alwaysaportcityWatertransport,basisofportcitiesPortfunctions,afeatureofbigcitiesPassage7（2021西城期末A）.WhatAreWeTalkingAbout?It'scalledtheMozzyJFBkWatch.Itisastylishandcomfortablebandthatinstantlybringspeaceofmind,foritkeepsthoseannoyingmosquitoesaway.Itismadeofahardenedceramicmaterial,soitisverytoughandalmostunbreakable.Buthowthisdeviceprotectsyouagainstannoyinginsectsistrulyamazing... MozzyWatchusesultrasonicsoundstorepel（驱除）mosquitoesandflies!Theseultrasonicfrequenciesarecompletelyharmlesstohumansandpets.Atfirst,wewereskepticalabouthowthisdevicecouldworkwithouttheuseofchemicals.So,wedecidedtotestitandtheresultswereamazing.EveryoneonourteamexperiencedwonderfulresultsafterusingMozzyWatch.•WhichwouldbethebestheadingforParagraph2?A.WhyDoWeNeedMozzyWatch?B.WhoAreSuitabletoWearMozzyWatch?C.HowDoesMozzyWatchWorktoProtectYou?D.HowDidOurTeamDotheTestonMozzyWatch?Passage8（2021西城期末C）IncooperationwithateamfromMIT,heETHteamtestedtheirnew,TRAP-basedsearchalgorithmintwoseparateoceanexperimentsnearMartha'sVineyard,whichonthenortheasterncoastoftheUnitedStates.Workingfromthesamereal-timedataavailabletotheCoastGuard,theteamsuccessfullyidentifiedTRAPsintheregioninrealtime.Theyfoundthatbuoysandmanikins（浮标和人体模型）throwninthewaterindeedquicklygatheredalongtheseemergingcurves."Ofseveralcompetingapproachestestednthisproject,thiswastheonlyalgorithmthatconsistentlyfoundtherightlocation,saysHaller.•Paragraph5mainlytalksabout .thecollectionofdatathetestingofthealgorithmtheidentificationoftheTRAPsthecooperationoftworesearchteamsPassage9（2021海淀期中C）Ofcourse,I’veheardargumentsagainstaskingcycliststoregisterandlicensetheirbikes.Somepeoplemightsay,uLittlekidsridebikes.Wouldyourequireasix-year-oldridertotakeatestandpayafee?”Obviously,thecitycoulddetermineanagewhencyclingcouldbeconsideredaumeansoftransportationonpublicroads”.Otherpeoplearguethatbicyclefeesareunfairbecausebikesdon'tdamagetheroadwaysascarsdo.Bicycleregistrationfeescouldbecomparativelymodest,andthemethodfordisplayingalicensenumbercouldbesimple.What