集成电路简介

集成电路简介集成电路是将三极管、电容、电阻和其它元件高度密集在一个芯片上。Anintegratedcircuitcontainstransistors,capacitors,resistorsandotherpartspackedinhighdensityononechip.尽管其功能与分立元件搭成的电路相似，但集成电路的内部结构与分立元件是不同的。三极管、电容、电阻超级小，且高密度做在硅片上，它们是由照相印刷技术组成的。Althoughthefunctionissimilartoacircuitmadewithseparatecomponents,theinternalstructureofthecomponentsaredifferentinanintegratedcircuit.Thetransistors,resistors,andcapacitorsareformedverysmall,andinhighdensityonafoundationofsilicon.Theyareformedbyavariationofprintingtechnology.集成电路种类繁多，其中还包括专用集成电路。TherearemanykindofICs,includingspecialuseICs.上图左侧是SN7400，它包括4个分离的2输入与非门电路。每边各有7个引脚，共有14个管脚。集成电路的这种封装形式称为双列直插式(DIP)。当集成电路只有1列引脚，这种封装形式称为单列直插式(SIP)。ThetopleftdeviceinthephotographisanSN7400.Itcontains4separate"2inputNAND"circuits.Thereare7pinsoneachside,14pinstotal.ICsinthisformarecalledDualInlinePackage(DIP).WhenanIChasonlyonerowofpins,itiscalledaSingleInlinePackage(SIP).引脚的数量依托于集成电路的功能。上图的左下方是一个14引脚DIP集成电路管座。ThenumberofpinschangesdependingonthefunctionofIC.AtthebottomleftisanICsocketforusewith14pinDIPICs.ICscanbeattacheddirectlytotheprintedcircuitboardwithsolder,butit'sbettertouseanICsocket,becauseyoucaneasilyexchangeitshouldtheICfail.OnthetoprightisanLM386Naudioamplifier.Itcanbeusedforamplificationoflowfrequency,lowpowersignals.IThas8pinsandthemaximumoutputis660mW.OnthebottomrightisaTA7368P,whichalsoisforamplificationoflowfrequencyelectricpower.Ithasamaximumoutputofwatts.Itisa9pinSIPIC.CommonICsBelow,themostcommonICsareshown.(ThosepartsthatIusemost.)Forextensivedetailsoneachpart,seethecorrespondingdatasheet.ThepartnumbersoftheSN74seriesICsarewrittenwitha74,oftenfollowedbyLSorHC.LS(LowpowerShottky)indicateslowpowerconsumption.HCindicatesthedeviceisHighspeedC-MOS(Complementary-MetalOxideSemiconductor),andisalsoalowpowerconsumptionIC.Theaveragecurrentconsumptionforeachtypeofchipislistedbelow.ThecurrentshownisforwhenthedeviceisinaLOWstateoutput.InthecaseoftheLOWstateoutput,currentconsumptionismuchgreaterthanintheHIGHstateoutput.SN7400-----22mASN74LS00-----SN74HC00-----SeveralkindsofICsarenotavailableintheLSorHCtype.Forexample,SN7445isnotavailableinLSorHC.ItisavailableonlyasSN7445,thenormaltype.NameFunctionVccPinAssign(TopView)RemarksSN74HC00Quad2InputNAND+5V2inputNANDcircuitsentered4piecesSN74HC04HexInverters+5VInvertercircuitentered6pieces

SN74LS42BCDtoDECIMAL

Decoder+5VOneofoutputtakesLOWstateserectedbythebinaryinput.SN7445.BDCtoDECIMALDecoder/Driver+5VOpencollectortypeofMaxcurrentofoutputis80mA.SN74LS47BCDtoSegmentDecoder/Driver+5VFrontViewDrivingICof‚VsegmentsLED.OpencollectortypeMaxresistancevoltage:15V6and9displytype:RelatedSN74HC73DualJK-FFs

WithClear+5V2piecesofJK-FFSN74LS90DecadeCounter+5VAsynchronous2+5counter.Asyncpreset:9AsyncclearRelatedSN74HC934-BitBinaryCounter+5VAsynchronous2+8counter.SN74HC123DualRetriggaerableSingleShot+5VSingleshotresisterholdstheoutputintherequiredtimefromtheinputstatesgoestoON.

TheoutputholdingtimecorrespondstoC(capacitor)andR(resistor)connectedtotheCext(Externalcapacitor)andRext(Externalresistor)respectivly.SN74LS247BCDtoSegment

Decoder/Driver+5VFrontView6and9displytype:RelatedSN74LS290DecadeCounter+5VThistypeisthesameastheSN7490,withadifferentlayoutofpins.

RelatedSN74HC390DualDecadeCounters+5VTypethatinserted2SN7490.Presetting9isomitted.

Related4040B12BitBinaryCounter(CMOS)+5V12-stageBinarycounter.Ithasaclearfunction.Countsdownwardwithanexternalclockpulse.4541BProgarammable

Oscillator/Timer

(CMOS)+5VProgrammable16stagebinarycounter.

UsedinRCoscillationcircuits,powerreset,outputcontrolcircuits.

Tapoutputsof8,10,13,16bitsarepossiblebythecontrolterminal.NE555Timer+to+16VMaxfrequency:500kHz

Temperaturedrift:%/°C.Maxoutputcurrent:200mA.Delaytimesetting:severalmicrosectoseveralhoursLM386N-1Lowfrequencyelectricpoweramplifier+4to12VMaxoutput:660mWLoad:8to32-ohmWaitingcurrent:4mALM386N-4Lowfrequencyelectricpoweramplifier+5to18VMaxoutput:Load:8to32-ohmWaitingcurrent:4mATA7368PLowfrequencyelectricpoweramplifier+2to+10VMaxoutput:Load:4to16-ohmuPC319Voltagecomparator5to18V±5To±18VStandardgeneralusecomparatorwithsinglepowersupply/dualpowersupplyoperationOthercompatibleICsLM319NJM319AN13197975Multi-melodyIC(CMOS)+to+3VMelodyICthatincludes8pre-programmedmelodies.Ithas2soundresourcesandasettableenvelope.TitleGreen-SleevesFurEliseHeavenlyCreaturesIchbineinmusikante

ValseFavoriteHolderiaAmaryllisHomeOnTheRangeThreeTerminalVoltageRegulatorItisveryeasytogetstabilizedvoltageforICsbyusingathreeterminalvoltageregulator.Thepowersupplyvoltageforacaris+12V-+14V.Atthisvoltage,someICscannotoperatedirectlyexceptforthecarcomponentICs.Inthiscase,athreeterminalvoltageregulatorisnecessarytogettherequiredvoltage.Thethreeterminalvoltageregulatoroutputsstabilizedvoltageatalowerlevelthanthehigherinputvoltage.Avoltageregulatorcannotputouthighervoltagethantheinputvoltage.Theyaresimilarinappearancetoatransistor.Ontheleftinthephotographisa78L05.Thesizeandformissimilartoa2SC1815transistor.Theoutputvoltageis+5V,andthemaximumoutputcurrentisabout100mA.Themaximuminputvoltageis+35V.(Differsbymanufacturer.)Ontherightisa7805.Theoutputvoltageis+5V,andmaximumoutputcurrentis500mAto1