非谓语动词用法辨析

非谓语动词用法辨析(一)非谓语动词在句中的成分不定式几乎可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分，动名词起名词的作用。现在分词和过去分词起形容词和副词的作用。(二)非谓语动词在同一成分中用法的辨析1．做主语：-般来说，不定式和动名词成份相同时，表示客观性、一般性行为为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。Lookingafterchildrenisherjob.Tocleantheclassroomishisjobtoday.2．做宾语：Ilikeswimming,butIdon'tliketoswimtodaybecauseIdon'tfeelwell.(1)．有些动词只能接不定式做宾语，这些动词接上不定式，含有明显的主观性和将来性意义。如：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)，等等。Herefusedtospeakontheradio.Hedesiredtoseeyou．(2)．.有些动词只接动名词做宾语，这些动词接上动名词，含有明显的"依据往事或经验来作出理解和判断"的意思。mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，permit，appreciate，consider，miss，dislike，keep(on)，avoid，permit，imagine，risk，escape，admit，stand(忍受)，allow，forbid，excuse，等等。短语动词：giveup，putoff，lookforwardto，feellike，insiston，objectto，prevent…from，setabout，can'thelp，be/getusedto等短语：beworthdoing，benogooddoing，benousedoing，bebusydoing等Themotherdidagreetolettheboyriskswimmingacrosstheriver.Shecan'tstandhavingnothingtodoathome.Hiswifedoesn'tallowsmokinginsidetheroomandoftenadvisedhimtogiveupsmoking.Allthefamilyinsistedonmystayingwiththemafewdayslonger.It'snogoodlearningwithoutpracticing.I'mlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Shedoesn'tfeellikeeatinganything，beingillforafewdays.(3).有些动词后面既可接不定式，又可接动名词，其意义基本相同，区别不大。如；like，love，hate，delay，continue，attempt(企图)，afford(提供)，prefer．omit(省略)，begin，start.TheEinsteins,however,couldnotaffordtopayfor(or：payingfor)theadvancededucationthatyoungAlbertneeded.Ipreferstaying(tostay)athomeonSunday.注意：begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。Whenwecamein,theywerebeginningtohavesupper.Afterhisexplanation,Ibegantounderstandit/realizethatIwaswrong.(4).有些词后面既可以接不定式．亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：A．remember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=havingdone)，接不定式，表示将来意义：PleaseremembertobringmethebookIwantnexttime.Irememberseeingher(=havingseenher)somewherebefore.Don'tforgettowritetomesoon.Ineverforgetvisiting(=havingvisited)themforthefirsttime.Iregretmissingthatgoodfilmlastweek.(后悔干……事)Iregretnottaking(nothavingtaken)youradvice.IregrettosayIcan'ttakeyouradvice.(遗憾=besorry)B．mean：meantodo=wanttodo打算，想要……；meandoing：意味着，就是Iamsorry,Ididn'tmeantohurtyourfeelings，Imeanttocallonyou,butIwassobusy.Learningaforeignlanguagedoesn'tmeanjustworkinginclass.C．stop：stoptodo停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stopdoing停止干……，动名词作宾语。Aftersometime,theystoppedwalkingandhadarest.Afterwalkingsometime,theystoppedtohavearest.D．try：trytodo，努力，试图干……事；trydoing：试着干……事Hesearchedeverywhereandtriedtofindhiskey.Hecametothecityfromthecountrysideandtriedtofindajob.Themotherisoutandtheboyhadtotrycookingforhimself.Theytriedtosucceedandtrieddoingtheirexperimentsagainandagain.E．want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，表示"需要、该……"；接不定式，表示"想，要干……"Theroomwantscleaning.Thebikerequiresrepairing.Theseyoungtreesrequirelookingafter.Thematterneedsthinkingover.(=tobethoughtover)AMr.Wangwantstoseeyou.Youdon'tneedtoleavesoearly.F．goon：goontodo继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。goondoing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。Afterasmoke，hewentontellingusthatinterestingstory.AfterwritinghisEnglishcompositionhewentontoworkouthismathsproblems.G．动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。Doctorsadvisegivingupsmokingtobenefitone'shealth.Thedoctoradvisedhimtogiveupsmokingsoastoimprovehishealth.Shedoesn'tallow(permit)smokinginherroom.=Shedoesn'tallow(permit)anyonetosmokeinherroom.Parkingisforbiddenhere.=Anycarsnotpermittedtoparkhere.3．做宾补：不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为，以及将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为，亦可表示-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态，及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。WhenIcamein,Isawherdancinghappily.IoftenhearhersingsongsinEnglishinherroom.Shecamerunningtowardsus.Theywalkedalongthestreets,talkingandlaughing.Hewentintothehouse,followedbysomechildren.Hecontinuedtowalkupanddown,lostinthought.下面是历年高考题：做做看！(78)1.I'veheardhim_____aboutyouoften.A.spokeB.speaksC.speak(79)2.I'mhungry.Getmesomething_____.A.eatB.toeatC.eatingD.foreating(79)3.Thereisn'tanydifferencebetweenthetwo.Ireallydon'tknow_____A.wheretochooseB.whichtochooseC.tochoosewhatD.tochoosewhich(79)4,Theteachertoldthem_____makesomuchnoise.A.don'tB.notC.willnotD.notto(79)5.Isawhim_____outoftheroom.A.goB.hadgoneC.hasgoneD.goes(79)6.I'mgoingtohavemyradioA.fixedB.tofixC.fixD.fixing(80)7.Theworkerswantus_____togetherwiththem.A.workB.workingC.toworkD.worked(80)8.Theofficersnarrowlyescaped_____inthehotbattle.A.havekilledB.tokillC.tobekilledD.beingkilled(80)9._____theletter,hewentouttopostit,A.WritingB.BeingwrittenC.HavingwrittenD.Written(80)10.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair_____againstyourface.A.movedB.movingC.movesD.tomove(81)11.Don'tyouremember_____?A.seeingthemanbeforeB.toseethemanbeforeC.sawthemanbeforeD.tohaveseenthemanbefore注；第11题A．D答案均为正确(83)12.Peoplecouldn'thelp_____thefoolishemperorintheprocession.A.laughatB.tolaughatC.laughingatD.laughingon(83)13.What'sthelanguageinGermany?A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak(83)14.We'relookingforward_____thephotoexhibition.A.tovisitingB.tovisitC.tohavingvisitedD.visiting(83)15.Ourheadmasteroftentoldus_____thingsforgranted.A.nottohaveB.nottotakeC.didn'ttakeD.nottomake(83)16.Thegirl_____underthattreeismysister.A.sittingB.sitsC.issittingD.sat(84)17.___someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.A.FollowedB.FollowedbyC.BeingfollowedD.Havingbeenfollowedby(84)18.Doyouremember_____meatapartylastyear?A.meetB.tomeetC.meetingD.met(85)19.Thissentenceneeds_____A.animprovementB.improveC.improvingD.improved(85)20."Whatareyougoingtodothismorning?""I'mthinkingof_____tovisitmyaunt."A.goB.goingC.havinggoneD.mygoing(85)21._____anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual.A.NotknownB.KnownnotC.KnowingnotD.Notknowing(85)22."Haveyoudecidedwhen_____?""Yes,tomorrowmorning."A.toleaveB.tobeleavingC.willyouleaveD.areyouleaving(85)23.Ireallyenjoy_____thatkindofjob.A.doB.doingC.todoD.tobedoing(85)24."There'saholeinyourbag.""lknow.Iamgoingtohaveit_____."A.mendB.mendingC.mendedD.tobemended(86)25.Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying(86)26.Tellhim_____thewindow.A.toshutnotB.nottoshutC.tonotshutD.notshut(86)27.OnlyoneofthesebooksisA.worthtoreadB.worthbeingreadC.wrothofreadingD.worthreading(86)28.Hehadhisleg_____inthematchyesterday.A.tobreakB.brokenC.breakD.breaking(86)29.Ican'timagine_____thatwiththem.A.doB.todoC.beingdoneD.doing(87)30.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting(87)31.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed_____.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch(87)32.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister_____,todayhewasmade_____byhislittlesister.A.cry;tocryB.crying;cryingC.cry;cryD.tocry;cry(87)33.Theywouldnotallowhim_____acrosstheenemyline.A.toriskgoingB.riskingtogoC.forrisktogoD.riskgoing(88)34.Shedidn'tremember_____himbefore.A.havingmetB.havemetC.tomeetD.tohavingmet(88)35.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher_____upfromchildhood.A.growB.grewC.wasgrowingD.togrow(89)36.Doyouknowtheboy_____underthebigtree?A.layB.lainC.layingD.lying(89)37.Goon_____theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.A.todoB.doingC.withD.tobedoing(89)38.Therewasterriblenoise______thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed(89)39."Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?""Oh,excellent.It'sworth_____asecondtime."A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread(89)40.Shepretended_____mewhenIpassedby.A.nottoseeB.notseeingC.tonotseeD.havingnotseen(89)41."Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?""I'dliketohavethispackage_____,madam."A.beweighedB.tobeweighedC.toweighD.weighed(89)42._____yourcoatatonce.Wemusthurry.A.WearB.WearingC.PutonD.Puttingon(90)43.Mostoftheartists_____tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited(90)44._____moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven(90)45.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest(90)46.LastsummerItookacourseonA.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade(91)47.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_____behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied(91)48.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,_____alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing(91)49.IcanhardlyimaginePeter_____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sailB.tosailC.sailingD.tohavesailed(91)50.--Thelightintheofficeisstillon.--Oh,Iforgot_____A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff(91)51.Johnwasmade_____thetruckforaweekasapunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashing(92)52.LittleJimshouldloveto_____thetheatrethisevening.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking(92)53.--Iusuallygotherebytrain.--Whynot_____byboatforachange.A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing(92)54.Iwouldappreciate______backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you'recalling(92)55.There'resomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymind_____tobuy.A.whatB.whichC.howD.where(92)56._____areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived(93)57,"Can'tyouread?"Marysaid_____tothenotice,A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing(93)58.Howaboutthetwoofus_____awalkdownthegarden?A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking(93)59.Thecomputercentre,_____lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened(93)60.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered_____thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented(94)61.--Imustapologizefor_____aheadoftime.--That'sallright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow(94)62,Themissingboyswerelastseen_____neartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay(94)63.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,_____thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added(94)64.Thefirsttextbooks_____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written(95)65.--Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting:--Well,nowIregret_____that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone(95)66.Pauldoesn'thavetobemade_____.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning(95)67.Weagreed_____herebutsofarshehasn'tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet(96)68.Thepatientwaswarned______oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating(96)69.______inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose(97)70.Iwouldlove______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone(97)71.TheOlympicGames,______in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying(97)72.--Alice,whydidn'tyoucomeyesterday?--I______,butIhadanunexpected,visitor.A.hadB.wouldC.wasgoingtoD.did(97)73.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone______getout.A.hadtoB.wouldC.couldD.wasableto(98)74._____itwithmeandI'llseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave(98)75.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget______bythehour.A.payB.payingC.paidD.topay(98)76.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,______itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake(99)77.Robertissaid_____abroad,butIdon'tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying(99)78.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_____itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake(99)79.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor______"Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater."A.readB.readsC.toreadD.reading(2000)80.I'veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat______inmynewjob.A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects(2000)81.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee______thenextyear.A.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout(2001)82.______suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered(2002)83.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains______whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen(2002)84.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows______.A.itwhattodowithB.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithitD.todowhatwithit注：此题没有正确答案。如答案选C，须去掉it。(2002上海)85.Inordertogainabiggershareintheinternationalmarket,manystate-runcompaniesarestriving______theirproductsmorecompetitive.A.tomakeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.havingmade(2002上海)86.Quiteafewpeopleusedtobelievethatdisaster_____ifamirrorwasbroken.A.wassureofstrikingB.wassureofhavingstruckC.wassuretobestruckD.wassuretostrike(2002上海)87.Though______money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin(2002上海)88.Don'tusewords,expressions,orphrases_______onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC.tobeknownD.known(2002上海)89.______tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone'sskin.A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed(2002春招)90.Pricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying(2002上海春招)91.InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans______foranotherhour.A.waitingB.towaitC.waitD.tobewaiting(2002上海春招)92.When_____,themuseumwillheopentothepublicnextyear.A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted(2002北京)93--Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?--Thekey______theproblemistomeetthedemand_______bythecustomers.A.tosolving;makingB.tosolving;madeC.tosolve;makingD.tosolve;made(2002广东)94.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains______whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen(2002广东)95.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows______.A.itwhattodowithB.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithitD.todowhatwithit(2002广东)96.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce______nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun(2003全国)97.Theteacheraskedus______somuchnoise.A.don'tmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake(2003全国)98.______time,he'llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given(2003上海)99.Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto______.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught(2003上海)100.Generallyspeaking,______accordingtodirections,thedrughasnoside-effect.A.whentakingB.whent