沃尔特惠特曼-Walt-Whitman

WaltWhitman

(1819~1892)WaltWhitmanwasoneofthemostimportantAmericanpoetsinthenineteenthcenturyOneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliteratureHegaveAmericaitsfirstandmonumentalgenuineepicpoem:LeavesofGrassaPositions:life(1819-1892)WaltWhitmanwasbornonMay31,1819inLongIsland长岛。Hisfamilyisaworking-class.AtageelevenWhitmanconcludedformalschooling.Hethensoughtemploymentforfurtherincomeforhisfamily;Heonlyhadfiveyearsofschooling.Duringthecivilwar,whitmanworkedasavolunteernurse.Whitmandiedin1892becauseofhisbadhealth.HewasburiedinHarleigh〔哈利公墓〕.WorksFranklinEvans(1842)--《富兰克林·埃文斯》LeavesOfGrass(1855)--《草叶集》Drum-Taps(1865)MemorandaDuringtheWarSpecimenDays(1882)--《典型的日子》“IamnotblindtotheworthofthewonderfulgiftofLeavesofGrass.IfinditthemostextraordinarypieceofwitandwisdomthatanAmericanhasyetcontributed.Iamveryhappyinreadingit,asgreatpowermakesushappy…Igreetyouatthebeginningofagreatcareer…〞-----EmersonIwassimmering(即将爆发〕,simmering，simmering,〞hesaid’〞Emersonbroughtmetoaboil.〞----WaltWhitmanWhitmanbreaksnewgroundinbothsubjectmatteranddiction.

Whitman'spoetryisdemocraticinbothitssubjectmatteranditslanguage.Generalmysticismandanti-rationalism,pantheismandthetheoryof“theGreatChainofBeing〞areencompassedinhispomes.Featuresandpointsofview2.Heextolstheidealsofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratesthedignity,theself-reliantspirit,andthejoyofthecommonman.

LeavesofgrassisanAdamicsong,andit’sauthoranAdamicsinger.3.WhitmanrespondsenthusiasticallytotheexpansionofAmerica.4.InlateryearsWhitmancametoseethefailureofdemocracyandmoralcorruptioninAmerica,buthethoughtthesecurablebytheself-reformoftheindividual.

HewasatransitionalfigurefromRomanticismandTranscendentalismtoRealism.FreeverseWhitmanbrokefreefromthetraditionaliambic

pentameter.recurrence,Phoneticrecurrence,i.e,systematicrepetitionofwordsand

phrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend.ParallelismParallelismorarhythmicalunit.

imagesUseofrepeatedimages,symbols"suggests,ratherthantells"TechniquesMajorpoemsLeavesofGrassthefirsteditionwaspublishedIn

1855

/later9editionsaltogether.(12-32-383)writteninanewkindofversificationcalledfreeverse.Celebratestheidealsofequality，democracy，thedignity，self-reliantspiritandjoyofcommonpeopleGrass---themostcommonthingwiththegreatestvitality,asasymboloftherisingAmericanFreeverse:poemswithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.ReceptionofLeavesofGrassReceivedharshcriticismbecauseofbreakingthepoeticconventionanditssexualityandexoticandvulgarlanguage(“noxiousweeds;〞“poetryofbarbarism;〞“amassofstupidfilth;〞Whittierthrowitintofire.)WelcomedbyEmerson/“themostextraordinarypieceofwitandwisdomthatanAmericanhasyetcontributed.〞Withappearanceofthe5thedition,WhitmanbeganreceivedrecognitioninAmericaandEngland.Thetitle“LeavesofGrass〞AsymbolofWhitman’spoems2.AmanifestationofWhitman’sdemocraticideas3.AsymbolofnewAmericanswiththeirAmericanspiritOCaptain!MyCaptain!WhitmanwrotepoetryinpraiseofAbrahamLincoln“WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d〞(anelegywrittenafterLincoln’sassassination).“OCaptain!MyCaptain!〞memorializesLincoln’spassingasthedeathofagreatmanandthedeathoftheerahedominated.ItwasusedtogreateffectinDeadPoets’Society.“OutoftheCradle,endlesslyrocking…〞Shine！shine！shine！

Pourdownyourwarmth，greatsun！

Whilewebask，wetwotogether.

Twotogether！…0past！0happylife！0songsofjoy！

Intheair，inthewoods，overfields，

Loved！loved！loved！loved！loved！

Butmymatenomore，nomorewithme！

Wetwotogethernomore.…NowinamomentIknowwhatIamfor，Iawake，

Andalreadyathousandsingers，

athousandsongs，clearer，louderandmoresorrowfulthanyours，

Athousandwarblingechoeshavestartedtolifewithinme，nevertodie.…

Threesubsection:thefirst:idealloveandblissthesecond:bureavementandlonesomelovethethird:deathasthespiritualfulfillmentoflonesomelove

Twosetsofsymbols:thesun,dayandland:lifeandthephysicalthemoon,nightandsea:deathandthespiritualLiterarySignificanceHisinnovationsindictionandversification,hisfranknessaboutsex,hisinclusionofthecommonplaceandtheuglyandhiscensureoftheweaknessoftheAmericandemocraticpractice–allhavepavedhiswaytoashareofimmortalityinAmericanliterature.HeisanepitomeofEmerson’s“AmericanScholar〞withhisdemocraticandtranscendentalideas(BothagreethenewlybornAmericaitselfisapoemBoththinkthepoetshouldtakeoverthejobofaminister,aclergyman,theChurch.Bothholdthatartshouldbebasedorganically