考点05 概要写作说明文解题技巧2024年春季高考英语冲刺总复习

考点05概要写作说明文做题技巧·模块一概要写作总述·模块二说明文概要写作段意合并法·模块三20202022年春季高考真题特训·模块四2024届上海名校模考题特训一、判断体裁：说明类篇章：开头引出问题或现象，随后分析原因，最后提出解决方法或总结说明。说明类篇章：对某一论题提出简介或主张，随后运用论据进行分析，最后对论点进行概括。二、确定篇章结构：说明文：通常会有较为明显的主题句，写概要时找出中心句，抓住关键词，对现象分析型说明文，找出“现象”“造成这种现象的原因”以及“解决这种现象或问题的措施或建议”。议论文：找出论点、论据和结论，其关键是找出主题句或结论句，要明确表述原文作者的观点，如果原文中有不同的两种观点，则都要概括其中，不能遗漏任何一方的观点。评分主要从以下主旨概括几个方面考虑：主旨概括是否客观全面要点呈现是否主次分明语言表达是否言简意赅篇章结构是否紧凑贯通模块一模块一概要写作总述【知识梳理】概要写作总述1．题型要求：1）概要应包括原文中的主要内容，略去细节；字数控制在60字以内。2）可以用原文的重要词语，但不能照抄。3）应按原文的逻辑顺序和结构进行概括。4）概要必须全面、客观、准确地表达原文的信息，不可随意添加、掺杂个人的观点。2.要点（Keypointsofasummary）简洁(Brief)，全面（plete），准确（Accurate），连贯（Coherent），客观（Objective）。3.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1)压缩长的句子。2)使用词组代替整句或者从句。3)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词4）使用最短的连接词。5)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化4．表达手段：1）主题和观点的呈现；2）比例、排位、建议、提醒、有……有关、目的、原因、对比、举例的表达；3）谓语动词及非谓语，同位语，从句，连词代词介词的使用。5.通过以下五个方面来核对写好的摘要。(checklist)1）Doesthesummaryincludethemainpoints?2）Arewordsorsentencescopiedoryourownwords?3）Aretheiranyideasoutsidethepassage?4）Aretransitionalwordsusedtomakewritingcoherent?5）Areallthesentences,spelling,andpunctuationmarkscorrect?模块模块二说明文概要写作段意合并法【知识梳理】说明文概要写作段意合并法第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。文章中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词，通常是名词、动词或形容词。第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句),进行改写:或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等)。不要抄写原文的词句。第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数。【例1】（2018年1月上海高考真题）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.ToLaughIsHumanMostofusdon’tknowwhywelaughatsomejokesandnotatothers.Scientistsknowthatweareabletolaughatbirth.Babiesbegintolaughatthreetofourmonthsofage,wellbeforetheyproducetheirfirstwords.Whatscientistsareinterestediniswhywelaugh.Scientistsbelievehumanslaughwithothersprimarilybecauseitmakesusfeelconnectedwithoneanother,whichinturngivesusasenseoftrustandfort.Toscientists,laughterisanunconsciousreaction;consequently,whenwelaugh,otherscanbecertainthatitisanhonestreaction,andhonestyiskeywhenbuildingandmaintainingfriendships.Sincelaughterisseenasasocialsignalthatwesendtoothers,itcanalsohelpexplainwhyitissoinfectious.Studieshaveproventhatwhenpeopleseeorhearsomethingfunny,theyare20timesmorelikelytolaughwhentheyarewithothersthanwhentheyarealone.Wantingtobeacceptedbyothersispartofhumannature.Andmirroringotherpeople’slaughterisawaytosignaltoothersthatyoufeelthewaytheydo,whichmakesusfeelmoreconnectedwithoneanother.Humanshavenotalwayslaughedjustsotheycanfeelclosertoothers,however.Scientistspointoutthatthissocialfunctionoflaughterwasbornoutofanevenmorefundamentalhumanneed.Laughter,theybelieve,cameaboutbecauseitcontributedtoourverysurvivalasaspecies.Scientistsassumethatsharinglaughterensuredourancestorsahighersurvivalratebecauseitledtogreatercooperationbetweenindividuals.Humanslearnedquicklythatgreatercooperationledtosurvival,andthebraininturnrealizedthatlaughingwithothersincreasedoutchancesoffindingpeopletocooperate,hunt,eat,live,andeventually,survivewith.【试题分析】1.重难点词汇及词组解析：（1）词汇：primarily（ad.）首先；主要地，根本上unconscious（a.）无意识的；失去知觉的；不省人事的；未发觉的infectious（a.）传染的；传染性的；易传染的mirror（n.&v.）n.镜子；真实的写照；榜样;vt.反射；反映fundamental（a.&n.）adj.基本的，根本的;n.基本原理；基本原则（2）词组：asenseoftrustandfort信任感和安慰感contributeto有助于；捐献；带来，促成socialfunction社会功能survivalrate存活率2.语篇整体分析：考点：概要写作分析：本篇文章主要讨论了科学家对于我们为什么笑的原因进行了探索。他们认为笑是一种社交信号可以使彼此感觉更加亲近。更重要的是，笑起到了更加基础的作用那就是帮助人类在历史的长河中幸存并发展。【参考答案】Scientiststhinkhumansarebornwiththeabilitytolaugh,butwhydowelaugh?Welaughtofeelclosertooneanother.Laughterhelpsustoberecognizedsowelaughmoreingroupsthanwhenalone.Laughteralsoevolvedfromamorebasicneedtosurviveasitpromotedcooperation,enablinghumanstosurvivebetter.(59words)【例2】（2018年6月上海高考真题）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.BeinganattractiveemployeeThe2008financialcrisiscreatedanunstablejobmarket.Fastforwardtothepresent,andtheeconomyhasnotfullyrecovered.Thus,it’sofvitalimportanceforjobseekerstocarefullystrategizetheirapproachtojobapplication.Anditisespeciallyimportantforthosenewtotheworkforce.Theyshouldlookatmakingthemselvesasattractiveaspossibletoemployers.Foryoungpeople,informationtechnologyskillswillplayanincreasingroleinthefuture.AsthegenerationtohavegrownupintheInformationAge,theyarequiteconfidentwhenitestoshowingofftheirinterestsandskillsinthefield.Thismakesthemanaturalfitforpaniesseekingexpertiseintechnologymarketingandtechnology.Theyshouldemphasizetheseskillswhenapplyingforjobsthatrequiretheabilitytomultitask.Anotherattractivequalityisexperience.Itisimportantthatanapplicant’sresumelistanyactivitiesthatinvolvedteamworkandgoaldrivenresponsibilities.Membershipinasportsorsocialclubandparticipationasavolunteeraregoodexamplesofthis.Theseactivitiesinvolvegoalmanagementandplanning,alongwiththeabilitytofocuswhilepetingonateam.Whenhiringmitteeseethis,theyseeacandidatewhoiscapableofworkinginavarietyofenvironments.Finally,anattractivequalitywhenjobhuntingisagreatattitudetowardsapotentialjob.Youngjobseekersareknowntooverconfidentbecausetheyhavebeenpraisedforeverythingtheyhavedone.Buttheymustrealizethattheemploymentmarketisabouthowanemployeewillbeagoodfitforapany,nottheotherwayaround.Infact,inaninterview,animportantquestiontoaskis:“Whatwouldbeexpectedofmeasanemployee?”Intoday’stoughjobmarket,youngjobseekersneedtoprovideapotentialemployerwithgoodreasonstohirethem.【试题分析】1.重难点词汇及词组解析：（1）词汇：unstable（a.）不稳定的；动荡的；易变的strategize（v.）vt.为…制订战略;vi.制订战略multitask（n.&v.）vt.使多任务化;n.[计]多任务expertise（n.）专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见overconfident（a.）过于自信的；自负的potential（a.&n.）n.潜能；可能性;adj.潜在的；可能的；势的（2）词组：playanincreasingrolein扮演越来越重要的角色whenitesto当提到；就……而论anaturalfitfor天生适合theotherwayaround倒过来；从相反方向2.语篇整体分析：考点：概要写作分析：本篇文章主要讨论了在经济情况不理想的情况下，如何成为一名有吸引力的应聘者。包括用科技技术武装自己，展现自己在不同活动中展现出来的团队合作，目标导向等品质以及拥有正确的心态对待应聘的工作。【参考答案】Howcanyoungpeopleattracttheirfutureemployers?First,theyneedtodemonstratetheirknowledgeandskillsininformationtechnology.Second,theyshouldincludeintheirresumestheexperiencesthatreflecttheyarecooperativeandgoaloriented.Finally,theyneedtoadoptaproperattitude,thatis,takingfutureemployers'expectationsintoconsideration.（52words）【课堂练习】23年宝山区一模Whenyou’rehavingfunwithyourfriends,youtakeselfies.Whenyouvisitfamousplaces,youtakeselfies.Whenyouareinbeautifulspots,youtakeselfies.Butsometimesyoudon’tlookveryattractiveinthephotos.And,ofcourse,ifyou’regoingtopostthem,youwanttolookyourbest.Whatcanyoudo?Insteadofpostingaphotoyoudon’tlike,youcanturntophotoretouching.Whenyouretouchanimage,youimproveitsappearance.Manyappsofferyoutheabilitytodothat.Theireasytousetoolshelpyousmoothyourskin,makeyourteethstraighterandwhiter,andmore.Withintheapps,youcanalsochangeyourfacialfeatures.Youcanmakeyoureyesrounderandbrighter.Youcanchangetheshapeofyourfaceoryournose.Youcanalsochangethedirectionofthelightsourceoraddhighlights.Allinall,youcanmakeyourselflooklikeyouwishyoulooked.Nowyou’veuploadedyourretouchedphotostosocialmedia.Peopleleavepositivements,andyougetalotoflikes.That’sgreat,right?Maybenot.Withsomanypeoplesharingpersonalimagesoftheirlives,it’salmostlikeacontest.Wholooksthebest,takesperfectselfiesandlivesuptosocialmedia’sstandardofbeauty?Youneedtobepartofthatcrowdsothatyoudon’tfeelleftout.Worseyet,youfeelifyou’renotpartofthatcrowd,youmaybecriticizedforyourlooks.Maybeyouthinkthatifyoudon’tlookliketheinfluencersyoufollow,you’renotgoodenough.Peoplegenerallyretouchthemselvestohavelargereyes,thinnerchinsandbrighterskin.Doeseveryonenowlookthesame?Itseemslikealotofpeoplearetryingtomatchuptounrealisticbeautyideals.Thatisn’tgoodforanyone’sselfimage.Perhapsit’stimetoposttherealyouandonlylightlyretouched,ifatall.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】It’saboutselfies.Whenyoupostthem,youcanusephotoretouchingtogetbetterlooksforpositivementsandlikes.Ifallalwaysdosuchthingsfollowthecrowdoravoidbeingdespised,eachmaylookidentical.Actually,manycannotachievetheirgoals.Itisbettertopostrealyouwithlittleretouchingifnecessary.【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍说明了关于自拍的现象和相关的建议。人们通常发布自拍，是为了获得更好的正面评论和点赞，所以会对照片进行修饰。如果所有的人都做这样的事，随波逐流或避免被轻视，那么每个人看起来可能都一样。事实上，许多人无法实现他们的目标。因此作者建议，如果有必要，最好贴出真实的你，稍作修饰。【详解】1.要点摘录1.Whenyou’rehavingfunwithyourfriends,youtakeselfies.Whenyouvisitfamousplaces,youtakeselfies.Whenyouareinbeautifulspots,youtakeselfies.2.Insteadofpostingaphotoyoudon’tlike,youcanturntophotoretouching.Whenyouretouchanimage,youimproveitsappearance.Allinall,youcanmakeyourselflooklikeyouwishyoulooked.3.Withsomanypeoplesharingpersonalimagesoftheirlives,it’salmostlikeacontest.4.Itseemslikealotofpeoplearetryingtomatchuptounrealisticbeautyideals.Thatisn’tgoodforanyone’sselfimage.5.Perhapsit’stimetoposttherealyouandonlylightlyretouched,ifatall.2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合，将第5点整合。3.遣词造句It’saboutselfies.Whenyoupostthem,youcanusephotoretouchingtogetbetterlooksforpositivementsandlikes.Ifallalwaysdosuchthingsfollowthecrowdoravoidbeingdespised,eachmaylookidentical.Actually,manycannotachievetheirgoals.Itisbettertopostrealyouwithlittleretouchingifnecessary.【点睛】[高分句型1]Whenyoupostthem,youcanusephotoretouchingtogetbetterlooksforpositivementsandlikes.运用一个when引导的时间状语从句，对第一、二和三段的内容进行了概括。when引导时间状语从句，for引导的表原因的状语等表达高级。[高分句型2]：Itisbettertopostrealyouwithlittleretouchingifnecessary.用it作为形式主语，不定式作为真正的主语，对第五段进行了概括，表达非常高级。模块模块三20202022年春季高考真题特训2022年1月春考Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Neuroscientistsusuallydefineasingularmemoryasanengram(记忆印记)aphysicalchangeinbraintissueassociatedwithaparticularrecollection.Recently,brainscansrevealedthatanengramisn'tisolatedtooneregionofthebrainandinsteadmanifestsasacolorfulsplatteringacrosstheneuraltissue.“Amemorylooksmorelikeawebinthebrainthanasinglespot,”saysneuroseientistandNationalGeographicExplorerSteveRamirezofBostonUniversity.That'sbecausewhenamemoryiscreated,itincludesallthevisual,auditory,andtactileinputsthatmakeanexperiencememorable,andbraincellsareencodedfromallofthoseregions.Now,scientistsareevenabletotrackhowmemoriesmoveacrossthebrain,likedetectivesfindingfootprintsinthesnow.WhileatMITin2013,RamirezandhisresearchpartnerXuLiuhadabreakthrough:Theywereabletotargetthecellsthatmakeuponeengraminamouse'sbrainandthenimplantafalsememory.Intheirwork,micereactedinfeartoaparticularstimulusevenwhentheyhadnotbeenconditionedinadvance.Whilemousebrainsarelessadvancedthanthehumanequivalent,Ramirezsaystheycanstillhelpneuroscientistsunderstandhowourmemorieswork,too.Intheircurrentwork,Ramirez.andhiscolleaguesareinvestigatingwhetherpositiveandnegativememoriesarestoredindifferentgroupsofbraincells,andwhethernegativememoriescanbe"overwrittenbypositiveones.Toprepmicefortheexperiments,theteaminjectstheanimals’brainswithavirusthatcontainsfluorescentproteinsandsurgicallyimplantsopticfibers.Themicearethengivenadietthatpreventsthevirusfromfluorescinguntiltheresearchersarereadytotagapositiveornegativeexperience.Positivememoriesarecreatedbyputtingmalemiceincageswithfemalemiceforanhour,andnegativememoriesarecreatedbyputtingthemiceincagesthatdeliverbrieffootshocks.Oncethemicehavebeenconditionedtoassociatecertaintriggerswitheachexperience,theyundergoashortsurgicaloperationsothescientistscanstimulatethecellsassociatedwiththepositiveornegativeengrams.Theyarefindingthatactivatingpositivememorieswhileamouseisinacageitassociateswithfearmakesthatmouselessfearful.Usingadifferenttechnique,Universityof'TorontoneuroscientistSheenaJosselynwasabletopletelyeliminatefearmemoriesinmice.71.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考答案】Possible1:Memoryislikeanetinthebrain.Scientistscaneventrackthemovementofthememoryinthebrain.Atpresent,SheenaJosselyn,aneuroscientistattheuniversityoftheTorontohasusedmiceasexperimentalobjects,usingadifferenttechnology,whichcanpletelyeliminatethefearmemoryofmice.(49wordsPossible2:Recently,brainscansrevealedthatanengramisn'tisolatedtooneregionofthebrainandinsteadmanifestsasacolorfulsplatteringacrosstheneuraltissue.Scientistsnotonlytrackedthemovementofmemoryinthebrain,butalsostudiedthestoragelocationandinteractionbetweenpositivememoryandnegativememory.(51words)2021年1月春考Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Fluido,aTexasbasedanalyticspany,recentlyreleaseditsnewproduct,calledFluidoPlusforfree.Itconnectsretailers(零售商)toacloudbasedanalyticsserviceusingWiFi.Theythencollectinformationaboutcustomersbehaviourbymonitoringthemediaaccesscode(MAC)ineverysmartphonethatentersthestores.Thismeansthatstoreswillbeabletoimplementananalyticspackagetoreceiveinformationthatcouldhelpguidetheirmarketing.Withtheinformation,storemanagerscanmeasurethenumberofpeoplewhowalkpastthestoreandthenumberwhoethroughthefrontdoor.Also,thisinformationincludeswhetherornotthesepeopleeinimmediatelyorareconvincedtodosobytheshopfront.FluidoPlushasreceivedalotofcriticismfromconsumersconcernedabouttheirprivacybeinginvaded.ButFluidoassuresthattheMACdataisscrambled,whichmeansthatnopersonallyidentifiableinformationiscollected.ThepanyalsopointstothefactthatFluidoisapartofthegroupthatinitiatedtheMobileLocationAnalyticscodeofconduct,Thesesetsofrulesrequirepaniestoreceivecustomers’agreementbeforetheycancollectanypersonalinformation.EmilyCarrless,aseniordirectorattheNOWatchingPleaseCo.,believesthatthistechnologyignorescustomers'privacy.“Thisisaclearexampleofprofitoutweighingprivacy,shesaid.“Theuseoftrackingtechnologybyshopsinordertoprovideabetterormorepersonalserviceseemstotallydisproportionate,"Carrlessalsostressedtheimportanceofcustomerawareness.Shesaidthatwhiletrackingtechnologywasstilldeveloping,therewasanobviousgoalinmindtoidentifyindividuals.panieslikeFluidowon'tstopatthegeneralinformationlikethenumberofcustomerswhowalkintostores.Thelonggameisaboutidentifyingindividuals,andthistechnologiesisveryclosetoenablingFluidotodothat.Possible1FluidoreleasedFluidoPlus,aproductcollectinginformationaboutcustomersbymonitoringtheMAC.thushelpinganalyzingtheirbehaviortopromotemarketing.FluidoassuresconsumersofscrambledMACandessentialcustomers’agreement.However,CarrlessbelievesthatFuidoprefersprofittoprivacyanditwillidentifyindividualsoneday,soconsumerawarenessisimportant.(52words)Possible2FuidorecentlyreleasedFluidoPlus,whichhelpsretailerscollectcustomer'sinformationbymonitoringtheirMACtoguidetheirmarketing.Additionally,managerscanmeasurenumbercustomersandtheirhesitatingthoughts.However,whileconsumercriticizedtheirinvadedprivacy,Fluidoassurestheprotectionofpersonalinformationandagreementrules.EmilybelievesFluidoPlusignoresprivacyandawareness,soonidentifyingindividualsdeveloping:(58words)Possible3FuidoPluswasinventedtocollectcustomers’informationabouttheirbehaviortohelpgothepany'smarketing.Butithasbeencriticizedbyconsumerswhoareconcernedabouttheirprivacy.Althoughthepanyassuresthatnopersonalinformationiscollectedandtherestrictsitscollection,somepeoplealsodisagreewithFluidoPlus.FluidoPlusisnowevolvingforafurtherstep.(59words)2020年1月春考Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.GlobalCooperationInthe21stcentury,we’veseenanewtrendthatispushingtheboundaries(边界)ofhumaninventionandinnovation—globalcooperation.Scientificandtechnicalresearchanddevelopmentisnowsoplicatedthatnoonescientistcanknowitall.So,increasingly,innovationisingfromthebiningofcuttingedgeexpertise(专业知识)fromdifferentscientificfields.Therearenowover8,000scientificjournalsworldwideanditisimpossibletobeanexpertinallareas.Therefore,inthishighlyspecializedworld,scientists,medicsandengineershavetocooperateinordertoinnovate.ProfessorBobLangeratMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)hasmadesignificantbreakthroughsinthefieldofbiomedicalengineering.Buthehasn’tdoneitonhisown.Hehasinvitedexpertsfromaroundtheworldindifferentfieldstoformaglobalteamtodesignnewsubstanceswhichcangoinsidethebody,delivermedicinesandthendissolve.AlsoatMIT,whenCesarHaradaheardabouttheoilspillintheGulfofMexicoin2010,hequithisdreamjobthereandtriedtodevelopamoreefficientwaytoremovetheoil.Butratherthanfocusingonprofit,hedecidedto‘opensource’thedesign.Hesharedhisownideasonthewebforfreeandthengotexpertsfromallaroundtheworldtocontributeideasandevendonations.Thankstothisfree,notforprofitwayofsharingideasandintellectualpropertyontheinternet,aboatcapableofcleaningoilquicklycameintobeing.Obviously,internationalcooperationbasedonsharinginformationfreelyhasproducedinnovativeapproachestosolvingproblems.Itappearsthatthedaysofbrilliantindividualsworkingintheirgaragesontheirownareover.Globalteamswithaunitedpurposebuildingoneveryone’sexpertisecancollectivelydofarmorethanonebrilliantindividual.Today’sworldcallsforglobalcooperators,sharers,andnotprotectorsofideas.【答案】Inthiscentury,globalcooperationinscienceandtechnologyisdesirablebecausenosinglescientistcanbeaknowallduetotheplexityofresearchanddevelopment.Scientistsareworkingtogethertomakebreakthroughs.Theyalsomanagetosolveproblemsbysharingideasinformationfreely.Gonearethedayswhenoneexpertcanmakeitalone.模块模块四2024届上海名校模考题特训1．（2022秋·上海浦东新·高三校考）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpointsofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordasfaraspossible.CooperativelearningMayChangeYourMindaboutGroupWorkTwoheadsarebetterthanone.Itmeansthattwopeopleworkingtogetherhaveabetterchanceofsolvingaproblemthanonepersonalone.Butnoteveryonelikesworkingwithothers

especiallywhenthatmeansworkinginagroup.Therecanbeanumberofreasonswhypeopledislikegroupwork.Somemayfeelnervousoruneasyingroupsituations.Othersmighthavehadabadexperiencewithindividualswhodidnotworkwellasateam.Anothercriticismisthatteachersorsupervisorsfailtoassignrolestogroupmembers.Thismaycreateasituationwhereeveryoneornoonewantstolead.Whatevertheissue,theresultisthesame:thegroupdoesnotrealizeitsgoal.Cooperativelearningisaneducationalmethodthatcanhelptosolvethisproblem.Therearemanymethodsofcooperativelearning.Oneofthemistoeachpersoninasmallgroupaspecificdutytoreachasharedgoal.Forexample,iflearnersaredividedintogroupsoffourpeopleeach,theirrolesmightbe:leader,writer,checkerandspeaker.The“writerwritesdownimportantinformationfromthetask.TheymayalsowritedowntheideasforthespeakertopresentThisstructurehelpsensureeveryonetakespartequallyingroupwork.ltalsoallowseachmembertoplayameaningfulpartinpletingthesharedgoal.RetirededucatorMichelleManvillehaswrittenseveralbooksabouteducationandlearningstandards.Manyofherbooksnotethatcooperativelearningcreatesasupportivegroupstructureandlessenstheproblemofpetitiveness.Studieshavealsoshownthatcooperativelearningimproveslearnerachievement.ThisincludesonestudybyAmericanresearcherRobertSlavin.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Asweallknow,workingtogethercontributestosolvingproblemsbetter.Buteveryonedoesn’tlikeworkingtogether.Thereasonisthatsomepeoplesufferedfromdifferentexperiencesofgroupwork.Whateveritis,itallcausesbadresults.Fortunately,cooperativelearningcanhandletheissuesbyplayingdifferentrolesingroupwork,whichhasprovedhelpfulbysomeexperts.【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍团队合作有利于解决问题，但是由于种种原因很多人并不是很喜欢这种工作模式，在教育方法中，合作式学习可以用来帮助解决这一问题，让小组内的每一位成员都有自己的分工，这些都已经得到了很多专家的研究论证。【详解】1要点摘录①Twoheadsarebetterthanone.Itmeansthattwopeopleworkingtogetherhaveabetterchanceofsolvingaproblemthanonepersonalone.②Therecanbeanumberofreasonswhypeopledislikegroupwork.③Whatevertheissue,theresultisthesame:thegroupdoesnotrealizeitsgoal.④Cooperativelearningisaneducationalmethodthatcanhelptosolvethisproblem.⑤Studieshavealsoshownthatcooperativelearningimproveslearnerachievement.ThisincludesonestudybyAmericanresearcherRobertSlavin.将第①要点进行重组，将第②、③两个要点整合，将④、⑤两个要点进行整合。Asweallknow,workingtogethercontributestosolvingproblemsbetter.Buteveryonedoesn’tlikeworkingtogether.Thereasonisthatsomepeoplesufferedfromdifferentexperiencesofgroupwork.Whateveritis,itallcausesbadresults.Fortunately,cooperativelearningcanhandletheissuesbyplayingdifferentrolesingroupwork,whichhasprovedhelpfulbysomeexperts.【点睛】[高分句型1]Asweallknow,workingtogethercontributestosolvingproblemsbetter.用as引导的非限制性定语从句对第一段内容进行总结。[高分句型2]：Fortunately,cooperativelearningcanhandletheissuesbyplayingdifferentrolesingroupwork,whichhasprovedhelpfulbysomeexperts.用which引导的非限制性定语从句对第三段内容进行总结。2．（2022秋·上海嘉定·高三校考期中）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Mostofus—eventhoseatthetop—strugglewithpublicspeakinganxiety.WhenIaskmyclientswhatmakesthemnervous,invariablytheyrespondwiththesameanswers:“Idon’tlikebeingwatched”,“Idon’tliketheeyesonme”or“Idon’tlikebeinginthespotlight”.Tounderstandwhy,weneedtogowaybacktoprehistorictimes,whenhumansregardedeyeswatchingusasanexistentialthreat.Thoseeyeswerelikelypredators(肉食动物)andpeoplewereterrifiedofbeingeatenalive.Thebadnewsisthatourbrainshavetransferredtheancientfearofbeingwatchedintopublicspeaking.Inotherwords,publicspeakinganxietyisinourDNA．Fortunately,thereisasolution:humangenerosity.Thekeytodisarmingourpanicbuttonistoturnthefocusawayfromourselvesandtowardhelpingtheaudience.Studieshaveshownthatanincreaseingenerosityindeedleadstoadecreaseinamygdala(扁桃腺)activity,whichisresponsibleforourpanicfeelinginthebrain.Whenwearekindtoothers,weoverethesenseofbeingunderattackandstarttofeellessnervous.Admittedly,thisishardtodo.Butit’sabsolutelypossibletobeeagenerousspeaker.Tobeginwith,whenyoustartpreparingforapresentation,themistakeyouoftenmakeisstartingwiththetopic.Instead,youshouldstartwiththeaudience.Identifytheaudience’sneeds,andcraftamessagethatspeaksdirectlytothoseneeds.Also,youarethemostnervousrightbeforeyouspeak.Thisisthemomentwhenyourbrainistellingyou,“Everyoneisjudgingme.”Butitisexactlythemomentwhenyoushouldrefocusyourbrain.Overtime,yourbrainwillbegintogetit,andyouwillbeelessnervous.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Possibleversion1:Manypeoplehavepublicspeakinganxietybecausetherearemanyeyesonthespeakers.Thereasonisthathumansturnedthefearofbeingwatchedbypredatorsinprehistorictimesintopublicspeaking.Tosolvetheprobl