第五讲　集释5大错因提高阅读理解的正答率

第五讲集释5大错因，提高阅读理解的正答率得阅读者得高分：指的是阅读理解在英语试卷中的份量。近年来随着高考命题理念的转变，阅读理解题越来越重视对考生思维品质的考查。一些反规律、反套路化的命题，往往让一些考生落入惯性思维的陷阱。为提高阅读理解的正答率，本讲从命题人常采用的设误手段、考生常犯的答题错误等方面给予揭示、指正。“知错”方能“改错”。明白了题目从何处来，才能知道解题往何处去。易错点1混淆事实与观点，答非所问混淆事实与观点是阅读理解常见的干扰项的特征。干扰项的内容和原文的表述是一致的，或者干扰项的表述是客观事实，因此迷惑性很强，考生很容易错选。

破解这类题的办法是从题干出发，忠于原文，根据题干关键词锁定原文中的信息句，然后和选项进行认真比对。[例1]

(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读C篇节选)Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser：thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.31．Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A．Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B．Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C．Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D．Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.错因：

本题易误选C项。文章中提及incontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedlives，这是事实而不是作者的观点。分析：根据本段尾句可知，在我们日益网络化的生活中，我们所消费的信息被监控和跟踪，与之相反，印刷书仍然提供了一个完全私人的、“离线”活动的机会。该句强调了印刷书的价值。据此可知，作者提及电子书旨在说明印刷书并未完全过时。故选A。易错点2

被干扰项中的“偷换概念、曲解文意”带节奏偷换概念一般指在阅读理解题的选项中，干扰项的表达与原文信息句吻合程度较高，仅有部分词汇原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致，这容易给考生造成一种错觉，从而误选。这种干扰项常常偷换了动作的发出者、动作的承受者、动作本身或积极、消极语义等。曲解文意也是干扰项设置中的常见方法，有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，看似表达文章的意思，其实是对原句意思的曲解。针对此类选项，考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回原文定位，认真分析原文相关语句，字斟句酌，准确理解原文表达的意思，避免误选。[例2]

(2022·全国甲卷·阅读D篇节选)AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I'llmisstheseoldboats，”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean？”Iasked.“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renotfuntopilot.Butthat'sprogress,Iguess.”33．WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A．Hegoestoworkbyboat.B．Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C．Hepilotscatamaranswell.D．Heisattachedtotheoldferries.错因：本题易误选C。文中虽然提到AndrewReynolds通过开“渡船”来谋生，但这并不能说明他开“双体船”开得好。选项C属于偷换概念。分析：根据节选部分第二段中的“I'llmisstheseoldboats”以及最后一段中的“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renotfuntopilot.”可以推断，AndrewReynolds很喜欢这些旧渡船。故选D。易错点3

被干扰项中的“以偏概全、扩缩范围”蒙慧眼以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围的干扰项常出现在需要归纳概括的主旨大意类题目中。对该类题目可以通过以下方法避免干扰：(1)要站在文章主旨意图的高度审视每个段落，分析每个段落是从哪一角度服务主旨意图的；(2)用“逆向推理”法，反推文章的写作方向，看与原文是否相符，不一致的则排除。[例3]

(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读C篇)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(栖息地)．In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ．N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.31．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheFederalDuckStampStoryB．TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC．TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD．TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting错因：本题易错选D。部分考生根据第一段中“WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica”“Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.”等信息而误选。虽然原文第一段中提到了hunting，但它只是文章的一个小细节，不足以概括文章的主要大意。分析：本篇说明文一共分三段：第一段介绍水禽丧失赖以生存的湿地的历史背景；第二段介绍了解决问题的措施：发行联邦鸭票；第三段说明这一措施的影响。纵观全文，本文是在介绍联邦鸭票的故事。故选A。易错点4忽视语境逻辑，过度推断有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而部分选项却扩大作者的叙述范围，进行过度推断。[例4]

(2021·天津3月高考·阅读D篇节选)Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhistorybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy.“Idon'tknowwhereitwilllead,butI'mexcitedI'monthispursuit.”54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?A．Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson'ssuccess.B．In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C．Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.D．Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsareinawayconnected.错因：本题易误选C项。选项C说每个人都有成功的机会，而原文中只提到Toni正在追求自己的兴趣，并未评价是否成功，更不能推断出所有人都有希望成功，C项属于过度推断。分析：根据本段中“Someofyourinterests...thattheyare”可知，作者引用Toni的例子旨在说明看似没有关系的兴趣实际上存在联系。故选D。易错点5主观臆断取代作者观点在推断作者观点态度的试题中，考生由于思维定式，或受到文中某些非关键信息的干扰很容易凭主观臆断做出错误的选择。做该类题目时，如果文中没有直接表明作者观点态度的词句，考生要根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达情感色彩的词，以及作者所举的事例，读懂弦外之音，来正确推断其观点态度。[例5]

(2023·全国乙卷·阅读D篇节选)Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan't.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook'svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescie