老高考适用2023高考英语一轮总复习第二编语法突破专题十四构词法北师大版

专题十四构词法1.(2021·全国乙卷，61,62)Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecome(educate)abouttheareas—bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe(develop)ofthelocalareas.答案：educated;development第一空在系动词become后应用形容词作表语，educated“受过教育的，有教养的”。第二空在冠词the之后，应用名词development。2．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷，58)Itwill(undoubted)helpyougetrefreshed!答案：undoubtedly此处应用副词作状语修饰谓语动词help，意为“无疑地”，应用副词形式。故填undoubtedly。3．(2021·全国乙卷，68)Provide(finance)aidandotherbenefitsforlocalpeoples.答案：financial设空处在名词aid之前，应用形容词作定语，financial“财政的”。4．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷，60)Butthat'shownatureis—alwaysleavingus(astonish)．答案：astonished此句中含有“leavesb/sth＋adj.”结构，表示“使……处于某种状态”。宾语为us，应用形容词astonished作宾语补足语，说明人的感受，意为“吃惊的”。5．(2021·全国甲卷，50)Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesandwatchtowerstotakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheir(day)routines.答案：daily句意：据说你可以在两个小时内完成，但我们在不同的大门和瞭望塔旁停下来拍照，或者只是看当地人进行他们的日常生活。名词routines前面要用形容词修饰，故填daily。6．(2020·北京高考，2)Oliversaysifyou're(luck)enoughtohavesomeoneclosetoyouwhoenjoyscooking,askthemif/whetheryoucanjoininwhenit'spossible.答案：lucky句意：奥利弗说，如果你足够幸运，身边有一个喜欢烹饪的人，找机会问他们你能否加入。设空前有be动词，所以设空处填形容词作表语。故填lucky。7．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ，61)ChineseNewYearisa(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.答案：celebration不定冠词a后接名词形式。8．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ，66)(certain)duringtheholidayperiod,thisplantisamust.答案：Certainly句意：当然，在假日期间，这种植物是必需品。此处用副词修饰整个句子。9．(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷，36)Inthe18thand19thcenturies,(wealth)peopletravelledandcollectedplants,historicalobjectsandworksofart.答案：wealthy句意：在18和19世纪，富人旅行并收集植物、历史文物和艺术品。此处修饰名词people，应使用形容词作定语。10．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，62)Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen(poor)studied.答案：poorly修饰动词studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。常用的英语构词法一名词加后缀构成形容词­lycostly昂贵的friendly友好的fatherly父亲般的lovely可爱的brotherly兄弟般的orderly有条理的；整齐的manly男子气概的monthly每月的yearly每年的­fulcareful小心谨慎的hopeful有希望的useful有用的graceful优雅的­ticathletic运动的energetic充满活力的；精力充沛的；积极的enthusiastic热情的；热心的optimistic乐观(主义)的­ablefavourable有利的fashionable时髦的；流行的changeable可改变的comfortable舒服的；安逸的；舒服自在的reasonable合情理的；讲道理的；公道的valuable贵重的；有价值的­ibleaccessible可接近的；可进入的；可使用的horrible可怕的；恐怖的sensible明智的responsible有责任的；负责的­ydusty积满灰尘的greedy贪吃的；贪婪的；贪心的guilty犯罪的；有罪的；内疚的handy方便的；有用的messy凌乱的；脏的wealthy富裕的­alagricultural农业的；农艺的classical古典的；古典文艺的logical逻辑的；合情理的magical巫术的；魔术的；有魔力的personal私人的；个人的；亲自的cultural文化的­ousambitious有雄心的；有野心的nervous神经紧张的courageous勇敢的；有胆量的dangerous危险的humorous幽默的；诙谐的religious宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的续表­iveactive积极的；活跃的alternative供选择的；替代的effective有效的expensive昂贵的sensitive敏感的；易受伤害的；灵敏的­lessbreathless喘不过气来的；屏息的careless粗心的；漫不经心的endless无穷的；无止境的homeless无家的；无家可归的hopeless没有希望的；绝望的selfless无私的；忘我的­ualspiritual精神的actual实际的；真正的factual事实的intellectual智力的二动词加后缀构成形容词­ingamazing令人吃惊的astonishing令人感到惊讶的convincing令人信服的exciting令人激动的encouraging鼓舞人心的fascinating迷人的；吸引人的­edinterested感兴趣的complicated复杂的；难懂的distinguished著名的determined坚定的disabled伤残的educated受过教育的；有教养的­ouscontinuous持续的；连续的various各种各样的poisonous有毒的三动词加后缀构成名词­sionconclusion结论；结束discussion讨论expression词语；表达；表情permission许可；允许impression印象；感想possession(尤作复数)所有；财产­ingopening(出入的)通路；开口；开端surrounding(pl.)周围的事物；环境reading阅读；读物hearing听力；听觉bowling保龄球shopping购物；采购­mentsettlement定居；解决achievement成就；功绩adjustment调整；调节amusement消遣；娱乐(活动)appointment约会；任命argument争论；争辩；争吵­tionaddition加；增加；加法affection喜爱；爱；感情application应用；用途；申请association社团；联系；联想attraction有吸引力的事物；吸引celebration庆祝；庆贺­ationadaptation适应(性)；改编本consideration考虑；体谅combination结合；组合expectation预料；期待；期望imagination想象(力)；创造力；幻想物­anceacquaintance相识；了解；熟人appearance外观；外貌；出现assistance协助；援助endurance忍耐力performance表演；表现insurance保险­erannouncer广播员；播音员；节目主持人designer设计师diver潜水员invader侵略者writer作家employer雇主worker工人­orcompetitor竞争者editor编辑educator教育工作者；教育家operator(电脑)操作员；接线员sailor水手；海员；船员survivor幸存者；生还者；残存物续表­ure/turedeparture出发，离开enclosure围地，围场failure失败pressure压力；挤压；压迫(感)mixture混合物pleasure高兴，乐趣­encecompetence能力；胜利；本领existence生存；存在preference喜爱；偏爱­ityprosperity繁荣；昌盛equality均等；平等­alarrival到来；到达；到达者survival幸存；幸存者approval赞成；认可­thgrowth成长，生长warmth温暖四名词加后缀构成相应意义的抽象名词­hoodchildhood儿童时代；童年boyhood少年时代neighbourhood街区；四邻brotherhood手足情意；兄弟关系­shipchampionship冠军称号citizenship公民身份；公民的职责和权力friendship友谊；友情relationship关系；血缘关系；交往scholarship奖学金；学问；学术研究leadership领导地位；领导权五形容词加后缀构成副词­lyactually实际上；事实上entirely完全地；全然地；整个地exactly确实如此；恰好；确切地frequently常常；频繁地gradually逐渐地；逐步地personally就个人而言；亲自地selflessly无私地；忘我地sincerely真诚地；真挚地unfortunately不幸地六形容词加后缀构成名词­nessbrightness明亮；亮度；聪颖darkness黑暗；漆黑fitness健康happiness幸福；快乐illness疾病kindness仁慈；好意sadness悲哀；悲伤seasickness晕船sickness疾病；恶心七形容词加后缀构成动词(一)­enblacken使变黑brighten使更明亮；使更有希望ripen使成熟；成熟shorten缩短；使变短deepen使……加深；变深sharpen使变得锋利weaken(对某事的决心)动摇；减弱；(使)变弱harden变硬；硬化widen拓宽­izemodernize使现代化realize实现­ifysimplify简化diversify使……多样化八形容词加前缀构成动词(二)en­前缀，表示“使得……，使成为……”enlarge扩大enable使能够enrich使富裕；充实；改善九常见的表示特定含义的前缀re­(重复，再)rearrange重新整理reappear再现rebuild重建reconfirm再证实recount重新计算recover重新获得anti­(反，抗拒)anti­war反战的anti­pollution防止环境污染的anti­social反社会的bi­(二，双)bilingual双语的bilateral双边的ex­(以前的)ex­president前总统ex­husband前夫ex­serviceman退役军人十表示“人”的名词后缀­istarchaeologist考古学家artist艺术家chemist药剂师；化学家cyclist骑自行车的人dentist牙科医生journalist记者；新闻工作者novelist小说家pianist钢琴家；钢琴演奏者scientist科学家tourist旅行者；观光者typist打字员violinist小提琴演奏者­an/­ianAmerican美国人Australian澳大利亚人European欧洲人Russian俄国人Asian亚洲人musician音乐家politician政治家librarian图书管理员historian历史学家十一常用的否定前缀un­(不，非)＋形容词unable不能的；不会的unbearable难以忍受的；不能容忍的uncertain不确切的；无把握的uncomfortable不舒服的；不舒适的unfair不公正的；不公平的unusual不同寻常的；独特的dis­dislike不喜欢disagree不同意disbelief不信；怀疑disorder失调；紊乱disappearance消失disagreement分歧；不一致il­，im­，in­，ir­illegal违法的illiterate不通顺的；文盲immoral不道德的impossible不可能的inaccurate不准确的incorrect不正确的irregular不规则的irresistible不可抵抗的non­否定前缀non­stop中途不停的；直达的non­violent非暴力的non­smoker不吸烟的人non­profit非营利的Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(consequent),powerwalking,inadditiontoahealthydiet,helpsmanageyourweight.答案：Consequently设空处放在句首修饰整个句子，作状语，应用其副词形式。2．Speechisthefastestmethodof(communicate)betweenpeople.答案：communication介词of之后要用名词形式communication作宾语。3．Anewhabitisnotaboutperformance;it'sabout(consistent)takingaction.答案：consistently修饰后面的动词短语takingaction，使用副词作状语，故填consistently。4．Withapopulationof12millionpeople,the(south)cityisknownforitsstronginnovationcapabilities.答案：southern此处表示“南方城市”，应用形容词修饰名词city，故填southern。5．Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportant(grow)inautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.答案：growth前面有形容词important修饰，此处应填名词growth和后面的development构成并列关系。6．Shewentthroughaperiodofemotional(adjust)afterhermarriagebrokeup.答案：adjustment设空前有形容词emotional修饰，故填名词。7．Asavolunteerofenvironmentalprotection,Iamwritingtoraiseyour(aware)ofprotectingtheenvironment.答案：awareness在形容词性物主代词your后面，用名词形式。句意：作为环保志愿者，我书面倡议大家提高环保意识。8．Wealsopaidbyphoneformovietickets,takeoutfood,shoppingandfor(deliver)．答案：delivery句意：我们也用手机支付电影票、外卖、购物和送货的费用。for后跟名词作宾语，此处表示“送货”，故填delivery。9．It'sachanceforyoutolearnmoreabouttraditionalChineseculture;Iamsureitwill(broad)yourhorizons.答案：broaden句意：这是一个让你更多地学习中国传统文化的机会，我确信它会拓宽你的视野。根据设空前的will可知，后面应该使用动词，而broad是一个形容词，故填broaden。10．ThechangeingenderidealshasbeeninfluencedbySouthKoreanpopculture,wheremalecelebritiesandboybandshave(popular)asofter,effeminatelook.答案：popularized句意：性别观念的转变受到了韩国流行文化的影响，在韩国，男明星和男孩乐队流行一种更柔和、更柔弱的造型。设空处在where引导的定语从句中作谓语；根据设空前的have可知，此处为现在完成时，应填过去分词，表示“使……流行”。故填popularized。Ⅱ.单句改错1．Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon'tnaturallysharefoodeither;humanchildren,ontheotherhandareextremelycooperate.答案：cooperate→cooperative此处用形容词作表语。由派生构词法可知，v.＋­ive构成形容词。2．Thefruitsaresmallinsize,butjuicyandtaste.答案：taste→tasty形容词small,juicy和句子最后一个词为并列表语，故句末的词应改为其形容词形式。由派生构词法可知，v.＋­y构成形容词。3．Let'smakejointeffortstocreateagreenandharmonyenvironment;yourcooperationwouldbemuchappreciated.答案：harmony→harmonious修饰后面的名词environment，用形容词形式。4．Nowlet'sexpressourthankstoHaydenforhisgreatcontributetousandourschool.答案：contribute→contribution在形容词性物主代词his后面，用名词形式。5．Althoughhecouldunderstandfewwords,hewasstillamazingtoseethecolorfulcostumesandtheuniquewayofperforming.答案：amazing→amazed说明人的感受，用amazed。Ⅲ.短文改错(2021·广西玉林市第十一中学第四次模拟)WhenIwasinSeniorOne,IfoundIhadannegativeattitudetowardslife.AndIalwaysfallintoangerandsadness.Gradual,Irealizedthatalotofthosethingscamefromlacksofself－loveandself－confidence.ButIbegantolistentoendlesslecturesonconfidenceandopenness.IcreatedamottowhichsummedupthathowIcouldlivebetter.“Beenconfidentinyourself,you'llbeabletoloveothersregardlessdivision,envyorjudgement.”Iencouragedmetolivebythesewordseveryday.NowI'vechangedalot.I'vebecomeanenergyandpositivegirl.答案：WhenIwasinSeniorOne,IfoundIhadeq\o(an,\s\do8(①a))negativeattitudetowardslife.AndIalwayseq\o(fall,\s\do8(②fell))intoan