社会工作专业英语 课件 chapter 4 Social Casework

SocialCasework

Chapter4KeyPointsEveryindividualisuniqueandhis/herneedsaredifferentfromothersinthesociety.Consequently,thetreatmentgivenorapproachtooneindividualcannotbeusedexactlythesameforanotherindividual.Problemofsocialfunctioningcausesdistresstotheindividuals.Theseindividualsarenottobeconsideredasaunitofcategorybutauniqueperson.Caseworkmethodtriestoresolveindividualproblemsthroughscientificapproach.Themainworkofsocialcaseworkistoenableanindividualinsolvingaproblemthroughself-efforts.Thesocialworker’sjobistoprovideadequatehelpandguidance.Study,assessment,intervention,terminationandevaluationarethemaindivisionsofthesocialcaseworkprocess.

Allhumanbeingsarepartofsocietyandeveryoneinthesocietyhasdifferentsocialrolesandduties.Whileperforminghisrolesandduties,individualfacesmanyproblemsinoneorotherform,whichhinderhisperformanceasasocialbeing.Caseworkistheoldestandthemostdevelopedmethodofsolvingindividual’sproblemsandimprovinghissocialrelations.TheNatureofIndividualI.TheNatureofIndividual

Everyindividualisuniqueandhis/herneedsaredifferentfromothersinsociety.Consequently,thetreatmentgivenorapproachtooneindividualcannotbeusedfortheotherindividual.Tounderstandhumanbehaviorandtheindividualdifference.GraceMathewhasgivenfollowingpropositions.(1)

Anindividual’sbehaviorisconditionedbyhis/herenvironmentandhis/herliveexperiences.Behaviorreferstoreacting,feeling,thinking,etc.Attributesofhumanbeingarenotvisibletoothers.(2)

Theconditionsandinfluencessurroundingthepersonsconstitutetheenvironment.(3)

Forhumangrowthanddevelopment,itisessentialthatcertainbasicneedsshouldbemet.Thebasicneedsmaybe–physicalandmental.Physicalneedsrefertoneedsforfood,shelterandclothing.(4)

Mentalneedscanbeintheformofemotionalsecurity,needofparents,child,andspouse.(5)

Emotionalneedsarerealandtheycannotbemetorremovedthroughintellectualreasoning.(6)

Behaviourispurposefulandisinresponsetotheindividual’sphysicalandemotionalneeds.(7)

Otherpeople’sbehaviorcanbeunderstoodonlyintermsofones’ownemotionalandintellectualcomprehension.TheNatureofIndividualEachindividualandeveryindividualhashis/herownimportance.Aseveryhumanbeinghashis/herownsetofqualities,he/shecannotbeneglected.HerbertBisnodescribedthefollowingattributesofindividualnature:Eachindividualbytheveryfactofhis/herexistenceisofworth.Humansufferingisundesirableandshouldbepreventedoratleastalleviated,wheneverpossible.Allhumanbehaviouristheresultofinteractionbetweenthebiologicalorganismanditsenvironment.Mandoesnotnaturallyactinarationalmanner.Manisamoralandasocialatbirth.1324TheNatureofIndividual567Therearebothindividualandcommonhumanneeds.Thereareimportantdifferencesbetweenindividualsandtheymustberecognizedandallowedfor.Humanmotivationiscomplexandfrequentlyobscure.89Familyrelationshipsareofprimaryimportanceintheearlydevelopmentsofindividual.“Experiencing”isessentialforlearningprocess.TheNatureofIndividualTheNatureofIndividual

Whilethesetwoattributesregardingindividualsseemobviousatfirstglancetheyareoftenforgotten.Ourtendencytosimplifyeventsandourbiasesoftenpreventsusfromrealizingtheuniquenessoftheindividualswithwhomwearedealing.Weoftenobservehowindividualswithdifferentnaturesaretreatedusingthecommonapproach.Forexample,wehearpeoplesaythatbeggarshavenoself-respectandarelazy.Toavoidthismistake,caseworkershavetoremindthemselvesthateachclientwhocomestotheagencyhashisownoutlook,feelingsandattitudes.Theirproblemsmayhavesomesimilaritiesbuthasimportantdifferences.TheNatureofIndividual

Thusthetreatmentmustbedifferentiatedaccordingtotheneedsoftheindividual.Thecaseworkershouldattempttounderstandtheclient’sneedandrespondtohiminanindividualizedwayaccordingtohisneeds.Similarly,thecaseworkershouldrecognizetheindividualasimportantsimplybecauseheishumanbeing.Professionalacceptanceofclientsbyputtingasidepersonalbiasisanimportantrequirementofthecaseworker.Thecaseworkermayhavetodealwithterrorists,criminalsandotherdeviantswhohe/shemaypersonallydislike.01Physiologicalneeds:Thisreferstobasicneedsoffood,shelter,cloth,air,andwater.02Safetyneeds:Itisthenatureofhumanbeingthatitlikestobeonthesafersideandavoidphysicaldamageandhazards.03Needforloveandbelongingness:Everyhumanbeinglovestobelovedandtobelongaparticulargroupandwiththeprestigeinthatgroup.Ifapersonisdeprivedfromparentallove,affectionofsiblingsandpeergroup,therearechancesofdevelopmentofviolentbehaviorsinhim.

AccordingtoMaslow’sprioritization,needscanbecategorizedasfollows:040506Esteemedneeds:Itisgeneralpsychologyofhumanbeingthatitlikestobeatthetopposition,tohavestatusinthesocietyandacceptanceinhisowngroup.Needforcognitiveunderstandingofselfandtheworldaround:Whenthepersonrecognizeshimselfandtheworldaroundhimitissaidthatallhisneedsarefulfilled.Itisthetopmostneedintheneedhierarchy,whichgovernsthepersonatspiritualityandveryfewpersonsachieveit.Needforself-growthandidentification:afterfulfillmentofaboveneedsthereisneedforopportunitiesavailabletoapersonforself-growthandtoprovehiscapabilitiesforhisremarkableidentificationinthesociety.TheNatureofIndividualMaslow’sHierarchyofNeedsTheoryTheNatureofIndividual

Wecansaythateachhumanbeinghasanumberofneedsrequiringsatisfaction.Iftheseneedsarenotfulfilleditmayresultinfrustrationfollowedbycrisissituation.Thecaseworkerhastounderstandtheclient’sneedinordertostudy,diagnoseandtogivetreatmentaccordingtohisneeds.II.ProblemsFacedbyIndividualandFamilies

Problemsmaybecausedduetothenon-fulfillmentofneedsorinabilitytoperformhissocialroles.Thesocialrolesareconnectedwithbeingaparent,spouseandwage-earningworkeretc.II.ProblemsFacedbyIndividualandFamiliesCausesofHumanProblemsProblemofsocialfunctioningcausesdistresstotheindividuals.Theseindividualsarenottobeconsideredasaunitofcategorybutauniqueperson.Caseworkmethodtriestoresolveindividualproblemsthroughscientificapproach.AccordingtoEncyclopediaofSocialWorkVol.1,thereasonsforhumanproblemsmaybedividedintofivecategories:LackofmaterialresourcesMisconceptionaboutthesituationandrelationshipsandlackofappropriateinformationIllnessorhealthproblemsrelatedtoadisabilityEmotionaldistressresultingfromstressfulsituationsPersonalityfeaturesordeficiencies0103020405II.ProblemsFacedbyIndividualand

Families

GraceMathewundertookasurveyof200caseworkrecords,whichwasbasedonthereportsofcaseworkservicesrenderedfortheclientsinIndia.Fromthesampleobtainedfromsurveyofcaseworkrecord,theproblemscanbecategorizedasfollows:010203040506Problemsrelatedtoillnessanddisabilities.Behaviorproblems.Problemsduetolackofmaterialresources.Problemsrelatedtoinstitutionalization.Problemsofmaritaldiscord.II.ProblemsFacedbyIndividualandFamiliesSchoolrelatedproblems.070809Problemsituationsneedingafollow-upservice.Predicamentsanddifficultiesofclientcaughtupinproblemsthathavebeenregardedassocialproblemslikegambling,prostitution,alcoholism,drugaddictionandunmarriedmotherhood.Needsrelatedtorehabilitation

ofpeoplehandicapped

bydisabilities.II.ProblemsFacedbyIndividualandFamiliesII.ProblemsFacedbyIndividualandFamilies

Broadlywecansaythatinasocietymanyproblemsareassociatedwiththeindividualandtheprimeaimofcaseworkistoresolveindividualproblemsinordertohelphim/hertobeindependentandeffectiveinsocialfunctioning.III.ConceptofSocialCaseworkIII.ConceptofSocialCasework

InthewordsofGordonandHamilton,“socialcaseworkwhichisbothatoolandareaofworkconsistsofprocesseswhichdeveloppersonalitythroughadjustmentconsciouslyaffectindividualbyindividualbetweenmanandhissocialenvironment”.MissRichmondgivesthisdefinitionofcaseworkas“socialcaseworkisartofdoingdifferentthingsforandwithdifferentpeoplebycooperatingwiththemtoachieveatoneandatthesametimetheirownandtheirsociety’sbetterment.”III.ConceptofSocialCasework

Thusitisbothartandscienceofresolvingindividualproblemsinsocialarea,forindividualandsocietyareinterdependentandsocialforcesinfluencebehaviorandattitudeofanindividual.

Thefocusofeachbranchisdifferentbutthepracticeofthesebranchesisnotmutuallyexclusive.Socialcaseworkisconcernedwithindividualandhisadjustmenttolifeandgeneralsocialwelfare.Itdoesnotconcentrateonindividualtotheexclusionofsocialfactors.Inotherwords,thebasicobjectiveofsocialcaseworkistopromotesocialwelfarewithbasicfocusonindividuals.IV.BasicAssumptionsofSocialCaseworkIV.BasicAssumptionsofSocialasework

Themainworkofsocialcaseworkistoenableanindividualinsolvingaproblemthroughself-efforts.Thesocialworker’sjobistoprovideadequatehelpandguidance.AccordingtoHamiltonthechiefassumptionsofsocialcaseworkare:142356Variousfactorsoperativeinthesocietyinfluencehumanbehaviorandattitude.Someproblemsarepsychologicalandsomeareinterpersonalinnature.Individualandsocietyareinterdependentandcomplimentarytoeachother.Socialcaseworkenablesanindividualtosolvehis/herproblemsbychannelizinghis/herenergyandcapacitypositively.Socialcaseworkprovideseveryoneequalrighttoprogress.Italsoprovideshelptoeveryneedyanddisabledperson.Intheprocessofsocialcasework,consciousandcontrolledrelationsareestablishedforachievingitsaims.IV.BasicAssumptionsofSocialCaseworkIV.BasicAssumptionsofSocialCasework

PhilosophicalAssumptions

Theultimategoalofsocialcaseworkistoestablishharmoniousrelationshipbetweenindividualandthesocietytowhichhebelongs.AccordingtoGraceMathewtherearecertainassumptions,whichconstitutethefundamentalstructureofsocialcasework.Theyaregeneratedoutofthecollectivethinkingandtraditionsincasework.Everyhumanbeinghastobeconsideredasapersonwithdignityandworth.132Humanbeingsareinterdependentanditgovernstheirinteractioninsocialgroups.Therearecommonhumanneedsforgrowthanddevelopmentofindividuals.Theexistenceofcommonneedsdoesnotnegatetheuniquenessofindividuals.Everyindividualislikeallotherhumanbeingsinsomeaspectsandlikenootherindividualsincertainaspects.Thesephilosophicalassumptionsare45Everyindividualhaswithinhim/her,thepotentialforgrowthandachievementandhe/shehasarighttotherealizationofthispotential.Fromthisitfollowsthatpeoplehascapacitytochange.Societyhasanobligationtohelpthosewhodonothavethemeansfortherealizationoftheirpotentials.V.ValueofSocialCaseworkwithintheSphereofSocialWorkV.ValueofSocialCaseworkwithintheSphere

ofSocial

Work

WeknowthatSocialCaseworkasmethodofsocialworkaimsathelpingindividualtosolvehis/herprobleminthesocietytoperforminbetterwayandtoenhancehis/herowncapabilities.Thebasicunitofsocietyisindividual.Ifindividualsaresatisfiedintheirlifeandeffortsaremadetominimizemaladjustmentthenitleadstoformationofpeacefulsociety.Societyisconsistingofindividual.V.ValueofSocialCaseworkwithintheSphereofSocialWork

Everyprofessionhasatestedbodyofknowledgeforitsowngrowthanddevelopment.Thisbodyofknowledgeshouldbeeasilyunderstandableandcommunicableandshouldincludeprinciples,techniques,method,procedure,toolsandterminologyofitsown.Thesocialworkasprofessionhasdevelopedabodyofknowledge,whichincludemethodandtools,andterminologyofitsown.Inthesphereofsocialwork,caseworkasamethoddemandsadualorientation.Firstly,orientationinhumanpsychology,secondlyorientationinknowingculturalforceofthesocietyinwhichitworks.V.ValueofSocialCaseworkwithintheSphereofSocialWork

InitiallySocialCaseworkwaspracticedinafewagenciesandinstitutionsbutithasbeenincreasinglyutilizedinnewersettings.Todaytherearemanyagencies,institutionsandorganizations,whichfrequentlyusesocialcasework.Itispracticedinhospitals,clinics,courts,industries,militaryorganizations,familywelfareagenciesbothgovernmentandvoluntary,immigrantagencies,daynurseriesandschools,adoptionagencies,childguidanceclinics,hygieneorganization,healthorganizationandothers.VI.PrinciplesofSocialCaseworkVI.PrinciplesofSocialCasework

Socialcasework,aprimarymethodofsocialworkisconcernedwiththeadjustmentanddevelopmentoftheindividualtowardsmoresatisfyinghumanrelations.Buthis/heradjustmentanddevelopmentdependontheuseofavailableresourcesbyhimandwithinhim.Sometimesduetocertainfactors,internalorexternalhe/shefailstoavailexistingfacilities.Insuchsituationsocialcaseworkerbyusingdifferentresources;bothmaterialandhumanhelpstheclient.Butbeforeapplyingdifferenttechniquestotheclientinsolvinghis/herpsycho-socialproblems,he/sheisrequiredtoknowthetheoreticalframeworkofsocialcaseworkpractice.Therearecertainprinciplesofsocialcaseworkpracticeandtheseprinciplesaretheguidelinestoworkwithclient.VI.PrinciplesofSocialCasework

Theprinciplesofsocialcaseworkareappliedinestablishingcloserelationshipbetweensocialcaseworkerandtheclient.Relationshipisthemediumthroughwhichchangesarebroughtinthebehaviorandpersonalityoftheclient.ThetermrelationshipinsocialcaseworkwasusedforthefirsttimebyMissVirginiaRobinsoninherbook,“AChangingPsychologyinSocialCaseWork”in.Thesocialcaseworkrelationshipisthedynamicinteractionofattitudesandemotionsbetweenthesocialcaseworkerandtheclientwiththepurposeofhelpingtheclienttoachieveabetteradjustmentbetweenhimselfandhis/herenvironment.VI.PrinciplesofSocialCasework

Thus,thepurposeofestablishingrelationshipistohelptheclientwithhis/herpsycho-socialneedsandproblems.Therelationshipbetweencaseworkerandclientmaybemorestrengthenedbyusingcertainprinciples.Theseprinciplesare:PrincipleofcommunicationPrincipleofexpressionoffeelingsPrincipleofcontrolledemotionalinvolvementPrincipleofindividualizationPrincipleofmeaningfulrelationshipPrincipleofacceptance111VI.PrinciplesofSocialCaseworkPrincipleofnon-judgmentalattitudePrincipleofclient’sself-determinationPrincipleofworker’sself-awarenessPrincipleofsocialfunctioningPrincipleoftuningbehaviorPrincipleofsociallearningPrincipleofconfidentiality1.Principleofindividualization

Notwopersonsarealikeinallqualitiesandtraits.Theirproblemsmaybethesamebutthecauseoftheproblem,theperceptiontowardstheproblemandegostrengthdiffersineveryindividual.Therefore,eachindividualclientshouldbetreatedasaseparateentityandcompleteinformationisrequiredtoestablishcloserelationsinordertosolvehis/herproblemfromroot.2.Principleofmeaningfulrelationship

Thepurposeofestablishingrelationshipinsocialcaseworkistochangethebehaviorpatternoftheclientortoachieveadjustmentinmaladjustedsituation.Meaningfulrelationshipisdevelopedinsocialcaseworkbydemonstratingtheinterestsinclient.He/sheisconvincedofthecaseworker’swarmthasanindividualandconveysrespectandcaringforhim/her.Inreturn,thecaseworkerhelpstheclienttotrustinhis/herobjectivityandfeelsecuredasworthwhileindividual.3.Principleofacceptance

Socialcaseworkeracceptstheclientasheisandwithallhis/herlimitations.He/shebelievesthatacceptanceisthecruxofallhelp.Itembracestwobasicideas---onenegativeandonepositive.He/shedoesnotcondemnorfeelhostiletowardsaclientbecausehis/herbehaviordiffersfromtheapprovedone.Lateron,he/shetriestomodifyhis/herbehaviorstepbystep.4.Principleofcommunication

Communicationisatwo-wayprocess.Theremustbepropercommunicationbetweencaseworkerandtheclient,whichhelps,inproperunderstandingofeachother.Itistheroadtotheidentificationoftheclient’sproblem.Thefunctionofsocialcaseworkerisprimarilytocreateanenvironmentinwhichtheclientwillfeelcomfortableingivingexpressiontohis/herfeelings.Itdependsonapropercommunication.5.Principleofexpressionoffeelings

Purposefulexpressionoffeelingsistherecognitionoftheclient’sneedtoexpresshis/herfeelingsfreely,especiallyhis/hernegativefeelings.Thecaseworkerlistenspurposefully,neitherdiscouragingnorcondemningtheexpressionofthosefeelings.Sometimeshe/sheevenstimulatesandencouragesthemwhentheexpressionisoftherapeuticnature.6.ThePrincipleofcontrolledemotionalinvolvement

Thesocialcaseworkertriestounderstandtheclient’sfeelingsandemotionsbutdoesnotinvolveher/hispersonfeelingsinhis/herproblems-solvingprocesswiththeirclients.7.Principleofnon-judgmentalattitude

Thenon-judgmentalattitudeisaqualityofthecaseworkrelationship.Thecaseworkerdoesnotblametheclientforhis/herproblemnorheassignsanyresponsibilityforhis/hermiseries.He/sheonlyevaluatestheattitudes,standardsoractionoftheclient.8.Principleofclientself-determination

Theclient’sself-determinationisthepracticalrecognitionoftherightandneedofclientstofreedominmakinghis/herownchoicesanddecisions.Butthisrightislimitedbytheclient’scapacityforpositiveandconstructivedecisionmaking.9.Principleofself-awareness

Itmeansthatcaseworkershouldknowhis/herownstrengthsandlimitationsindealingwithclient’sproblems.Ifhe/shefeelsthattheproblemsoftheclientarebeyondhis/hercapacity,theclientshouldbetransferredtotheappropriateauthority.10.Principleofsocialfunctioning

Socialfunctioningmeansthefunctioningoftheindividualinhis/hersocialrolesandrelationships,withemphasisonhis/herrelationtotheenvironment.Thecaseworkertriestoassesstherolesoftheclientandhis/hercapacitytoperformtheseroles.11.Principleoftuningbehavior

Manhasbody,mindandintellectasthreeinstrumentsofexperiencesthroughwhichlifeconstantlypulsates.Thesethreeinstrumentshavetheirowndistinctcharacteristicsineachperson.Henceeachpersonhasuniquepersonality.Thereisneedoftuningthreeinstrumentsforrightperceptionandthinking.Thesocialcaseworkerdoesit.12.Principleofsociallearning

Sociallearningisapre-requisitetothechangesthatareinevitablyinvolvedinproblem-solving.Thesociallearningprocessesinvolves(1)arousingandfocusingattentionandconcern,(2)organizingandevaluatingtheproblemandplanningfutureaction,(3)searchingforandacquiringnewinformation,(4)providingopportunitiestotheclientfornewexperience.13.Principleofconfidentiality

Confidentialityisthepreservationofthesecretinformationconcerningtheclient,whichisdisclosedintheprofessionalrelationshiponly.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework

Theoriesormodelsgivethedirectiontothecaseworkertohandletheclientinawaywhichissuitedaccordingtotheclient’sneedsandsocialconditions.FiveTheoriesPsycho-socialTheoryTheProblem-SolvingTheoryRationalEmotiveTherapyBehaviorModificationTheoryRoleTheoryVII.TheoriesofSocialCasework1.Psycho-socialTheory

Psycho-socialtheorywaspropoundedbyHamilton.Shepublishedanarticleon“TheUnderlyingPhilosophyofSocialCaseWork”in1941inwhichtheword‘diagnostic’wasusedtoexpresspsycho-socialproblems.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework

Inthisapproach,diagnosisandtreatmentaredirectedtowardpersoninsituation.Theclientisseeninthecontextofhis/herinteractionsandtransactionswiththeouterworld.Forproperdiagnosisandtreatmentclient’ssocialcontextmustbeunderstoodandmobilized.Treatmentmustbedifferentiatedaccordingtotheneedoftheclient.Threestagesareinvolvedinpsycho-socialapproach.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework1.1Psycho-socialStudy

Socialcaseworkerstartshis/herworkwiththeknowledgeoftheneedsoftheclient.He/sheonthebasisoftheneeds,assesseswhatkindofhelptheclientneeds.He/shealsofindsouttheperceptionoftheclientabouthis/herownproblem,andhis/herdesiresaboutthekindofassistancetobeprovided.He/she,then,himself/herselftriestoarriveathis/herownunderstandingofwhattheclient’stroubleis,whatfactorscontributetoitandwhattypeofserviceisneededtoimprovehis/heregostrengthandadaptability.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework1.2Diagnosis

Onthebasisofthecollecteddataandavailablematerialsocialcaseworkertriestoassessthenatureofclient’stroublecontributingfactorsandwherechangescanbebroughtinhis/herbehaviourwithoutmuchefforts.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework1.3Treatment

SocialCaseworkergivesmuchemphasisonindirecttreatmentorenvironmentalmodification.He/sheintervenesactivelyintheenvironmentandprovidesnecessaryconcretehelptotheclient.He/sheprovidesfinancialhelpbylocatingsuchagency,properhealthcareandalsoeducationalresources.Directtreatmentisalsoprovidedfortheventilationoftheclienttoacceptconcretehelp.Psychologicalsupport,counselling,suggestions,etc.Techniquesareusedtoestablishcloserelationswiththeclient.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework2.BehaviorModificationTheory

BehaviormodificationtheoryisbasedupontheprinciplesoflearningandconditioningpropoundedbyPavlovandThorndike.TheresearchesofB.F.Skinnerhelpedtodevelopthebehaviormodificationapproachfurther.Thebehavioristictheoryviewedproblemasessentiallytheresultofafailuretolearnnecessaryadaptivebehaviorsandcompetenciesand/orthelearningofineffectiveandmaladaptivebehaviors.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework

Itmayhappenduetoconflictingsituationsthatrequiretheindividualtomakediscriminationsordecisionsofwhichhe/shefeelsincapable.Themaladjustedpersonhaslearnedfaultycopingpatterns,whicharebeingmaintainedbysomekindofreinforcement,andhe/shehasfailedtolearnneededcompetenciesforcopingwiththeproblemofliving.Thefollowingtechniquesareusedforbehaviormodification:VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework2.1SimpleExtinction

Inthistechnique,thereinforcementisremovedtoeliminateamaladaptivepatternofbehavior.Thisisespeciallyhelpfulwheremaladaptivebehaviorisbeingreinforcedunknowinglybyothers.Throughthistechnique,learnedbehaviorpatternsaremadeweakeranddisappearovertime.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework2.2SystematicDesensitization

Itisatechniquetodealwithawidevarietyofmaladaptiveemotionalbehaviors,particularlyinvolvinganxiety,irrationalfearsandphobiasandotherformsofdysfunctionsi.e.neurotictendencies.Therearefivebasicstepsinsystematicdesensitization:assessment12constructionofanxietyhierarchies3traininginmusclerelaxation5implementation4imaginarytrainingVII.TheoriesofSocialCaseworkVII.TheoriesofSocialCasework2.3ImpulsiveTherapy

Inthistechnique,insteadofbanishinganxiety,thesocialcaseworkerattemptstoelicitamassivefloodofanxiety.Withrepeatedexposureinasafesettingwherenoharmisfeltbytheclient,thestimuluslosesitsstrengthtoelicitanxiety.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework2.4AssertiveTherapy

Itisneededtodevelopmoreeffectivecopingmechanism.Insuchtherapy,theopportunityisgiventotheclientforrole-playing.2.5

AversionTherapy

Thistechniqueisusedforthemodificationofundesirablebehaviourbythemethodofpunishment.Punishmentmayinvolveeithertheremovalofpositivereinforcementsortheuseofaversivestimuli.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework2.6FamilyTherapy

Familyisasystemwhichiscomposedofthreesubsystems:marriage,parenthoodandsiblings.Therearecontinuousinteractionsandtransactionsamongthesesubsystems.Itisquiteoftenobservedthatsometimesrelationsmaynotbeharmoniousandatthattimeoutsidehelpisrequiredtobringthefamilyonpropertrack.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework

Familytherapyisbasedontheassumptionthatmaritalrelationshipsysteminfluencesthefamilyadjustmentandthereforeitisnecessarytounderstandthenatureofmarriage.Itisalsotruethatthenatureofthemaritalequilibriumaffectsallfamilymembersbutitseffectdifferoneachofthemember.Thedevelopmentofchildrenareaffectedalsobythenatureofthemaritalequilibriumbecausetheyinterjecttheparentsasmodelsandguides.Furthereachdevelopmentalphaseinthefamilyhasstressfulsituationwhichrequiresnewrelationship.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework

Familytherapyissignificantbecausewheneveronememberofafamilyisintrouble,allareintrouble.Communicationinthefamilyisthechannelthroughwhichmembersofthefamilyinteract.Wheneverthereisprobleminthefamilycommunicationbecomefaultyordysfunctional.

Infamilytherapy,thediagnosisisconfirmedonthebasisofvarioustypesofinterviewswiththeclientandfamily.VII.TheoriesofSocialCasework

Thesocialcaseworkertriestoknowfamilystructure,andtheprocessesinthefamilyresponsibilities,rolespatternsofdailyliving,roleperformance,rolerelationship,dependency,separate