2022年山西同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试真题卷2测

2022年山西同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试真

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1.Inthe1970smanyofusthoughtworkingoutsidethehomewouldbe

Iiberatingforwomen,freeingthemfromfinanciaIdependenceonmenand

allowingthemrolesbeyondthoseofwifeandmother.Ithasn1tworked

outthatway.Women1slaborhasbeenboughtonthecheap,theirworking

hourshavebecomelongerandtheirfamilycommitmentshavebarely

diminished.Therealityformostworkingwomenisanearimpossiblefeat

ofworkingeverharder.Therehavebeennewopportunitiesforsomewomen:

professionsonceclosedtothem,suchaslaw,haveopenedup.Women

managersarecommonpIace,thoughthetopboardroomsremainmaIepreserves.

ProfessionalandmanagerialwomenhavedoneweIIoutofneoIiberalism.

Theirsalariesallowthemtohiredomestichelp.Butmorewomen,such

asthesupermarketorcalIcentreworkers;thecooks,cleanersand

hairdressers,alIfindthemseIvesinIow-wage,Iow-statusjobswithno

possibiIityofpayingtohavetheirhousescleanedbysomeoneelse.Even

thoseinprofessionsonce-regardedasreasonablyhigh-status,suchas

teaching,nursingorofficework,haveseenthatstatuspusheddownwith

longerhours,moreregulationandlowerpay.Women9srighttowork

shouIdnotmeanafamiIyIifewherepartnersrarelyseeeachotheror

theirchiIdren.YetaquarterofalIfamiIieswithdependentchiIdren

haveoneparentworkingnightsorevenings,manyofthembecauseof

chiIdcareproblems.Thelegislativechangesofthe1960sand1970s

heIpedestabIishwomen1slegalandfinancialindependence,butwehave

longcomeupagainsttheIimitsofthelaw.AmoreradicalsociaI

transformationwouldmeanusingthecountry'sweaIth-muchofitnow

producedbywomen-tocreateadecentfamiIyIife.A35-hourweekand

anationaIchiIdcareservicewouldbeastart.Butitishardtoimagine

themajoremployersconcedingsuchdemands.Everygainthatwomenhave

madeatworkhashadtobefoughtfor.Women'sIiveshaveundergone

arevolutionoverthepastfewdecadesthathasseenmarriedwomen,and

mothersinparticular,gofromaprivatefamiIyroIetoamuchmoresociaI

roleatwork.Buttheyhaven5tleftthefamiIyrolebehind:nowthey

areexpectedtoworkevenhardertodoboth.

,

Inparagraph2r"Ithasntworkedoutthatway."meansthatwomenat

present.

A.arefacingworseningconditions

B.arestilldependentonmenfinancially

C.preferstayingathomeashousewives

D.findithardtogetfairtreatment

2.NewYear9sEverequirestheu11imatepartyoutfit.Butwhatifyour

hoiidayspendinghasburnedholesinyourpocketsTheanswermightbe

torentaIittIeIuxury.TherentingbusinesshasbeguntoIosetheimage

ofanindustryfilledwithdesignertuxedos,HaIIoweencostumesor

out-of-dateeveningwear.Stilllargelyanindustrydedicatedto

special-eventclothing(dinners,corporateparties,weddings),ithas

startedtobranchoutintomorecasualcIothing.Andforthosenotafraid

toshoparound,ithasbecomeanoptionfordressinguponabudget.For

thepriceofrentals(£150,or$260,forafour-dayperiod),theonly

thingsavaiIableinmostdepartmentstoresaredressesthatlookasif

theyarelatefortheparty.nWorkingwomenhavesophisticatedtastes,

butbuyinganeveningdressisaveryexpensiveproposition,andmost

peopIedontwanttowearthesamedressmorethanonce,nsaysDoniger.

Butwhathasbroughtonthisrecentchangeinperceptiononrentingluxury

Unexpectedly,thetransformationhasbeenheIpedalongbyachangein

corporatepolicybymanytopbusinesses.ForyearsbusinessmenaIIover

theworldhavegottenacIothingaIIowancefromtheircompaniestorent

atuxedoorotherluxuryitemstheyneedforanevent.Butwhileany

companyIookingatthebottomIineisnotgoingtopayforafemaIe

empIoyeetobuyaneweveningdress,theyarenowmorewillingtohelp

payforrentingone.nInthelastfiveyearsalotofbusinesseshave

startedtopayforsomeifnotalIofarental.TheywiIIpayrsay,£80

or£90ofthecostandletthewomentopofftherestthemselves,Ksays

Doniger.ButrentingluxuryfashionisnotIimitedtocIothing.Having

theIatestmust-havedesignerhandbagisthefastestwayforawomanto

communicateherfashionsavvyanddisplayherluxurystatus.TherentaI

storescangivetheeverydaywomanachancetoweartheIatestdesigner

bagandfeelIikeamillionbuckswithouthavingtospendit.

Inparagraph3"dressinguponabudget"probablymeans"to

A.dressformallywhenthereisenoughmoney

B.dresswellwiththelimitedavailablemoney

C.trytosavemoneytoenjoyexpensiveclothes

D.setasidecertainamountofmoneyforfancydresses

3.Tenyearsago,whenenvironmentaIlawyerKassieSiegeIwentinsearch

ofananimaltosavetheworld,thepolarbearwasnJtataIIanobvious

choice.SiegeIandBrendanCummingsoftheCenterforBiological

DiversityinJoshuaTree,Calif.,wereIookingforaspecieswhose

habitatwasdisappearingduetoclimatechange,whichcouldserveasa

symboIofthedangersofglobalwarming.Herfirstcandidatemetthe

9

scientificcriteria-itIivedinicecavesinAlaskasGlacierBayrwhich

weremeltingaway-butunfortunatelyitwasaspider.Youcan5tseiI

alotofTshirtswithpicturesofananimalmostpeopIewouldhappily

stepon.Next,SiegelturnedtotheKittIitzJsmurrelet,asmalIArctic

seabirdwhosenestingsitesinglaciersweredisappearing.In2001,she

petitionedtheDepartmentoftheInteriortoaddittotheEndangered

SpeciesIist,butInteriorSecretaryGaleNortonturnedherdown.Elkhorn

andstaghorncoral,whicharethreatenedbyrisingwatertemperatures

intheCaribbean,didmakeitontotheIist,butasiconicspeciesthey

felIshortinsofarasmanypeopIedon'trealizethey'realiveinthe

firstplace.Thepolarbear,bycontrast,isvehementlyaliveandcarries

theundeniablecharismaofatoppredator.Anditsdependenceonicewas

intuitivelyobvious;itIivesonitmostoftheyear.ButittookuntiI

2004forresearcherstodemonstratethatshrinkingseaicewasaserious

threattothebears5population.OnFeb.16,2005—"thedaytheKyoto

Protocoltocurbgreenhouse-gasemissionstookeffect,withoutthe

participationoftheUnitedStates-SiegeIpetitionedtoIistpoIarbears

asendangered.ThreeyearslaterhereffortsmetwithequivocaI(不明

确的)success,asInteriorSecretaryDirkKempthornedesignatedthebears

as"threatened'1(notendangered),asignificantconcessionfroman

administrationthathasstoodaImostaIoneintheworldinitsreluctance

toacknowledgethedangersofclimatechange.TheEndangeredSpeciesAct

(ESA),whoseoddIistsofsnaiIsandbladderwortssometimesseemedstuck

intheageofDarwin,hadbeenthrustintothemainstreamof21st-century

environmentalpolitics.BreakouttheTshirts!

TheproblemwithElkhornandstaghorncoralsIiesinthat.

A.theywerenotmuch-likedbymanypeople

B.theywerenotwell-knownenoughtobeanicon

C.theywerenotconsideredanimalsbymanypeople

D.theywerenotaddedtothelistofEndangeredSpecies

4.AnthropoIogyisasciencedeaIingwithmanandhisorigins.Iredefine

anthropologyhereas“beinginterested,withoutjudgment,intheway

otherpeopIechoosetoIiveandbehave,Hinordertoturnitintoa

strategywhichisgearedtowarddevelopingyourcompassionasweIIas

awayofbecomingmorepatient.Whensomeoneactsinawaythatseems

strangetoyou,ratherthanreactinginyourusualway,suchas,111can5

tbeIievetheywoulddothat.nInstead,saysomethingtoyourselfIike

111see,thatmustbethewaysheseesthingsinherworId.Very

interesting.nInorderforthisstrategytohelpyou,youhavetobe

genuine.There1saIinebetweenbeing11interested'1andbeingarrogant,

asifsecretlyyoubeIievethatyourwayisbetter.RecentIyIwasat

alocalshoppingmaIIwithmysix-yearolddaughter.Agroupofpunks

waIkedbywithorangespiked（成锥形的）hairandtattoos（文身）covering

muchoftheirbodies.MydaughterimmediateIyaskedme,"Daddy,whyare

theydressedupIikethatAretheyincostumes'1YearsagoIwouldhave

feltveryjudgmentalandfrustratedabouttheseyoungpeopIe-asiftheir

waywaswrongandmymoreconservativewaywasright.IwouIdhavebIurted

outsomejudgmentalexplanationstomydaughterandpassedalongtoher

myjudgmentalviews.Pretendingtobeananthropologist,however,has

changedmyperspectiveagreatdeal;it'smademesofter.Isaidtomy

daughter,"1,mnotreallysure,butit'sinterestinghowdifferentwe

alIare,isn,titMShesaid,“Yeah,butIIikemyownhair.MRatherthan

focusingonthebehaviorandcontinuingtogiveitenergy,webothdropped

itandcontinuedtoenjoyourtimetogether.Whenyouareinterested

,5

inotherperspectives,itdoesntimply,evensiightlyrthatyoure

advocatingit.Icertainlywouldn'tchooseapunkrockIifestyIeor

suggestittoanyoneelse.Atthesametime,however,it'sreallynot

myplacetojudgeiteither.OneofthebasicrulesofjoyfulIivingis

thatjudgingotherstakesagreatdealofenergyand,withoutexception,

pullsyouawayfromwhereyouwanttobe.

Inwhatwayisbeingarrogantdifferentfrombeinginterested

A.Beingarrogantmeansyourefusetochangeyourmind.

B.Beingarrogantmeansyouonlycareaboutyourownaffairs.

C.Beingarrogantmeansyoubelievenothingisworthyourattention.

D.Beingarrogantmeansyouthinkyourwayissuperiortothatofothers.

5.Inthe1970smanyofusthoughtworkingoutsidethehomewouldbe

Iiberatingforwomen,freeingthemfromfinanciaIdependenceonmenand

allowingthemrolesbeyondthoseofwifeandmother.Ithasn,tworked

outthatway.Women5slaborhasbeenboughtonthecheap,theirworking

hourshavebecomelongerandtheirfamilycommitmentshavebarely

diminished.Therealityformostworkingwomenisanearimpossiblefeat

ofworkingeverharder.Therehavebeennewopportunitiesforsomewomen:

professionsonceclosedtothem,suchaslaw,haveopenedup.Women

managersarecommonpIace,thoughthetopboardroomsremainmaIepreserves.

ProfessionalandmanagerialwomenhavedoneweIIoutofneoIiberalism.

Theirsalariesallowthemtohiredomestichelp.Butmorewomen,such

asthesupermarketorcalIcentreworkers;thecooks,cleanersand

hairdressers,alIfindthemseIvesinIow-wage,Iow-statusjobswithno

possibiIityofpayingtohavetheirhousescleanedbysomeoneelse.Even

thoseinprofessionsonce-regardedasreasonablyhigh-status,suchas

teaching,nursingorofficework,haveseenthatstatuspusheddownwith

longerhours,moreregulationandlowerpay.WomenJsrighttowork

shouIdnotmeanafamiIyIifewherepartnersrarelyseeeachotheror

theirchiIdren.YetaquarterofalIfamiIieswithdependentchiIdren

haveoneparentworkingnightsorevenings,manyofthembecauseof

chiIdcareproblems.Thelegislativechangesofthe1960sand1970s

heIpedestabIishwomen1slegalandfinanciaIindependence,butwehave

longcomeupagainsttheIimitsofthelaw.AmoreradicalsociaI

transformationwouldmeanusingthecountry1sweaIth-muchofitnow

producedbywomen-tocreateadecentfamiIyIife.A35-hourweekand

anationaIchiIdcareservicewouldbeastart.Butitishardtoimagine

themajoremployersconcedingsuchdemands.Everygainthatwomenhave

madeatworkhashadtobefoughtfor.Women'sIiveshaveundergone

arevolutionoverthepastfewdecadesthathasseenmarriedwomen,and

mothersinparticular,gofromaprivatefamiIyroIetoamuchmoresociaI

roleatwork.Buttheyhaven1tleftthefamiIyrolebehind:nowthey

areexpectedtoworkevenhardertodoboth.

Theauthorsuggeststhatthebenefitsofwomen1sworking.

A.meanthatwomenareabletorealizetheirdreams

B.havebeenexaggeratedinthepastfewdecades

C.aresharedonlybyalimitednumberofwomen

D.willbebetterseenintheyearstocome

6.Justafewyearsago,agraduatefromBrownUniversitymedicaIschool

hadjustaninkIingabouthowtocarefortheelderly.Now,Brownand

otherU.S.medicaIschooIsareplugginggeriatric（老年）coursesinto

theircurricula.TheU.S.CensusBureauprojectsthenumberofelderly

Americanswi11nearlydoubIeto71millionby2030.Thefirstmembers

oftheBabyBoomergeneration,sonamedfortheexplosioninbirthsin

theyearsafterWorIdWarTwo,turn65inthreeyears.Inaddition,peopIe

areIivinglongerthanever."ThefirstripplesofthesiIvertsunami

arelappingattheshoresofourcountry,butthereisnotacoordinated

orstrategicresponsetakingplaceinAmerica,HsaidRichardBesdine,

whoisdireetorofthegeriatricsdivisionatBrownUniversitymedicaI

schoolinProvidence.Geriatrieshasneverbeenafieldofchoicefor

youngdoctors.Elderlycaredoctorsarepaidlessthanmostother

physiciansandsurgeonsandtheagedcanbehardtotreat.Theyhave

compIicatedmedicaIhistoriesandtheiraiImerits,evensuchroutine

iIInessesaspneumonia（肺炎），canbemoredifficulttodiagnosebecause

theymaybemaskedbyotherconditions.Also,drugscanaffectthem

differentlythanmiddle-agedadults."It'sahardjob;it'snotpaid

verywell;it'scompIicated;andthere'sveryIittIestatuswithinthe

hierarchyofmedicaIspecialtiestobeingageriatricphysician,"said

GavinHougham,seniorprogramofficerandmanagerofmedicineprograms

attheJohnA.HartfordFoundation.Outof800000doctorsintheUnited

States,roughly7000aregeriatricians,Houghamsaid.Thecountryneeds

another13000toadequateIycarefortoday1soIderpopuIation,according

totheAmericanGeriatricsSociety.TheshortfalIcouldreach36000by

2030.Tohelpcounterthat,privategroupsarebankrolIingmedicaI

schooIsJemphasisonaging.TheHartfordFoundationhasgivenmorethan

$40mi11ionto27schooIstotrainfacuItyinelderIycare,andtheDonaId

W.ReynoIdsFoundationhasgivenmorethan$100millionto30schooIs

toincIudemoregeriatricscontent."Iftheydon'tlearnit,theystill

havetodealwithit,nHoughamsaid."It'snotthatnotlearning

geriatricswiIIcausetheseolderpeopIetogoaway.They*recoming

whetherwe5rereadyornot.\

WhatdoesRichardBesdinemeaninparagraph3

A.ThelargeamountoftheelderlyhascreatedabigprobleminAmerica.

B.Thenumberoftheelderlyhasbeengrowingbeyondthecapacityof

America.

C.Americaisnotreadytocopewiththegrowingnumberoftheelderly.

D.Americaisnottheidealplacefortheelderlytospendtherestof

theirlives.

7.NewYear,sEverequirestheu11imatepartyoutfit.Butwhatifyour

hoiidayspendinghasburnedholesinyourpocketsTheanswermightbe

torentaIittIeIuxury.TherentingbusinesshasbeguntoIosetheimage

ofanindustryfilledwithdesignertuxedos,Halloweencostumesor

out-of-dateeveningwear.Stilllargelyanindustrydedicatedto

speciaI-eventcIothing(dinners,corporateparties,weddings),ithas

startedtobranchoutintomorecasualcIothing.Andforthosenotafraid

toshoparound,ithasbecomeanoptionfordressinguponabudget.For

thepriceofrentals(£150,or$260,forafour-dayperiod),theonly

thingsavaiIableinmostdepartmentstoresaredressesthatlookasif

theyarelatefortheparty.nWorkingwomenhavesophisticatedtastes,

butbuyinganeveningdressisaveryexpensiveproposition,andmost

peopIedontwanttowearthesamedressmorethanonce,MsaysDoniger.

Butwhathasbroughtonthisrecentchangeinperceptiononrentingluxury

UnexpectedIy,thetransformationhasbeenheIpedalongbyachangein

corporatepolicybymanytopbusinesses.ForyearsbusinessmenalIover

theworIdhavegottenacIothingaIIowancefromtheircompaniestorent

atuxedoorotherluxuryitemstheyneedforanevent.Butwhileany

companyIookingatthebottomIineisnotgoingtopayforafemaIe

empIoyeetobuyaneweveningdress,theyarenowmorewillingtohelp

payforrentingone.nInthelastfiveyearsalotofbusinesseshave

startedtopayforsomeifnotalIofarental.TheywiIIpayfsay,£80

or£90ofthecostandletthewomentopofftherestthemselves,Msays

Doniger.ButrentingluxuryfashionisnotIimitedtoclothing.Having

theIatestmust-havedesignerhandbagisthefastestwayforawomanto

communicateherfashionsavvyanddisplayherluxurystatus.TherentaI

storescangivetheeverydaywomanachancetoweartheIatestdesigner

bagandfeelIikeamillionbuckswithouthavingtospendit.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonforworkingwomentorentdresses

A.Theylikewhatisprovidedbytherentalcompanies.

B.Theyneedtochangedressforeverydifferentoccasion.

C.Theycannotaffordbuyingmanynewdresses.

D.Theyhavenotimeforshoppinginthedepartmentstores.

8.AnthropoIogyisasciencedeaIingwithmanandhisorigins.Iredefine

anthropologyhereas"beinginterested,withoutjudgment,intheway

otherpeopIechoosetoIiveandbehave,Hinordertoturnitintoa

strategywhichisgearedtowarddevelopingyourcompassionasweIIas

awayofbecomingmorepatient.Whensomeoneactsinawaythatseems

strangetoyou,ratherthanreactinginyourusualway,suchas,111can5

tbeIievetheywoulddothat."Instead,saysomethingtoyourselfIike

111see,thatmustbethewaysheseesthingsinherworId.Very

interesting.nInorderforthisstrategytohelpyou,youhavetobe

genuine.There1saIinebetweenbeing11interested'1andbeingarrogant,

asifsecretlyyoubeIievethatyourwayisbetter.RecentIyIwasat

alocalshoppingmaIIwithmysix-yearolddaughter.Agroupofpunks

waIkedbywithorangespiked（成锥形的）hairandtattoos（文身）covering

muchoftheirbodies.MydaughterimmediateIyaskedme,"Daddy,whyare

theydressedupIikethatAretheyincostumes'1YearsagoIwouldhave

feltveryjudgmentalandfrustratedabouttheseyoungpeopIe-asiftheir

waywaswrongandmymoreconservativewaywasright.IwouIdhavebIurted

outsomejudgmentalexplanationstomydaughterandpassedalongtoher

myjudgmentalviews.Pretendingtobeananthropologist,however,has

changedmyperspectiveagreatdeal;it1smademesofter.Isaidtomy

daughter,"1,mnotreallysure,butit'sinterestinghowdifferentwe

alIare,isn,titMShesaid,“Yeah,butIIikemyownhair.MRatherthan

focusingonthebehaviorandcontinuingtogiveitenergy,webothdropped

itandcontinuedtoenjoyourtimetogether.Whenyouareinterested

,5

inotherperspectives,itdoesntimply,evensiightlyrthatyoure

advocatingit.Icertainlywouldn'tchooseapunkrockIifestyIeor

suggestittoanyoneelse.Atthesametime,however,it'sreallynot

myplacetojudgeiteither.OneofthebasicrulesofjoyfulIivingis

thatjudgingotherstakesagreatdealofenergyandvwithoutexception,

pullsyouawayfromwhereyouwanttobe.

Theauthor5sdaughterprobablyconsideredthehairstyleofthosepunks

A.interesting

B.strange

C.pretty

D.impressive

9.Tenyearsago,whenenvironmentallawyerKassieSiegeIwentinsearch

ofananimaltosavetheworId,thepolarbearwasnJtataIIanobvious

choice.SiegeIandBrendanCummingsoftheCenterforBiological

DiversityinJoshuaTree,Calif.,wereIookingforaspecieswhose

habitatwasdisappearingduetoclimatechange,whichcouldserveasa

symboIofthedangersofglobalwarming.Herfirstcandidatemetthe

1

scientificcriteria-itIivedinicecavesinAlaskasGlacierBaytwhich

weremeltingaway-butunfortunatelyitwasaspider.Youcan'tseiI

alotofTshirtswithpicturesofananimalmostpeopIewouldhappily

stepon.Next,SiegeIturnedtotheKittIitz1smurrelet,asmalIArctic

seabirdwhosenestingsitesinglaciersweredisappearing.In2001,she

petitionedtheDepartmentoftheInteriortoaddittotheEndangered

Specieslist,butInteriorSecretaryGaIeNortonturnedherdown.Elkhorn

andstaghorncoral,whicharethreatenedbyrisingwatertemperatures

intheCaribbean,didmakeitontotheIist,butasiconicspeciesthey

felIshortinsofarasmanypeopIedon'trealizethey5realiveinthe

firstplace.Thepolarbear,bycontrast,isvehementIyaIiveandcarries

theundeniablecharismaofatoppredator.Anditsdependenceonicewas

intuitivelyobvious;itIivesonitmostoftheyear.ButittookuntiI

2004forresearcherstodemonstratethatshrinkingseaicewasaserious

threattothebears'population.OnFeb.16,2005―thedaytheKyoto

Protocoltocurbgreenhouse-gasemissionstookeffect,withoutthe

participationoftheUnitedStates-SiegeIpetitionedtoIistpolarbears

asendangered.ThreeyearslaterhereffortsmetwithequivocaI(不明

确的)success,asInteriorSecretaryDirkKempthornedesignatedthebears

as"threatened"(notendangered)vasignificantconcessionfroman

administrationthathasstoodaImostaIoneintheworIdinitsreluctance

toacknowledgethedangersofclimatechange.TheEndangeredSpeciesAct

(ESA),whoseoddIistsofsnaiIsandbladderwortssometimesseemedstuck

intheageofDarwin,hadbeenthrustintothemainstreamof21st-century

environmentalpolitics.BreakouttheTshirts!

Itcanbelearnedthatthepolarbear.

A.wasfirstconsideredbySiegeltobetheiconicanimalin1998

B.wasfirstproposedbySiegeltobetheendangeredspeciesin2004

C.wasnotqualifiedscientificallyastheendangeredspeciesuntil2005

D.wasnotofficiallyunderthegovernmentprotectionuntil2008

10.Justafewyearsago,agraduatefromBrownUniversitymedicaIschooI

hadjustaninkIingabouthowtocarefortheelderly.Now,Brownand

otherU.S.medicaIschoolsareplugginggeriatric(老年)coursesinto

theircurricula.TheU.S.CensusBureauprojectsthenumberofelderly

Americanswi11nearlydoubIeto71millionby2030.Thefirstmembers

oftheBabyBoomergeneration,sonamedfortheexpIosioninbirthsin

theyearsafterWorIdWarTwo,turn65inthreeyears.Inaddition,peopIe

areIivinglongerthanever."ThefirstripplesofthesiIvertsunami

arelappingattheshoresofourcountry,butthereisnotacoordinated

orstrategicresponsetakingplaceinAmerica,"saidRichardBesdine,

whoisdireetorofthegeriatricsdivisionatBrownUniversitymedicaI

schoolinProvidence.Geriatrieshasneverbeenafieldofchoicefor

y