测控技术与仪器专业英语-Unit-1

Chapter1IntroductiontoMeasurementUnit1DefinitionofMeasurementandMeasurementTheory

测控技术与仪器专业英语Japanrobotschat,play--andhelpfindlostspecsNews2023-7-302Japanrobotschat,play--andhelpfindlostspecsRobotsthatcanchat,findmisplacedglasses,drawaeroplanesandplaywithyourchildrenareattractingthousandsofvisitorsduringanexpoinTokyoasJapanadaptstochangesinsociety.在日本东京日前举办的一个博览会上，能与人交谈、帮人找眼镜、会画飞机以及能陪孩子玩耍的机器人吸引了成千上万的参观者。日本研发出的这些新型机器人主要是为了适应社会的需要。

News2023-7-303Japanrobotschat,play--andhelpfindlostspecsRobots,suchasthesound-sensitiveChapit,answersimplequestionsandevenjokewithpeopletohelpthesolitaryfightlonelinessandstayalertinoldage.其中像声控型机器人Chapit等〔能与人交流的〕机器人能答复简单提问，甚至会与人逗笑，可以给人解闷，让老年人保持活力。News2023-7-304Q1Whatisnecessarybutnotsufficientdefinition,andhowtogiveanecessaryandsufficientdefinitiontomeasurement?Q2Whatisasatisfyingdefinitionandunderwhatconditioncanadefinitionofmeasurementbeconsideredasasatisfyingone?Questionsbeforereading必要的、充分的令人满意的5Q3Whataconceptisthemeasurementestablishedbasedon?Q4Whatapointonmeasurementresultsissetupinthistheory?Q5Whatisthetheoreticallyrestricteddefinitionofmeasurement?Q6Whatisanempiricalrelationalsystem?Questionsbeforereading思想观点公认、既定理论上严格的定义经验相关系统6acquisitionofinformation信息采集measurand被测量objective客观的subjective主观的magneticfields磁场measurementinstrument’soutput测量装置输出mappingofelements元素的映射sourceset源集imageset像集electricaldomain电气域assignmentalgorithm分配算法settheory集合论relationalsystem相关系统WordsandExpressions7Maincontent

DefinitionofMeasurement1MeasurementTheory281DefinitionofMeasurementApossibleoperationaldescriptionoftermmeasurementwhichagreeswithourintuitionisthefollowing：“measurementistheacquisitionofinformation〞；theaspectofgatheringinformationisoneofthemostessentialaspectsofmeasurement；measurementsareconductedtolearnabouttheobjectofmeasurement；themeasurand.operationaldescription操作性描述measurement测量acquisitionofinformation信息采集objectofmeasurement测量对象measurand被测量1.191DefinitionofMeasurementApossibleoperationaldescriptionoftermmeasurementwhichagreeswithourintuitionisthefollowing：“measurementistheacquisitionofinformation〞；theaspectofgatheringinformationisoneofthemostessentialaspectsofmeasurement；measurementsareconductedtolearnabouttheobjectofmeasurement；themeasurand.根据我们的直觉，术语“测量〞的可操作性描述如下：“测量就是信息的采集〞，收集信息是测量的主要作用之一，实施测量是为了了解测量对象，即被测量。1.1101DefinitionofMeasurementThismeansthatameasurementmustbedescriptivewithregardtothatstateorthatphenomenonintheworldarounduswhichwearemeasuring.Theremustbearelationshipbetweenthisstateorphenomenonandthemeasurementresult.这意味着：测量必是以周围环境中所测量的状态和现象来描述的。状态或现象与测量结果之间必定存在某种关系。

1.4111DefinitionofMeasurementAlthoughtheaspectofacquiringinformationiselementary,itismerelyanecessaryandnotasufficientaspectofmeasurement：whenonereadsatextbook,onegathersinformation,butonedoesnotperformameasurement.虽然采集信息是测量的根底，但它仅是一个必要但不充分的方面：当某人阅读记事本时，他收集了记事本上的信息，但这并不构成测量。1.7121DefinitionofMeasurementAsecondaspectofmeasurementisthatitmustbeselective.Itmayonlyprovideinformationaboutwhatwewishtomeasure(themeasurand)andnotaboutanyotherofthemanystatesorphenomenaaroundus.Thisaspecttooisanecessarybutnotsufficientaspectofmeasurement.测量的第二个特征是它必须具有选择性。它可能只提供我们希望测量的信息，而不包括我们周围其他的许多状态和现象。这仍然是对测量必要而不充分的描述。2.1131DefinitionofMeasurementAthirdandnecessaryaspectofmeasurementisthatitmustbeobjective.测量的第三个也是必要的方面是必须具有客观性。Besidesthesubjectivityofourobservation,wehumanobserversarealsohandicappedbythefactthattherearemanystatesorphenomenaintherealworldarounduswhichwecannotobserveatall(e.g.magneticfields),oronlypoorly(e.g.extremelylowtemperaturesorhigh-speedmovement).除了主观性外，现实世界中有很多我们无法直接观测的状态和现象〔如磁场〕，人类观测者也会受到此类蒙蔽，或者是非常极端的情况〔如极低温或高速运动〕。3.13.9141DefinitionofMeasurementInotherwords,theinstrumentconvertstheinitialobservationintoarepresentationthatallobserverscanobserveandwillagreeon.Forthemeasurementinstrument’soutput,therefore,objectivelyobservableoutputsuchasnumbersonanalpha-numericaldisplayshouldbeusedratherthansubjectiveassessmentofsuchthingsascolor,etc...instrument

仪器represention表示形式output输出alpha-numericaldisplay字母数字显示Subjectiveassessment主观估计3.16151DefinitionofMeasurementInotherwords,theinstrumentconvertstheinitialobservationintoarepresentationthatallobserverscanobserveandwillagreeon.Forthemeasurementinstrument’soutput,therefore,objectivelyobservableoutputsuchasnumbersonanalpha-numericaldisplayshouldbeusedratherthansubjectiveassessmentofsuchthingsascolor,etc...换句话说，仪器将最初观测情况转变成了另一种表示法，使所有观测者均可观测并对结果达成一致。因此，对于测量仪器的输出，应该使用客观的可观测的输出形式〔如字母数字显示〕而非对于颜色的主观估计。3.16161DefinitionofMeasurementWecandistinguishtwotypesofinformation:informationonthestate,structureornatureofacertaincharacteristic,so-calledstructuralinformation,andinformationonthemagnitude,amplitudeorintensityofacertaincharacteristic,so-calledmetricinformation.Theacquisitionofstructuralinformationiscalledaqualitativemeasurement,theacquisitionofmetricinformationiscalledaquantitativemeasurement.

我们能够区分两类信息：具有一定特征的状态、结构或性质信息，称为结构信息，具有一定特征的大小、幅度或强度信息，称为公制信息。结构信息的采集称为质量测量。公制信息的采集称为数量测量。4.517MaincontentDefinitionofMeasurement1MeasurementTheory2182MeasurementTheoryIntheprevioussectionwehaveseenthatmeasurementsformtheessentiallinkbetweentheempiricalworldandourtheoretical,abstractimageoftheworld.Thisconceptformsthebasisofatheoryofmeasurement.Inthistheoryameasurementresultisconsideredtobearepresentationoftheactualempiricalquantity.在前面章节里，我们已经了解到测量构成了经验世界与理论的、抽象映像世界之间的主要联系〔纽带〕，它是客观世界的抽象映像。这种思想形成了测量理论的根底。在这个理论中，测量结果即是实际经验数量的表达。1.1192MeasurementTheoryMeasurementtheorytreatsmeasurementsasamappingofelementsofasourcesetbelongingtotheempiricaldomainspace(seeFig.1.1)ontotheelementsofanimage(oroutcome)setwhichispartoftheabstractrange(orimage)space.测量理论把测量理解为属于经验域空间的源集的元素到作为一个抽象范围〔或称映像〕空间的一局部的映像集元素的映射。1.4Fig.1.1202MeasurementTheoryThequantitytobemeasured(themeaurand)isanelementofthesourceset.Forinstance,intheelectricaldomainwemeasureelectricalcurrent(sourceset)butonlywithinacertainrangeofmagnitude(elements).待测量是源集中的一个元素。例如，在电气域中，我们测量电流〔源集〕仅仅在其幅值的一定范围内取值〔元素〕。1.7212MeasurementTheoryTheresultofthemeasurementprocessisabstract;itformsanelementoftheimagesetintheabstractrangespace.Forexample,themagnitudeoftheelectricalcurrenttobemeasuredintheaboveexampleis(bymeasurement)assignedacertainnumber(element)outofthesetofrealnumbers(imageset).测量过程的结果是抽象的，它将形成抽象域空间的像集中的一个元素。例如，上例中所测量的电流大小是实际数字集合〔像集〕中的某一个数字。1.9222MeasurementTheoryThetransformationfunctionconsistsoftheassignmentalgorithms,rulesorproceduresthatdefinetherepresentationofempiricalquantitiesbyabstractsymbols.利用抽象符号定义经验数量表达式的分配算法、规那么或程序构成了转换函数。Inpracticetheassignmentalgorithm,ruleorprocedureisimplementedbytheemployedmeasurementsystem.Themeasurementsystemthereforedeterminestherepresentation.实际上，分配算法、规那么和程序均由使用的测量系统来实现。因此，测量系统决定了表示法。2.32.523Ameasurementmustbedescriptive.Inmeasurementtheorythisisdescribedintermsofsettheory:therelationsthatexistbetweentheelementsofthesourcesetmustbemaintainedunderthetransformationintheimageset,forexample,‘largerthan’,‘equalto’and‘smallerthan’.测量必须是可描述的。这在测量理论中可以根据集合论来描述：源集中元素之间的关系在转换到像集后必须得以保持，例如，大于、等于和小于。Thesetofrelationsbetweentheelementsofthesourcesetisreferredtoastherelationalsystem(ofthesourceset).源集中元素的关系集合被定义为〔源集的〕相关系统。2MeasurementTheory3.13.4242MeasurementTheoryThisempiricalrelationalsystemdeterminesthestructureofthesourceset.Likewise,anabstractrelationalsystemdeterminesthestructureoftheimageset(forinstance,thesetofrelationsthatapplytothesetofintegernumbers).经验相关系统决定了源集的结构。同样，抽象相关系统决定了像集的结构〔例如，应用于整数集合的关系集〕4.1252MeasurementTheoryThemeasurementonlyrepresentsthatwhichismeasuredifthetworelationalsystemsareidentical;otherwiseinformationislostinthemapping.如果两个相关系统是同一的，那么测量只是指出了被测量，否那么信息将在映射过程中丧失。Anexampleismeasuringwithaverylowresolution;twodifferentcurrentmagnitudesaremappedontothesameoutcome,andareindistinguishablefromeachother.在一个分辨率较低的测量实例中，两个不同的电流幅值被映射成了相同的测量结果，彼此无法区分。4.54.726ReadingMaterial1Whyistheresomuchmeasuringgoingon?Apparentlytoprovideinformationabouttheworldthatsurroundsus,theobservers.Onereasonmaythereforebethatwewishtoaddtoandtoimproveourperceptionofthatworld.Abstractlyspeaking,ouraimistoincreaseourknowledgeofthesurroundingworldandtherelationshipsthatexistbetweencharacteristics,statesandphenomenainthisworld.Inotherwords,theinformationallowsustocreatemodelsof〔partsof〕theworldandformulatelawsandtheorems.127ReadingMaterial1为什么要进行如此多的测量呢？很明显，可以提取我们〔观测者〕周围的信息。因此，原因可能是我们希望增加或改进我们对环境的认知。简言之，我们的目的是增加对周围环境以及存在于特性、状态和现象之间的关系的了解。换句话说，我们可以利用〔收集到的〕信息建立局部环境的模型并归纳〔用公式表达〕规律和定理。128Wemustthendetermine(againbymeasuring)whetherthesemodels,hypotheses,theoremsandlawsareavalidrepresentationoftheworld.