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'-■■fll"hl,III.*2ontents1TheDefinitionofPragmatics■2SpeechActTheoryr\7Trr1QOOI11iJlJV■■1>1•Ifntu'IOheMaxim!1DefinitionofPragmatics2SpeechActTheory■speechacts:actionspeutterances(1962)9sdAitetsuoQpuesaAiieiujopaj「za■Constativesroughlyservestostateafact,report■
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IteachEnglish.utteranceswhichsomethingisdescribewhatsomethingj■
Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformmacts,donotdescribeorreport—anythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;they■
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IInameHM|gEh^iuuggrilsiiggHBmiIwarnyouthatthIgiveandbequeathmywatchbrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime<^Ideclarethemeetingopen.■FeaturesofPerformatives■
Speechactverbs/performativeverbS:■
Indicativemood陈述语气■
Activevoice主动态■
Simplepresenttense■
Firstpersonsingularsubject第一人称单数圏■
Ipromisetobethere.■
I'llbethere.■
IadmitIwaswrong.■MwasuBonsni■
I'mverygrateful.■
Iapologize.■
I'msorry.■
Iorderyoutositdown.■
Youmustsitdown.2.2IllocutionaryActTheory行事行为/施为行为理论LevellLevel2■Anillocutionarvact行事行Level3e■
Theperlocutionaryact成事行为/取效行为■andactionsw^javed^Level3■
Theeffectofthespeaker'swordsmaybQwBmWUSHEQBHffgiffa’ffiExercise■
camBBBIreCBSWIEabwkIIBBWBnHKWeft,souymil■
Awifesaystoherhusband:“There'snomilkinthefridge.”■
Illocutionaryact:???HusbandfollowstherequestandbuysomeHusbandunderstandswhyhiswifej^ffad^Orhemaysuspectthereason^Hs^ifeiofferreallygoingouttoOfferinganexplanation:nomilk■
sPmelocutionaryact:???Makingarequest:husbandshouldgoosome.ogoou^s^nf3Classifyingspeechacts承担性Ipromis表达性It's1havethoughtofme■
5)declaratio■
3)commissiveyou!■
4)expressiveofyouto■■■■HerbertPaulGrice(1913-1988)WilliamJameslecturesatHarvardin1967LogicandConversationin4ConversationalImplicature会话含义目标ordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhjyouareengaged.使你所生的阶段,符合你所参与的交谈白4.2CategoriesofMaximsinCPMaximofQuantity:数量准则/适量准则nMgheyouBconffibutioniasinfoEmatiEeas^^m^^|Hf0flEfflSEU^^n0EB^!0^^9EBlSEade■
Donotmakeyourcontributioninformativethanrequired.■
Donotsaywhatyoubelieveto■
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Beorderly.Berelative.■
MaximofRelation:相关准则eperspicuous.■
Avoidobscurityofex■
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Bebrief.4.3Violationofthemaxims■
violate4.3
Violationofthemaxims(Quantity)1.Makeyourcontributionas2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Aunt:HowdidJimmydohishistoryexam?Mother:Oh,notatallwell.Tforehimthingsthatpoorboywasbo>Hersonshoulcb4.3
Violationofthemaxims1.
Donotsaywhatyou■____________________relievetobefaYouarethecreaminmycoffee.Xrunsasfastasadeer.Heismadeofiron.(Quality)2.
Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.4.3
Violationofthemaxims(Relation)Berelevant.4.3
Violationofthemaxims(Manner)1.Avoidobscurityofexpression3.
Bebriefb:ireceivediwopagesciippediogeinerandcoveredwithrowsofblacExercise1■」Mother:Where'sthecake?jointgoingtoNewKwowwoMMflameMan:MayExercise2callmebusinesstripnextweeExercise3gwithMrs.■
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