联合国贸易发展委员会-气候行动的贸易法规：来自全球非关税措施数据库的新见解（英）

UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment

and

UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommission

forAsiaandthePacific

Traderegulationsforclimateaction?

Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase

Advancecopy

UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment

and

UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommission

forAsiaandthePacific

Traderegulationsforclimateaction?

Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase

Geneva,2023

©2023,UnitedNations

Thisworkisavailablethroughopenaccess,bycomplyingwiththeCreativeCommonslicencecreatedforintergovernmentalorganizations,at/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.

Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsoritsofficialsorMemberStates.

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonanymapinthisworkdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

Photocopiesandreproductionsofexcerptsareallowedwithpropercredits.

Thispublicationhasnotbeenformallyedited.

UnitedNationspublicationissuedbytheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment

UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/2023/5(Advancecopy)

eISBN:978-92-1-358649-5

Acknowledgementsiii

Acknowledgements

ThisreportwaspreparedbyChristianKnebel,MalickKaneandRalfPetersoftheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD)andMariaSemenovafromtheUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(ESCAP).

CommentswereprovidedbyChantalLineCarpentier,GrahamMott,TansuğOkandMihoShirotori,UNCTAD,andAlexeyKravchenko,ESCAP.InputswerealsoprovidedbyHenriquePacini,UNCTAD.

UNCTADandESCAPgratefullyacknowledgetheinputsreceivedfrom:CindyParokkiloftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationandKatjaSpur,independentexpert.

JeniferTacardon-Mercadodesignedthecoverandundertookdesktoppublishing.

ivTraderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase

Abbreviationsandacronyms

GHG

Greenhousegas

ISO

InternationalOrganizationforStandardization

NDCs

Nationallydeterminedcontributions

NTM

Non-tariffmeasure

SDG

SustainableDevelopmentGoal

SIDS

SmallIslandDevelopingStates

SPS

SanitaryandPhytosanitary

TBT

Technicalbarrierstotrade

TRAINS

TradeAnalysisInformationSystem

UNFCCC

UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange

WTO

WorldTradeOrganization

Contentsv

Contents

Acknowledgements iii

Abbreviationsandacronyms iv

Executivesummary 1

1.Introduction

3

2.Dataandmethodology

5

2.1.Collectingcomprehensivenon-tariffmeasuresdata

5

2.2.Identifyingclimatechange-relatednon-tariffmeasures

6

3.Results

9

3.1.Howrelevantareclimatechnagerelatednon-tariffmeasures?

9

3.2.Whichcountriesareregulatingtradetocombatclimatechange?

12

3.3.Whichtypesofmeasuresareusedforclimateaction?

13

3.4.Whichfactorscanexplaincountries’useofclimatechange-relatednon-tariffmeasures?

18

3.5.Howcostlyarenon-tariffmeasuresthatcombatclimatechange?

19

4.Conclusion 2

1

Bibliography

22

viTraderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase

Listoftables

1.UNCTAD-MASTclassificationofnon-tariffmeasures

6

2.Exampleofconformityassessmentmeasures

1

5

3.

Exampleofperformancerequirementsanddifferencesintheircomplexity 1

6

4.

Exampleofimport-relatednon-automaticlicensing 1

7

5.

Exampleofexport-relatednon-automaticlicensing 1

8

6.

Exampleofimporttaxonhydrocarbonsandcoal 1

8

Listoffigures

1.

Globalshareofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures

9

2.Tradeaffectedbyclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,bysector

10

3.Shareofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,byincomegroup

12

4.Shareofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,byregion

13

5.Numberofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,bymeasuretype

14

6.Numberofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,bymeasuresub-type

15

7.RelationbetweentotalCO2emissionsandtradecoveredbyclimatechangerelatedNTMs

19

Executivesummary1

Executivesummary

Thisreportexaminestheuseoftrade-relatedregulations,knownasnon-tariffmeasures(NTMs),insupportofdomesticandinternationalclimatechangemitigationefforts.Theanalysiscanhelppolicymakersandotherstakeholdersbetterunderstandthelinkagesbetweentradeandclimatepoliciesandmakemoreinformeddecisionstousetradeasadriverforclimateaction.

NTMscoverawidearrayofpolicytoolswhichcanbedirectlylinkedtoclimateactionorbeimposedprimarilyforsafety,healthandbroaderenvironmentalprotectionpurposes.TheInternationalClassificationofNTMsallowsadetailedcategorizationofNTMsandasystematicandgloballycomparableNTMdatacollection.UNCTAD’sTradeAnalysisInformationSystem(TRAINS)NTMsdatabase,whichwasthemaindatasourceforthisreport,coversnearly150countries,over95percentofworldtrade,20’000differentregulationsandcloseto90’000distinctmeasures.

UNCTADandUNESCAPdevelopedamethodologytolinkNTMstoclimatechangemitigationandSustainableDevelopmentGoal13.AnalgorithmcombinesthemappingofpotentiallyrelevantNTMsandproductcodecombinationswithakeywordsearchinthemeasuredescriptionsoftheNTMsdatabase.

Basedonthismethod,atotalof2’366climatechange-relatedNTMswereidentified.Thisrepresents:

.2.6percentofthe87’969measurescapturedintheNTMsdatabase,

.3.5percentofallpotentiallytradablegoods,and

.26.4percentofworldtrade,representingUS$6.5trillion.

Climatechange-relatedmeasurestargettheworld’slargesttradedandmostCO2intensivesectors.Forexample,83percentofglobaltradeinmotorvehicles,whichequatestotradeworthUS$2.3trillion,isregulatedwithobjectivesrelatedtoclimatechange.Othercommonlyregulatedsectorswithlargetradevolumesareelectricityandheatgenerationdevices(48percentofsectoralglobaltradeareregulated),motorfuel(37percent),commercialandindustrialmachinery(19percent),householdappliancesandelectronics(44percent).Otherhighlyregulatedsectorsare:singleuseplasticsandmicroplastics;timber,pulp,paperandfurniture;othertransportdevices(trains,airplanes,ships);andlightingproducts.Forallremainingsectors,thecoverageratioisstillasignificant9percent,amountingtoalmostUS$1.7trillionor4.9percentofglobaltrade.

Climatechange-relatedNTMscoverahighershareoftradeinhighincomeandindustrializedmiddleincomecountries,astheyarethelargesttradersintheseCO2intensivesectors.Lowincomeeconomies’importbasketsfeaturelessCO2intensivegoodsandtheirNTMsthereforehaveasmallerimpactonglobaltrade.ButlowincomecountriesmakenofewerregulatoryeffortsincombatingclimatechangethroughNTMs.Infact,theshareofclimatechange-relatedNTMsamongcountries’totalnumberofNTMsishighestinlowincomecountries.Particularly,SmallIslandDevelopmentStates(SIDS),whichfaceverytangiblerisksfromclimatechange,tendtotakeabove-averageactionagainstit.

TechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)accountformorethan61percentofallidentifiedclimatechange-relatedNTMs.ThisfindingisconsistentwiththeconclusionsfromUNCTAD’sfirstanalyticalreportonNTMsandclimatechange(UNCTAD2022)whichhighlightedtherole,importance,legalandpoliticalacceptabilityofTBTasatooltopromoteclimatechangemitigationthroughtrade.TheidentifiedTBTcover18.6percentofglobaltrade.Wecanthereforeassumethatasimilarlysignificantshareofglobalproductionisaffectedbyclimatechange-relatedregulations.OthercommonNTMsarequantitativerestrictions(16percent)andexport-relatedmeasures(17percent)thatalsooftentaketheshapeofquantitativeandtechnicalmeasures.IncomparisonwithacompilationofWTOmembers’notifications

2Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase

(WTO,2021),weseethatsubsidiesandcountervailingmeasuresarealsoanimportantelementfortrade-relatedclimateaction.

WhilebroadertypesofrelevantNTMsaresimilaracrosscountries,thereissignificantdivergenceinthedetailsandspecificrequirementsthathintsatlackinginternationalcoordinationandcausesunnecessarytradecosts.Moreinternationalcooperationandcoordinationcanreducetradecostsaswellasregulatoryeffortsthroughsharingofbestpractices.

Theoveralleconomy-widecostsofclimatechange-relatedNTMsarerelativelysmall.Basedonexistingstudies,weextrapolateanaveragecostof0.22percentofglobalmanufacturingtrade.However,costsarenotnegligibleeverywhere.WhereNTMsareindeedapplied,theyhaveanimpact.AccordingtoKnebelandPeters(2019),eachindividualtechnicalmeasureinthemanufacturingsectorhasacostincreasingimpactof3.4percentandeachquantitativerestrictionacostof2.9percent.

WhileNTMsaregenerallyappliedinanon-discriminatorymanner,theyhaveadisproportionateeffectondevelopingandleastdevelopedcountries(NicitaandSeiermann,2017),micro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(Fugazza,2017)andwomentraders(UNCTAD,2022c).Interalia,thisisduetotheinherentfixedcostsofNTMs,constraintsintechnicalandlogisticalinfrastructure,highcostandlimitedaccesstofinanceforinitialinvestments,thelackoftransparencyandtechnicalcomplexityofrequirements.Furthermore,thecomplexityoftherequirementsappearstobeincreasingwiththelevelofdevelopmentofeconomiesadoptingthem.

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1

INTRODUCTION

Withconsecutiverecord-breakingmonthsforglobalseaandsurfacetemperaturesin2023andtheconsequencesoftheassociatedheatwavesinvariouspartsoftheglobe,thereisagrowingglobalconsciousnessontheenvironmental,socialandeconomicimpactofclimatechange.Changesintemperature,sealevelsandincreasingextremeweathereventsalreadyaffectmoreandmorepeople.Theawarenessisrisingthattheimpactsarebecomingmoretangibleandwillverylikelyincrease.

Governmentsworldwideareenactingpoliciesandregulationsaimedatmitigatingclimatechange.Countriesseektoreducetheircarbonfootprint,promotesustainablepractices,imposecarbontariffsorothertraderestrictionsongoodsthatdonotmeetenvironmentalstandards,orprovidesubsidiestosupportagreentransition.Thesepoliciesoftendirectlyinfluenceinternationaltrade.

Policymeasuresotherthantariffsthatcanaffectinternationaltradearecallednon-tariffmeasures(NTMs)(UNCTAD,2010).Theycomprisetechnicalmeasuresforsafety,healthand,particularly,environmentalprotectionaswellasmeasurestraditionallyusedasinstrumentsofcommercialpolicysuchaspriceandquantitymeasures.ThepoliciesimplementedtomitigateclimatechangethatcanaffecttradearethereforeNTMs.Suchpoliciesarestrictlyregulatedbymultilateralandregionaltradeagreements.FourimportantquestionsarisefortheassessmentofthepotentialofNTMsandtheidentificationofmosteffectiveNTMstomitigateclimatechange.

1.Whichtraderelatednationalregulationsareinlinewithinternationaltradeandenvironmentallaws?2.Whatistheuniverseandactualuseofsuchclimatechange-relatedNTMs?

3.Whatistheeffectivenessofspecificclimatechange-relatedNTMstomitigateclimatechange?

4.Howcancountriesidentifyfortheirspecificcircumstancesthebestclimatechange-relatedNTMsandhowcantheybeimplemented?

UNCTAD(2022)addressesthefirstquestionandidentifiesthepotentialoftraderegulations,andoftechnicalregulationsinparticular,tomaketradeanengineforclimateaction.Thereportprovidesadetailedanalysisoftheapplicablelegalinternationaltradeandclimatechangeframeworkfortheformulationofcompliant

4Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase

andfairclimatechange-relatedtechnicalregulations.Theinternationallegalframeworkrelevantforclimatechange-relatedNTMscomprisesbothinternationalclimatechangelawandinternationaltradelaw.WTOagreements,aimingatpreventingdiscriminationandensuringthattechnicalregulationsdonotcreateunnecessarytradebarriers,arebindingcommitmentsforthedesignofclimatechange-relatedNTMs.Still,WTOmembershavetherighttoestablishregulationsandstandardsintheinterestofenvironmentalprotectionandclimatechangemitigation.

ThisreportonNTMsandclimatechangeaddressesthesecondquestionandprovidesadetailedoverviewofthecurrentuseofclimatechange-relatedNTMs,exceptsubsidies.ItisbasedonacomprehensivemappingofNTMsfromUNCTAD’sglobalNTMdatabaseTRAINScomprisingdetailedinformationontraderelatedregulationsfromover142countriesaccountingforover95percentofglobaltrade.Morethan2000climatechange-relatedNTMsinvariousformshavebeenadoptedbybothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriestoaddressSustainableDevelopmentGoal13to‘takeurgentactiontocombatclimatechangeanditsimpacts’.

Wefindthatover26percentofglobaltradeisaffectedbyclimatechange-relatedNTMs.TradeinthemostCO2intensivegoodsandthelargestCO2emittingeconomiesisregulated.Thispattern,however,islargelydrivenbytheCO2intensiveimportbasketsofhighincomecountries.Theshareofclimatechange-relatedNTMsasanindicatorofregulatoryeffortsslightlydecreasesaspercapitaincomerises.

Thefollowingsectionsofthisreportareorganizedasfollows.Section2providesanintroductiontotheconceptofNTMsandanoverviewofthemethodologyusedfortheidentificationofclimatechangerelatedNTMs.Section3identifiesthemaintypesofclimatechange-relatedNTMscurrentlyinforce,theaffectedsectorsandtheintensityofcountries’regulatoryeffortsbyincomelevel,region,CO2emissionsandclimaterisk.Section4concludesthereport.

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2

DATAANDMETHODOLOGY

2.1Collectingcomprehensivenon-tariffmeasuresdata

UNCTADhasactivelyworkedonNTMssincethe1980sandestablishedaGroupofEminentPersonsandaMulti-AgencySupportTeam(MAST)in20061.ThisledtothedevelopmentoftheInternationalClassificationofNTMs,whichwasupdatedin2019(UNCTAD,2019).This“commonlanguage”facilitatescollection,analysisanddisseminationofdataonNTMs,withthefinalobjectivetoincreasetransparencyandunderstandingaboutNTMs.

TheInternationalClassificationofNTMs(2019)has16chaptersofdifferentmeasurecategories(leftsideof

Table1

).TechnicalmeasurescompriseSanitaryandPhytosanitary(SPS)andTBTmeasuresandrelatedpre-shipmentrequirements(chaptersA,BandC).Thesemeasuresareimposedforobjectivesthatarenotprimarilytrade-related:forexample,human,plantandanimalhealth,andtheprotectionoftheenvironment.Evenifequallyappliedtodomesticproducers,theyneverthelessaffectinternationaltradeandarethusconsideredNTMs.Thisdoesnot,however,implyanyapriorijudgementabouttheirimpactandlegitimacy.Non-technicalmeasurescoverawidearrayofpolicies,including“traditional”tradepoliciessuchasquotas,licences(chapterE),pricecontrolsandpara-tariffmeasures(chapterF).Thefulllistispresentedin

Table1

.ChaptersJtoOarecurrentlynotcollected.Theseincludesubsidies(ChapterL),whichisnotcoveredinthisreport.

Eachchapterisfurtherbrokendownintomoredetailedmeasuretypes.therightsideof

Table1

showsthedisaggregationofTBTmeasures,whicharethemostcommonlyusedmeasuresforclimate-changemitigation.The“treestructure”allowsforaratherfine-grainedclassificationofmeasures.Forexample,theTBTchapter(B)consistsof24NTMcodesatthefinestlevelofdetail.

Basedonthisclassification,UNCTADleadsaninternationalefforttocollectcomprehensivedataonNTMstogetherwithnationalgovernmentsaswellasregionalandinternationalpartners.Thedatabasenow

1Multi-AgencySupportTeam:UNCTAD,WTO,WorldBank,UNIDO,FAO,ITCandOECD.

Import-relatedmeasures

Non-technicalmeasuresTechnicalmeasures

6Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase

coversnearly150countries,over95percentofworldtrade,20,000differentregulationsandalmost90,000distinctmeasures.2

Table1.UNCTAD-MASTclassificationofnon-tariffmeasures

A

measures

Sanitaryandphytosanitary(SPS)

BTechnicalbarrierstotrade(TBT)BTechnicarrdfrexample:

B1Importauthorization/licensingrelatedtoTBT

formalitiescertainproducts

(…)

CPre-shipmentinspectionsandotherB14Authorizationrequirementsforimporting

DContingenttrade-protectivemeasuresB2Tolerancelimitsforresiduesandrestricteduseof

prohibitionsandquantity-control(…)

B3Labelling,marking,packagingrequirements

measures(..)

additionaltaxesandcharges(…)

ENon-automaticlicensing,quotas,substances

FPrice-controlmeasures,includingB4Productionorpost-productionrequirements

GFinancemeasuresB6Productidentityrequirements

HMeasuresaffectingcompetitionB7Productquality,safetyorperformancerequirements

ITrade-relatedinvestmentmeasuresB8Conformityassessment

B82Testingrequirement

B83Certificationrequirement

(...)(...)B81Productregistration/approval

Export-PExport-relatedmeasuresB84Inspectionrequirement

related

B85Traceabilityrequirement

B851Originofmaterialsandparts

B852Processinghistory(…)

B89OtherconformityassessmentsB9TBTnotelsewherespecified

measures

Source:UNCTADillustration,basedonUNCTAD(2019).

2.2Identifyingclimatechange-relatednon-tariffmeasures

In2019,ESCAPandUNCTADdevelopedamethodologytolinkNTMstotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)(UnitedNations,2019;Kravchenkoetal,2019).Theinsightforsuchlinkageswasderivedfrom:

1.Targetsandindicators(includingmetadatadocumentation)withineachSDG,whichhelpeddeterminewhichinternationallytradedproductsplayaroleintherelevantGoal’sachievementandwhatregulationsimposedonsuchproductsmayhaveanimpactonthem(UnitedNations,2023).

2.NTMdataanddescriptionsasreflectedintheUNCTADTRAINSdatabase,whichhelpeddiscernstatedorimpliedobjectivesofNTMsimplementedbythenationalregulators.

2Thedataisfreelyandpubliclyaccessiblethroughthreedisseminationportalsthatsharethesamedatabutaredesignedfordifferentusers:theUNCTADTRAINSportal(

)forpolicymakers,theGlobalTradeHelpDesk(

)fortheprivatesector,andtheWorldIntegratedTradeSolution(

)forresearchers.

2.Dataandmethodology7

Astheresultofthiswork,amatchingmatrixwasdevelopedlinkingSDGstoNTMcodesandHSproductcodes.TheoriginalmatrixwasabletoestablishlinkagesbetweenNTMsand9outof16SDGs:SDG2onendinghunger,SDG3onhealth,SDG6onwater,SDG7onenergy,SDG11oncitiesandhumansettlements,SDG12onsustainableconsumptionandproduction,SDG14onlifebelowwater,SDG15onlifeonland,andSDG16onpeaceandcrime(UnitedNations,2019).

Notably,Goal13onclimatechangewasnotprominentlyincludedinthatmatchingmatrix,asitsSDGtargetsorindicatorscouldnotbematchedunambiguouslywithcombinationsofNTMcodesandproductcodes.Furthermore,manyclimatechange-relatedissuescanbeaddressedbyactionsunderafewotherSDGs.Therefore,someofsuchNTMswerelocatedelsewhereintheconcordancematrix(Kravchenkoetal,2019).3ThisissueoflinkingNTMstoclimatechangeissueswaspartiallyaddressedintheAsia-PacificTradeandInvestmentReport(ESCAP,2021).

Inthecontextofever-growingurgencyofclimatechangemitigationandadaptationactions,amorenuancedmethodologyhasnowbeendeveloped.First,areviewofliteratureandNTMentriesintheTRAINSdatabasewasconductedtoidentifypossibletypesofclimatechange-relatedNTMs.Thesecanbegroupedasfollows:

1.RegulationsthatdirectlyandindirectlyaddresstheissueofGHGemissions:

a.RegulationsonemissionsofGHGsandotherrelevantairpollutantsthatcanbegeneratedatanypointinaproduct’slifecycle.

b.Regulationsontradeintimber,pulp,paper,furniture,otherplant-basedforestproductsforreasonsofsustainableforestmanagement,sincepreservationofforestsiscrucialforCO2absorptionandlossofforestsresultsinland-usechangewhichcontributestoCO2emissions(Merzetal,2007;IPPC,2020).

c.Regulationsontradeinlow-densitysingle-usenon-biodegradableornon-recyclableplasticormicroplasticstomitigateemissionsassociatedwithitsproductionanddisposal,aswellastoreduceitsimpactonmarineecosystems.Thelattermayinterferewiththeoceans’capacitytoabsorbandsequesterCO2(Shenetal,2019;Fordetal,2022),andincreaserisksandseverityoffloodinginurbanareas(McVeigh,2023).

2.Regulationsthataddresstheissueofenergyefficiency:

a.Regulationsonenergyperformanceofappliances,machineryandvehiclesthatuseelectricityorfuelduringtheiroperation,andregulationsonenergyefficiencyofproductionprocessesforawiderangeofcommodities.

b.Restrictionsontradeinincandescentlamps.

3.RegulationsthatmaycontributetoGHGemissionreductionbypromotingcleanerenergysourcesorbyincreasingenergyefficiencyofconventionalenergysources:

a.Regulationsonuseofalternativecombustiblefuels.

b.Regulationsonuseofalternativeenergysourcesforelectricityandheatgeneration.

c.Restrictionsontradeinoldvehicles,machinery,equipment,sinceoldervehiclesandmachinerytendtobelessenergyefficientandmorepollutingbothforthereasonofconformingto

3Forexample,thereductionofGHGemissionscanbeachievedthroughNTMsregulatingCO2andotherpollutantemissionsandenergyperformanceinvarioussectors(SDG7andSDG12).Adaptationtoclimatechangecanbeachievedbyusingsustainablepracticesinagricultureandbymakingcitiesresilient(SDG11and15).Mitigationcanbecontributedtobyprotectingon-landandmarineecosystems,assomechangesmayleadtoreleaseofgreenhousegases,suchasmethane,andtodegradationofnaturalcarbonsinks(SDG14and15).

8Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase

outdatedtechnicalspecifications,andforthereasonofreducedperformanceefficiencyduetoaccumulatedwearandtearduringtheirservicelife.

Second,thematchingmatrixwasimprovedtocombinethemappingofpotentiallyrelevantNTMandproductcodecombinationswithakeywordsearchinthemeasuredescriptionsthatarealsocapturedduringtheNTMdatacollectionprocess.Forexample,anNTMismarkedasclimatechange-relatedifitappliestolamps(asidentifiedbyHScodesunder8539intheTRAINSdatabase)andthemeasuredescriptioninthedatabasementionskeywordslike“energysaving”.Jointly,thiseliminatesmostoftheuncertaintyinestablishingaclearlinktoclimatechange.Third,thematrixwasthenmerged,usingthestatisticalsoftwareR,withtheTRAINSdatabasetocheckeachofalmost90’000entriesinthedatabaseforclimatechange-relatedNTMs.

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3

RESULTS

3.1Howrelevantareclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures?

Globally,2’366climatechange-relatedNTMswereidentified.Thisrepresents2.6percentofthe87’969measurescapturedintheUNCTADTRAINSdatabase(see

Figure1

).Thisshareofmeasuresmayreflectthelevelofattentionthatregulatorsaffordtothetopicofclimatechange.However,thissharedoesnotprovidemuchinsightintotherelevanceofthesemeasures.

Figure1.Globalshareofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures

26.4%

2.6%

3.5%

shareofmeasuresshareofproductsshareoftrade

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedontheTRAINSdatabase.

9%

Other

10Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase

NTMsdifferwidelyintermsofproductcoverage.Somemayaffectonlyoneproductwhereasothersmaycovermanyproducts.Therefore,afirststeptowardsunderstandingtherelevanceofclimatechange-relatedmeasuresistoass