会计英语Management Accounting教学课件

会计英语九.一IntroductiontoManagementAccounting五.一.一DefinitionandCharacteristicsofFixedAssetsManagementaccountingisabranchofmodernaccounting.Asaninformationsystem,itcanprovideusefulinformationtointernaluserslikemanagementtohelpthemmakebetterdecisions.Intheglobalmanagementaccountingprinciples,thedefinitionofmanagementaccountingisasfollows:Managementaccountingisthesourcing,analysis,municationanduseofdecision-relevantfinancialandnon-financialinformationtogenerateandpreservevaluefororganizations."Creatingvaluethroughvalues"iscoreofmanagementaccounting.Chapter九ManagementAccountingSimilaritiesEachofthemdealswiththeeconomiceventsofanenterprise;theyoftenrelyonthesameunderlyingfinancialdata.Bothofthemrequirethattheresultsofanentity’seconomiceventscanbemunicatedtointerestedparties.九.一.二parisonofFinancialandManagementAccountingDifferences一.TargetUsers二.TimeOrientation三.TypesofInformation四.NatureofInformation五.Scope六.Restrictions七.BreadthHelpmanagersperformthreevitalactivities:PlanningThedetailedformulationofactiontoachieveaparticulartarget.ItrequiresproposingmethodstoachievethoseobjectivesControllingFocusonmeasuringandevaluatingtheperformanceofexistingorganizationandthebusinesstoidentifywhethertheplanisactuallycarriedout,andtomakesurethatithasbeenappropriatelymodifiedascircumstanceschange.DecisionmakingTochooseamongalternatives九.一.三FunctionsofManagementAccountingCostbehaviorreferstotherelationshipbetweenthelevelofactivityandtotalcosts九.二.一VariableCostAvariablecostreferstoacostwhosetotaldollaramountvariesindirectproportiontochangesintheactivitylevelwithintherelevantrange.Atthesametime,thevariablecostperunitisconstantasthelevelofactivitychanges.九.二CostBehaviorAfixedcostisacostthat,intotal,remainsconstantwithinarelevantrangeasthelevelofactivitychangesFixedcostscouldbefurthercategorizedasmittedordiscretionary.mittedfixedcostsremainlargelyconstantforshortperiodsoftimeevenifoperationsareinterruptedorcutback.Discretionaryfixedcostsarisefromperiodic(usuallyyearly)budgetdecisionsthatreflecttopmanagementpolicies.九.二.二FixedCostAmixedcostisacostthathasbothafixedandavariableponent.It’sacostthat,intotal,changesasthelevelofactivitychangesbutnotindirectproportiontothechangeofactivitylevelwithintherelevantrange.九.二.三MixedCost九.三.一BasicConceptofCost-Volume-ProfitAnalysisCVPanalysisfocusesonhowprofitsareaffectedbythesellingprice,volumeofactivity,unitvariablecosts,totalfixedcostsaswellasthemixofproductsold.九.三Cost-Volume-ProfitAnalysis一.BasicEquationofCVPAnalysisThebasicequationofCVPAnalysisisthemostessentialandthemostmonlyusedformulatoanalyzetherelationshipbetweencost,volumeandprofit.Operatingine=Salesrevenues-Variableexpenses-Fixedexpenses二.ContributionMarginThesurplusoftotalsalesrevenueovertotalvariablecost.Contributionmarginisusedfirsttocoverfixedexpenses,andthenwhateverremainsgoestowardprofits.Threepossibilitiesoftheresult.Iffixedcostequalstothecontributionmargin,theoperatingineiszero;Ifthecontributionmarginisnotsufficienttocoverfixedcost,anoperatinglossoccurs;Iffixedcostislessthancontributionmargin,thepanyearnsaprofit.三.ContributionMarginRatioandVariableCostRatioPercentageofcontributionmargintototalsalesrevenueisreferredtoastheContributionMarginratio(ratio).Variablecostratioistheratioofvariableexpensestototalsalesrevenue.Thebreak-evenpointisthepointwheretotalrevenueequalstototalcostandalsothepointofthezeroprofits.Twomethodstoputebreak-evenpoint,EquationmethodContributionmarginmethod九.三.二Break-EvenAnalysis一.EquationMethodTofindthepointwheresalesequaltothetotalofvariablecostsplusfixedcosts.二.ContributionMarginMethodTocalculatebreak-evenpointsbyfocusingonthecontributionmargin.CVPformulascanalsohelptodeterminetheunitsandrevenueneededtobesoldouttoachieveatargetprofit.Bothequationmethodandcontributionmarginmethodcouldsolvethisproblem.九.三.三TargetProfitAnalysis九.四.一Budget一.DefinitionofBudgetAbudgetisaquantitativeplanforacquiringand二.MasterBudget二.MasterbudgetAsummaryofapany’splansincludingspecifictargetsforsales,production,andfinancialactivitiesTwomajortypesofbudgetsmakeupthemasterbudgetsOperatingbudgetsFinancialbudgets九.四BudgetandPerformanceEvaluationTostrengthenthemanagementofadecentralizedpany,topmanagersneedtodrawsmallareasofresponsibility,knownasresponsibilitycentersAresponsibilitycenterisasegmentofthebusinesswhosemanagerisaccountableforspecifiedsetsofactivities.Threemajortypesofresponsibilitycentercostcenterprofitcenterinvestmentcenter九.四.二PerformanceEvaluation一.PerformanceEvaluationofCostCenterManagersofcostcenteronlyhavecontrolauthorityovercosts.Costcenterisevaluatedbymeansofperformancereports,intermsofmeetingcoststandardsthathavebeenset.Standardcostvariancesandflexiblebudgetvariancesareoftenusedtoevaluatecostcenterperformance.二.PerformanceEvaluationofProfitCenterManagersofprofitcenterhavecontrolauthorityoversalesandcosts.Aprofitcentermaydeterminewhichproductsandhowmanyproductsshouldbeproducedandsoldout.Profitcentersareoftenevaluatedbyparingactualprofitstobudgetedprofits.三.PerformanceEvaluationofInvestmentCenterManagersofinvestmentcenterhavecontrolauthorityoversales,costs,aswellascapitalinvestment.Typically,investmentcentersareevaluatedonthebasisofreturnoninvestment,residualine,andeconomicvalueadded.(一)ReturnOnInvestmentReturnOnInvestment(ROI)isdefinedasoperatinginetobedividedbyaverageoperatingassets.(二)ResidualIneResidualineisthedifferencebetweenoperatingineandtheminimumdollarsofreturnrequiredbyapany’soperatingassets.(三)EconomicValueAddedEconomicvalueadded(EVA)istheineminusthetotalannualcostofcapital.TheequationforEVAisexpressedasfollows:EVA=after-taxoperatingine-(actualpercentagecostofcapital×totalcapitalemployed)IfEVAispositive,itshowsthatthepanyiscreatingandincreasingwealth.Totheopposite,ifEVAisnegative,itmeansthepanyisdecreasingwealth.governmentaltaxoffices政府税务机关theSecuritiesandExchangemission美证券易委员会thePublicpanyAccountingOversightBoard公众公司会计监督委员会