2018年英语专业四级TEM-4真题及解析

2018年英语专业四级真题及详解TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(2018)-GRADEFOUR-TIMELIMIT:130MINⅠ[10MIN]ListentothefollowingAltogetherthepassagewillbetoyoufourtimes.Duringthefirstwhichwillbedoneatnormalspeed,listenandtrytounderstandthemeaning.Fortheandthirdreadings,thepassagewillbesentencebyorphrasebywithintervalsof15Thelastreadingwilldoneatnormalagainandduringthistimeyoushouldcheckyourwork.YouwillthenbegivenminutethroughyouroncePleasewritethewholepassageonANSWERSHEETONE.【答案与解析】EmotionalReactiontoMusic①Nomatterwhoyouare,whereyouorwhatculturalbackgroundis,getsomepleasurefromtotheirfavoritemusic.②However,somearenotcapableofmusic.③Thisbecausetheycan‘texperiencepleasureat④Theyhavetroublemusicproperly,they‘rejustindifferenttomusic.⑥Researchershaveconductedstudiestooutwhysomehavenoemotionalreactiontomusic.⑦However,despiteefforts,themysteryremains.【难点点评】句②中，cpbeof„„of”不要遗漏。句③中，注意“not”不要遗漏。conduct意为“实施，执行”。句⑦中，注意“mystery”的拼写，其意思为“谜团”。PARTⅡLISTENINGCOMPREHENSION[20MIN]SECTIONATALKInthissectionyouwillhearatalk.YouwillhearthetalkONCEONLY.Whilelistening,youmaylookatthetaskonANSWERSHEETONEandwriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachgap.Makesurewhatyoufillinisbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable.Youmayusetheblanksheetfornote-taking.YouhaveTHIRTYsecondstopreviewthegap-fillingtask.Nowlistentothetalk.Whenitisover,youwillbegivenTWOminutestocheckyourwork.TheLinguisticGiftofBabiesCriticalageDeclineofbabies‘languagelearningabilityoccursattheageof(1) . (1) LabworkResearchfocus:Howbabieslearn(2) inthefirstcriticalperiod (2) Researchaims:developingamodelforbabiesintheircriticalperiodsof—languageacquisition—social,emotionaland(3) development (3) Researchprocess:Babiesneedtolisten.Theyaretrainedtoturntheirheadswhen(4) . (4) Apandabearpoundsadrumifbabiesarecorrect.Participants:(5) babies (5) Results:Babiescan(6) ofalllanguages. (6) Babiesbecomelanguage-boundbefore(7) . (7) —soundreactionbetweenAmericanandJapanesebabies-6to8monthsold:(8) -twomonthslater:(9) Twoeventsduringthecriticaltwomonths—(10) whenlisteningtoalanguage

(8) (9) —changeofbabies,brainswhendistributionsgrow (10) ConclusionLanguagelearningmayslowdownwhensounddistributionsbecomestable.【答案与解析】seven(录音提到“Babiesandchildrenaregeniusesuntiltheyturnseven”，即婴儿和孩子在七岁前一直都是天才，故本题填入seven。)sounds(录音提到“thatthewhichtrytomasterwhichsoundsareusedlanguage”即这个时期是sounds。)cognitive(perhapsforcriticalperiodsthatandcognitive。)asoundchanges(录音提到“andwetrainthemtoturntheirheadswhenasoundchanges”，即我们训练他们当听到一个声音就转头，故本题填入asoundchanges。)six-month-old(录音提到“usuallysix-monther”，即6个月大的婴儿，故本题填入six-month-old。)discriminatethesounds(录音提到“Theycandiscriminateallthesoundsofalllanguages”，即他们能区分所有语言的所有声音，故本题填入discriminatethesounds。)firstbirthdays(录音提到“Andtheanswer:beforetheirfirstbirthdays”，即答案是一岁之前，故本题填入theirfirstbirthdays。)(录音提到“Soatsixtoeightmonths,thebabiesaretotallyequivalent”，即对于6到8个月的婴儿，他们的测试结果完全相似，故本题填入totallyequivalent。)differenceoccurs(womonthstr,somthngncrdbeoccus2个月之后便产生明显ncrdbedifferenceoccurs。)statistics(录音提到“they‘retakingstatisticsastheylistentoustalk”，即他们听我们说话的同时在做统计，故本题填入takingstatistics。)【录音原文】TheLinguisticGiftofBabiesGoodmorning,everyone.Intoday‘slecture,I‘mtoaboutsomethingyoucan‘tThatis,what‘sontheofababy,forhowaItalwaysashowinterestandaregeniusestheyturnseven,andthenthere‘sasystematicWorkmyfocusedonthefirstcriticalperioddevelopment,[2]andthatthewhichtrytomasterwhichsoundsareusedWebyhowthesoundsarewe‘llhaveamodelfortherestof[3]andperhapsforcriticalperiodsthatmayexistchildhoodforsocial,emotionalandcognitivedevelopment.Sowe‘vebeenstudyingthebabiesbyconductinganexperiment.Duringourexperiment,thebaby,[5]usuallysix-monther,sitsonaparent‘slap,[4]andwetrainthemtoturntheirheadswhenasoundchanges—likefrom―ah‖to―ee‖.Iftheydosoattheappropriatetime,theblackboxlightsupandapandabearpoundsadrum.hthvewernd?el,bbsllovrthewordrewhtIketodscrbesctznsoftheword.[6Thycanallthesoundsoflanguages,nomatterwhatcountrywe‘reandwhatwe‘reandthat‘sremarkablebecauseyouIcan‘tdoWe‘reculture-boundlisteners.Wecanthesoundsourownbutnotthoseofforeignlanguages.Sothequestionarises:Whendothosecitizensoftheworldturnintothelanguage-boundlistenersthatweare?[7]Andtheanswer:beforefirstbirthdays.Whatyouseehereperformanceonthathead-turntasktestednTokyondthentdStts,hrenStt,sthylstndtother‖nda-soundsmportnttongsh,butnottoJapanese.[8]Soatsixtomonths,theareequivalent.[9]Twomonthssomethingincredibleoccurs.ThetheStatesareabetterJapanareaworse.Sothequestionis:What‘shappeningduringthiscriticaltwomonthperiod?Weknowthisisthecriticalperiodforsounddevelopmentswhat‘sonupthere?aretwoThefirstthattheintentlyto[10]andthey‘restatisticsastheytoustalk-they‘restatistics.Thattosaytwotoownmotherspeakingmotherese—theuniversalwewhenwetokids.Duringtheproductionofspeechwhenlistenwhatthey‘restatisticsthatsoundonthelanguagethattheyhear.thosesounddistributionsgrowandabsorbwhatwe‘vethataresensitivetothestatistics,andthestatisticsofJapaneseandEnglisharevery,verydifferent.Imean,thesounddistributionofbothdifferent.Soabsorbthestatisticstheandchanges;changesthemfromtheoftheworldtotheculture-boundthatwearebecausewearenoabsorbingthosestatistics.Incase,ofcourse,we‘rearguingthattheofmaterialmayslowdownwhenourOK.Todaywejusttalkedaboutarecentprojectonbabies‘languagedevelopment.Inournextlecture,wewillconcentrateonbilingualpeople,howbilingualskeeptwosetsofstatisticsinmindatonce.SECTIONB Inthissectionyouwillheartwoconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,fivequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.BoththeconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenONCEONLY.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeaten-secondpause.Duringthepause,youshouldreadthefourchoicesofABCandD,andmarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononANSWERSHEETTWO.YouhaveTHIRTYsecondstopreviewthechoices.Now,listentotheconversations.ConversationOneQuestions1to5arebasedonConversationOne.foreignarespokenEveryonecanspeakaforeignThearetospeakaforeignThecansurviveonmothertongue.Toimprovetrade.ToaspeakertoaToimprovetheeducationsystem.ToencourageanotherItyouself-satisfaction.Itmakesyoumoreconfident.Ityouanadvantage.Itmakesyouworkhard.Workmates.Schoolmates.Teacherandstudent.andsister.【答案与解析】C 对话中男士提到“nottospeakalanguage”，说明不能说外语是英国人的一个特色，故选C项。B thesecondmost-spoken。A 100Ithopstohprtanncrsentrntonaltrde表示“1000。Dyouself-satisfactionandself-esteemboostsconfidence”，可知说一门外语能够给人带来自我满足感和自尊，并且能够提升自信心，对话没有提到使D。Bhavemyclassat10o‘clock10点时要上汉语课，而女士随Ihaveaclassat10as10。【录音原文】W:Hi,Bob.YouspeakverygoodChinese.Notreally,Mary.Ijustanotabletospeakaforeignaofaoraitishcharacteristic.Theareconsideredtobelinguists.Wejustdon‘tbotheranotherW:Iguessthereasonthatwhenyoutravelaroundtheworld,youthatEnglishspokenalmosteverywhere.M:Yes,yes.Wegetby.Wesurviveonjustusingourmotherlanguage.W:Butyouseemtolovelearninglanguagesalot.Howmanyforeignlanguagescanyouspeak?M:Notthatmany.AbitofGerman,someFrench,Polishalittle,Chineseofcourse,abitofJapanese.That‘saboutit.W:I‘mimpressed.Well,whatisthesecondmost-spokenlanguageinEngland?IsitChinese?M:No,Idon‘tthinkso.W:Then,thatmustbeFrench.M:No.Accordingtotherecentcensus,104differentlanguagesarespokenintheUKandPolishisthesecondmost-spokenlanguage,followedbyPunjabiandUrdu.W:Then,doyouhavetolearnaforeignlanguageinschool?M:No,it‘snotcompulsory.ButrecentlyacampaignwaslaunchedtoencourageeveryoneintheUKtolearnatleast1,000wordsofanotherlanguage.IthopestohelpBritainincreaseinternationaltrade.W:1,000words?It‘sthe1,000becausesaysaof1,000wordswouldaspeakeraconversation.W:Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.youself-satisfactionandself-esteemyoucanspeakanotherwhenyou‘reIgivesyouanedgeaofdifferentareastheworkplace.feelgoodaboutanewskillandyoufeelgoodaboutyourself,andboostsyourconfidence.ImagineonaholidaytoSpainandbeingtospeaktothelocals.W:Ofcourseitdoesmakeonefeelgood.M:Andtherearealsotheeconomicbenefitsofspeakinganotherlanguage.Itgivesyouanadvantage»especiallyifyouaredealingwithforeigncompanies.W:Yes.Italsoshowspolitenessandrespectforotherpeoplebyshowingyouhavemadeaneffort.M:You‘reright.Mm,I‘mafraidImustgetgoingnow.I‘llhavemyChineseclassat10o‘clock.W:Oh,Ihaveaclassat10aswell.OK,seeyoulater.M:Seeyou.Accordingtotheman,whatacharacteristic?Whatthesecondmost-spokentheWhywasthe1,000Wordslaunched?Accordingtotheman,whichnotconsideredanadvantageofaforeignWhat‘sthemostprobablebetweenthemanandthewoman?ConversationTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonConversationTwo.Adangerousevent.unreasonablefear.AsmallArisk-assessingOneoneOnefourOnefourteenOnefortyFutureevents.Catastrophicevents.Small-scaledisasters.Smokingcigarettes.byabicycle.CatchingSmokingcigarettes.Theygetpleasurefromrisks.Theycancontrolrisks.Theycanassessdangerfromrisks.Theyhavestrongneedsforrisks.【答案与解析】B thatmeansastrongandfearofB项正确。C 100万分之一后，女士说“it‘sone141400万。B tendtoworryaboutorcatastrophicevents”，说明我们倾向于担心那些大型的毁灭。D Sofor,whattherewasacigarettethatyouassoonasyousmokedNobodywoulddothatwouldthey?”，表示如果有一种烟D。A themextremepleasure”，表示危险能。【录音原文】W:Hello,andwelcometotoday‘sprogram.I‘mAlice.M:AndI‘mJack.Hello.W:Hello,Jack.You‘reoffonholidaytomorrow,aren‘tyou?M:Iamandyouknow,andI‘mreadingit.Ihateflying!W:Doyou?Ididn‘tknowyouhadaphobia—andthatmeansastrongandunreasonablefearofsomething.M:Well,Idon‘tthinkthisisaphobiabecauseitisn‘tunreasonable.Flyingthousandsoffeetupinthesky,youknow,that‘snotsafe!W:FlyingthanyouJack.It‘smuchtoorcycletowork.risksubjectoftoday‘sshow!meansthechancesofsomethingbadForyouknowthatchanceofknockedoffyourbicycleandduringaone-milejourneythesameyourchancesthelottery?M:Ididn‘tknowthat.W:Canyouguesswhatarethechancesofeitherofthesetwothingshappening?M:Ihavenoidea.Oneinamillion?W:No,it‘sonein14million.Youareaslikelytowinthenationallotteryfromasingleticketasyouaretobeknockedoffyourbicycleandkilledduringaone-milejourney.M:Butwhyarewebadatassessingrisk?W:Peopletypicallyfearanythingwhichissmallprobabilitybutit‘sextremelycatastrophicifitweretohappen...Recentlywehaveanotherincreaseinthesebirds‘virusoutbreaks.Peoplereadaboutthat.Andtheymaypayalotofattentiontothatinthenewsbuttheymayforgettogettheirflushot.M:That‘sright.Wetendtoworryaboutbigorcatastrophiceventssuchascatchingbirdfluordyinginaplanecrashbecausewereactemotionallytothem.W:Yeah.Catastrophiceventsfeellikeveryrealthreats,whilewetendtoforgetaboutthesmallbutchronicrisksthatbecomemorelikelyovertime.Wedo.SoforwhattherewasacigarettethatyouassoonyousmokedNobodywoulddothat,wouldthey?W:No,theywouldn‘t.M:Butplentyofpeoplearehappytosmokeforyears,andputoffworryingaboutthehealthrisksforthefuture.W:Yes,that‘sagoodpoint,Jack!Peoplefeeltheyareincontrolofrisksthatstretchovertime.Youknow,theythink,―Icouldstoptomorrow‖or―Icouldsmokeless‖.Butwhataboutpeoplewhoreallyenjoytakingbigrisks—thosethrillseekersoutthere?Peoplewhoextremesportsseekoutdanger—itthemextremepleasure!theriskmeansthatthepleasureneedstobeoreven...W:You‘reright.AccordingtowhataWhatarethechancesofknockedoffone‘sbicycleandaone-milejourney?Whatofeventdotendtoworryabout?Whichmayachronicrisk?Whydosomerisks?PARTⅢLANGUAGEUSAGE[10MIN]Therearetwentysentencesinthissection.BeneatheachsentencetherearefouroptionsmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceoranswersthequestion.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.ThePyramidoutsideancientEgypt,firstattempttoasmooth-sidedpyramid.hasbeentohavebeenwastobetohavebeentobe【答案】CfirstC项。ABD项错误。News rankingsofsince1983.Theyareaveryresourceforstudentstoapplytoauniversitycampus.hasbeen【答案】D【解析】1983年以来，《美国新闻》一直在对各大学进行排名。对于希望申请大学的学生来说，这些since1983”可知，谓语动词应为完成时；第二句Thyrnkngsmantan”这个动作开始于过去的某个时间并继续到现在，还可能会继续下去，符合现在完成进行时的使用条件，故选D。wasacrimehewouldnothavecommitted.otherwiseseldom【答案】C【解析】wasacrime”是一般过去时，陈述thatwoudnothvecommttdothrwsefnot。Shewasonceayoungcountrywifewith chickensthebackyardandaofmountainstheorchard.hazyhazyhazyhazy【答案】B→特征或性质等描述性形容词→→形状的形容词→→颜色的形容词→。Ito,butIcannot.thean【答案】Aevil。an意为“一个坏处，一件祸事”。Indeedthatbodyshatteringtheveryofasand.wararewarofwarareofwar【答案】D【解析】as正如；就像。askillingand不能省略；而表语是“theveryofwar”，其中相同部分“theverypointD。photographyachemicalprocess,duringwhichalight-sensitivewhenexposedtomostbasicbasicthemostbasicthebasic【答案】ABDmostbasic其最基本的情况。其中，“its”指代“photography”（摄影），。ShealawyertotothatGabrielhadremovedhernamefromthedeed.Theverbphrseonytorn‖susd .toexpressanpurposetoadegreeoftorevealanconsequencetoastatedfact【答案】C置于不定式todo。WhichofthewordsNOTcarrythemetaphoricalIwonderwhat‘schangeofJimturnedtospeaktothepersonstandingThisworkshouldhavebeenyesterday.I‘mIsupposeI‘mluckybecausemyparentsweremetheway.【答案】BBbehind。AC项中的“behindC项中 motherwasdeterminedtothoseneedandwouldhavebeenproudofwhathasbeenachievedthese20years.Thepartthesentenceexpresses .ahypothesisasuggestionacontradictionasurprise【答案】A【解析】句意：我母亲曾立志要帮助有需要的人，她应该会为这20年来所取得的成就感到无比自豪。这句话中划线部分表示一个虚拟句，“wouldhave＋过去分词”表示一种假设。故选A。 Whentheofficerswhotookthebeatingwerefirstbroughtto ,lawyersusedasevidenceagainsttheprosecution.justicetestimonyverdict【答案】Cevidenceagainstthethebringsb.to。 themostcontroversialcandidatethecampaign,hehasbeenstronglyforcrudecommentsaboutwomen.【答案】B【解析】可论。questionably有问题地；可疑地。contentiously有争议地；引起争论地。有争议地；可争辩地。Priceshaverecentlyrisenordertotheincreasedcostofrawcutbuoyofferoffset【答案】D【解析】句意：最近涨价是为了补偿原料成本的增加。cut削减；减少。buoy维持（利润、价格等的）高水平。offer给予；提供。offset抵消；补偿。D选项符合句意，故选D。 Thecbrtyssncortpprsshehsno ofgvngnyuthortontonyonetoprcdwthadivorce.‖recommendationrecordingrecollectionrecognition【答案】C【解析】句意：那位名人在法庭文件中说她“不记得有授权过任何人处理离婚事宜。recommendation推荐；建议。recording录制品。recollection想起。havenorecollectionof(doing)sth.不记得（做过）某事。recognition认识；承认。C选项符合句意，故选C。Whatagoodagoodrootedwhatweconsiderconsistsconstitutescomposesconstructs【答案】B————constitute。consist为不及物动词，表示“构成”时，需与介词“of”搭配使用。compose常用于“becomposed„„组成”。construct表示“构建，组成”之意时，主要用于指论点或体系等的构成和创建。Theschoolthe tocreatethenextofsportingstarsthankstoprogram.furthersupplementaryextra【答案】Dgotheextratodosth.（以完成某事Dfinalfurthersupplementary补充的。Thetchrs‘unonawsutgnstthedstrctcngforrprngdporb‖schoolcondtons.fired【答案】B【解析】file”可lawsuitagainstalawsuitagainst对„„fire对„„处以罚款。充满；装满。LastMarchtheofa19thcenturycargoshipwasfoundbyanunderwaterarchaeologicalteam.ruinswreck【答案】D【解析】句意：去年3月，一支水下考古队发现了一艘19世纪失事的货船。debris意为“碎片；残骸”，多指因事故或爆炸等产生的碎片或残骸。ruins“废墟；遗迹”和remains“遗迹；剩余部分”均为复数名词，谓语动词应用复数形式。wreck意为“沉船；失事船只”，为可数名词单数，符合句意，故选D。She‘sworndesignsonoccasionsfromredcarpetstopremieres.countlesscountablenumericalnumeral【答案】Acountless。countable可数的。numerical数字的；数值的。numeral数字的。Aleading intelligenceandoperationscompanyhasanalysisofworldwidereportedofpiracyandcrimeagainstmariners.oceangoingoceanic【答案】Dandcrimeagainstmariners”可知，该公司搜集“海事”方面的情报。oceangoing意为“远洋的；驶往外洋的”，用于描述船只。oceanic海洋的；大海的。marine海洋的；海产的。D。PARTⅣCLOZE[10MIN]Decidewhichofthewordsgivenintheboxbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblank.ThewordscanbeusedONCEONLY.MarktheletterforeachwordonANSWERSHEETTWO.A.accompaniesB.automaticallyC.coupleD.goesE.indebtednessF.kindG.mannerH.mercifullyI.oneJ.obeyK.renownedL.subscribeM.unknownN.virtueO.widespreadAfewyearsago,universityprofessoraexperiment.sentChristmascardstoasampleofperfectstrangers.heexpectedsomereaction,theresponsehewasamazing—holidaycardsaddressedtocamepouringbackfromthewhohadnevermetheardofThegreatofthosewhoreturnedacardnevertheofthe(31)professor.Theyreceivedcard,andthey sentoneThisstudyshowstheofonethemostpowerfuloftheweaponsofinfluencearound—theforreciprocation.Thesaysthatweshouldtrytorepay,,whatanotherpersonhasprovidedus.Ifawomanusafavor,weshoulddoher(34) return;amanabirthdaypresent,weshouldrememberbirthdaywithaofourown;austoaweshouldbesuretothemtooneofours.(36) ofthereciprocitythenwearetothefuturerepaymentoffavors,invitations,ndthek.Sotypclstfor(3) tocompnythercptofschthngsthtatrmkemuchobgd‖hsbcomeasynonymforthnkyou,‖notonynthengshngugebutnothrssw.Theimpressiveaspectoftheforreciprocationandthesensethat(38)withpervasivenesshumanculture.Itso(39)thatstudy,sociologistscanreportthattherehumansocietythatdoesnot(40)tothe【答案与解析】Munknownprofessorunknown。B utomtclysntautomatically。Fkndnn”的宾语，且与“n”一同构成介词rpy。I ondohrnrturnhrawomn故空格处应填入指代“afavor”的词。选项中，one用于指代已提及或对方已知道的某人、某物。故填入one。C coupnvtswomnamnthmcoup。N vrtubyofby”的宾语。根据空格后的byvrtuefvirtue。E indebtednessis＋adj.＋forsb./sthtodosth.”的倒装形式，因此空格处应填入名词。根据上文ndbtdnss。D thtthtthesseofobgtongowthgos。Owidespreadissoiss”提示此处依然是在wdsprd。L subscribethatdoes动词原形。上一句提到，回报原则与伴随而来的义务感在人类文化中的普遍性，此句继续强调它的普遍subscribetosubscribe。【全文翻译】——那些从未见过或从未听说过的人给他寄来的节日贺卡源源不断地——Ⅴ[35MIN]SECTIONA QUESTIONSInthissectiontherethreepassagesfollowedbytenmultiplechoicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therefourmarkedABCandtheonethatyouistheandyouronANSWERSHEETPASSAGEONEThesettlerscametotheNorthcontinenttowhichwerefreefromthecontrolsthatexistedEuropeanTheywantedtoescapethecontrolsplacedonbygovernments,andchurches,andaristocrats.Thehistoricmadebythosefirstsettlershavehadaprofoundeffectontheshapingofthecharacter.thepowerofthegovernmentandthechurchesandeliminatingaformalaristocracy,theycreatedaoffreedomwheretheemphasiswasontheIndvdualfrdomsprobbythemostbscoflmrcnvus.yfrdom,‖mrcnsmnthedsrendtheofalltocontroltheirowndestinywithoutoutsideinterferencefromthegovernment,anobleclass,thechurch,oranyotherauthority.Thereis,however,apricetobeforfreedom:self-reliance.meansthatthattheyshouldstandontheirownfeet,achievingbothfinancialandemotionalindependencefromtheirparentsasearlyaspossible,usuallybyage18or21.AsecondimportantreasonwhyhavebeendrawntotheStatesthethateveryonehasanequalchancetoenteraraceandsucceedthegame.BecauseofwereforbiddentheConstitutionnoformalclasssystemtheThereis,atobeforofopportunity:competition.Ifmuchofseenasarace,thenapersonmustruntheraceordertosucceed;apersonmustcompetewithothers.ThepressurescompetitiontheofanbeginchildhoodandcontinueuntilretirementfromwInfact,anygroupwhodoesnotcompetesuccessfullydoesnotthemainstreamofaswellasthosewhodo.AthirdreasonwhyhavecometotheStatestohaveaBecausetsbundntnturlrsourcsthentdSttspprdtobea―ndofpnty‖whremllonscoudcometoskthrfortuns.Theprsegongfromrgstorchs‖bcmeasognforthemrcndrm.nypopeddachievematerialsuccess.Materialwealthbecameatotheandbecameanmeasureofsocialstatus.payaforwealth:hardwork.workbeenbothnecessaryandrewardingformostAmericansthroughouttheirhistory.Insomewaysmaterialpossessionsareseenasevidenceofpeople‘sabilities.BarryGoldwater,acandidateforthepresidencyin1964,saidthatmostpoorpeoplearepoorbecausetheydeservetobe.MostAmericanswouldfindthisaharshstatement,butmanymightthinktherewassometruthinit.Thesedothewholestoryofthecharacter.Rather,theyshouldbethoughtofthemes,aswecontinuetoexploremorefacetsofthecharacterandhowaffectstheStates.Para4seemstosuggestthat.arebornwithasenseofcompetitionthepressureofcompetitionwhenonestartsworksuccessfulcompetitionessentialsocietycompetitionresultsofopportunitiesWhichofthemethodsdoestheauthorusevalues?Comparison.Causeandeffect.Process【答案与解析】C。A项在文中未提及。根据第四段内容可BD项错误。B通读文章可知，文章前两段提到最早的一批殖民者来北美大陆是为了建立不受欧洲社会控制的殖民地，而代价是人们要自食其力；第三、四段讲美国吸引移民的另一个原因是机会均等，代价是人人都要参与竞争；第五、六段讲美国吸引移民的第三个原因是追求更好的生活，代价是要努力工作。可知，作者在。【全文翻译】然而，这种个人自由是要付出代价的：自力更生。这表示着美国人认为他们应该自食其力，他们的经1821岁之前就脱离父母，尽早地实现独立。然而，这种机会平等也是要付出代价的：竞争。如果把人的大半生看作是一场竞赛，那么一个人就必美国吸引移民的第三个原因是可以来此享有一个更美好的生活。由于自然资源丰富，美国似乎是一片然而，为了物质财富，美国人也要付出代价：努力工作。历史上，对于大多数美国人来说，努力工作1964年的总统候选人巴里·戈德沃这些基本的价值观并没有完全展现美国人的性格。但是，在我们继续探索美国人性格的诸多方面以及它们如何影响美国人的生活之时，应当把这些基本的价值观当作主题来看。PASSAGETWOThearetheofcourse.themanwhoexplosives,toanddosomethinggoodwiththemoneyheearnedandgaveprizestowhomadeprogressscience,economicsand—perhapsmostimportantly—peace.NotawardsareasastheNobels.thoughmostcountrieshaveasystemforrecognizing,honoringandrewardingwhohavedonesomethinggoodcountries,therehundredsofawardsandceremoniesforofthings.Theareprobablythemostfamous,aforthe(mostly)industrytohowgoodanannualopportunityforstarstoeachotherawardsandmaketearfulspeeches.wellasthattheretheapparentlyforthesamenotfilms—nowthereareGrammies,theMercuryandtheMTVandawardsmusic.Inawhowinsthecanexpecttoseedifficult,literarynovelhitthelistsndcomptewthTheanciod‖forpopurty.TheTrnrresnwrdfrartshcontmporyartist—eachyearcausescontroversybyamoneytowhodobeds,puttingglasscasesor—thisagardenshed.Awardsdon‘texistforthearts.ThereareforSportsoftheforEuropeanFootballeroftheandFootballeroftheThisverystrange—sometimesawardscanbegoodrecognitiontopeoplewhodeservetowhodon‘tmakemuchmoneycarryonworkwithoutworryingaboutfinances,butprofessionalsoccerthesedaysaren‘tshortofcash!smalltownsandcommunitiesallovertheworldhavetheirownawardsceremonies,forlocalwritersorartists,justforwhohavegraduatedfromschoolorauniversitydegree.theCouncilhstsownwrdsforInnovtonnngshngugeTchng.Whyhavetheseawardsandceremoniesappearedrecently?ShakespeareneverwonanorLeonardodaVinciorAdamSmithorCharlesDickens.Itwoudbeposbetosy,hwvr,thtnthepst,cntstsndrtstscoudwnptrong‖fromrhpeople—askingorawouldtheartistormoneytohavethemorthemnewwaysofmoney.thechangesystemsacrosstheworld,nohappens.researchnowfundedbythegovernmentorbyprivatecompanies.Perhapsawardsceremoniesarejustthemostrecentphaseofprocess.However,theremoretothanthat.WhenawinsanOscar,manywillgoandseeortheWhenawriterwinstheNobelmanymorebuybooks.WhenawinstheMTVawards,theceremonyseenbyhundredsthousandsofacrosstheworld.Theresult?Thegroupamorerecords.awardsaresponsoredbyorcompanies.Thismeansthatnotthepersonwhowinstheawardwhobenefits—butthesponsors.TheMTVawards,foraregreatnotmusic,butMTVnthesrfc,tsstobeawn-wn‖stutonwthvryonebnghppy,buttmeskyouaquestion—howfardoyouthatpublicityandmarketingarewinninghere,andhowmuchrecognitionofachievementplace? Whattheauthor‘stonewhenhementionssuchtheOscarstheand(Paras.3&4)?Amused.Sarcastic.Serious.AccordingtoPara.4,whatwouldhappentoawardwriters?Theywouldamuchreadership.Theywouldturntonovelwriting.Theywouldcontinuenon-fictionwriting.Theywouldtrycontroversialformsofart.WhichofthestatementsbestsumsupPara.6?AwardsceremoniesareforlocalAwardsceremoniesareonimportantoccasions.Awardsceremoniesarecertainprofessions.Awardsceremoniesareforsortsofreasons.AccordingtoPara.8,onedifferencebetweenscientistsandartiststhepastandthoseatpresent.natureofworkpersonalcontactsourceoffundingsocialstatusItcanbeconcludedfromPara.12thattheauthorawards .promotemarketratherthanachievementsdogoodtobothmarketandthosewhoareareeffective【答案与解析】C可定位至第三、四段。第三段提到了最典型的奥斯卡奖的情况，作者认为奥斯卡颁奖典礼上做的无非是“tellitselfhowgoodeachothermaketearfulspeechesforthesamething”。第四段第一句提到并不仅仅是电影业如此，如今音乐界„„各种奖。AInawriterwhowinsthecanexpecttosee,novelthelists”可知在英国，贏得布克奖的作家有望看到他们创作的艰涩的文学小说登上畅。D文章第六段提到，全球各地的许多小城镇和社区也有自己的颁奖典礼，不仅给作家或艺术家颁奖，还会给从高中毕业或获得大学学位的人颁奖，甚至英国文化协会还会给在英语语言教学上有创新的人颁奖。D。C。文章没有对过去和现在的科学家和艺术家的工ADB项错误。A根据第十二段，从表面上看这似乎是双赢局面，但在结尾处作者用“but”提出了质疑，宣传和营销在这里起了多大的作用，而对成就的真正认可又有多少呢，说明作者认为这些奖项促进的是市场营销情况，。文章第十段提到，电影、小说、音乐作品会因获奖而销量大升，而第十二段B项。【全文翻译】——也不是所有奖项都与诺贝尔奖一样高尚。尽管大多数国家都有一个奖励体系来认可、致敬和奖励为国家做贡献的人，但现在为各种名目而设的奖项和颁奖典礼就有几百种。奥斯卡金像奖很可能是其中最著名的一个奖项，这主要是美国电影业自我吹嘘的好时机，也是一年一度大明星互相颁发奖项并发表煽情演说的好机会。除此之外，还有金球奖，似乎也如出一辙。并不仅仅是电影业如此——MTVQ芬——每年它都会因为公然将大笔奖金颁发——像今年这样——建造一个花园棚屋的艺术家而引起争议。全球各地的许多小城镇和社区也有自己的颁奖典礼，颁给当地的作家、艺术家，抑或仅仅是颁给那些从高中毕业或获得大学学位的人。甚至英国文化协会也设有自己的“创新英语语言教学”奖。·达·芬奇、亚当·斯密或查尔斯·狄更斯也都没有获过奖。国王或勋爵会花钱请艺术家或科学家资金，让他们来为自己的宫殿绘制壁画或帮忙开发赚钱的新方法。随着全球社会制度的变迁，这种情况已不再存在。科学研究现在由政府或私营公司资助。也许颁奖仪式只是这一过程的最新阶段。DVDMTV音乐奖，全世界就会有成千上万的人观看这个颁奖仪式。结果呢？这个组合会卖出更多的唱片。——赞助商