定语从句课件-届高三英语二轮复习

定语从句TheAttributiveClause概念：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子。（在句子中作定语）1.Heisacleverboy.2.Heisaboywhoisveryclever.形容词作定语从句作定语，修饰boy，故叫作定语从句。Heisaboywhoisveryclever.先行词定语从句关系词定语从句中，关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose关系副词有：when,where,why注意how和what不可以引导定语从句！但是两者都可以引导名词性从句。如定语从句中先行词是theway，则可以用inwhich、that或省略关系词来引导。如：Idon’tknow

howIcansolvetheproblem.Thatishowhesolvedtheproblem.Thatisthewayinwhich/thathesolvedtheproblem.也就是说，

how=thewayinwhich/that，同理what不能引导定从，先行词后需加that/which，因为what=先行词定语从句的种类分类用法定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。在非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。3.Hefailedinthematch,whichwasagreatpity.（非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子）（=Hefailedinthematch,anditwasagreatpity.）他在比赛中失败了，这太令人遗憾了。练一练：①Thatishisfather,andheworksinShanghai.Thatishisfather,_____worksinShanghai.②Iliketheboy,whoisverylovely.Iliketheboy,_____heisverylovely.③Hetoldmeastoryyesterday,andIthoughtitwasveryinteresting.Hetoldmeastoryyesterday,_____Ithoughtwasveryinteresting.whobecause/forwhich关系代词的用法①限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法先行词指人作主语：who/that,as作宾语：作定语：whose,ofwhom及物动词宾语或没被提前的介词宾语：who/whom/that,as被提前的介词宾语：whom先行词指物作主语：which/that,as作宾语：作定语：whose/ofwhich及物动词宾语或没被提前的介词宾语：that/which,as被提前的介词宾语：which先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语，常用who/that引导，且不能省略。如：Sheisthegirlwho/thatlivesnextdoor.2.先行词指物且在定语从句中作主语，常用that/which引导，且不能省略。如：Theworkthat/whichhasjustbeenfinishedisveryimportant.3.先行词指物且在定语从句中作宾语，用that/which引导，且可省略that/which。如：Thatisthebook(that/which)Iwanttoread.4.先行词指人且在定语从句中作宾语，用whom/who/that引导，且可省略whom/who/that。如：That’sthegirl(who/whom/that)Iteach.5.先行词指人或物且在定语从句中作定语，用whose或ofwhom/ofwhich引导。如：Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementsarewellknown.=Thisisthescientist,theachievementsofwhomarewellknown.=Thisishescientist,ofwhomtheachievementsarewellknown.Thisisthehousewhosewindowbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,ofwhichthewindowbrokelastnight.（注意等号后定语从句中的定冠词）6.as引导限制性定语从句常用下列句式：suchas+名词+as…像……一样的，像……之类的such（pron.）+as…像.…..一样的，像……之类的thesame+名词+as…和……同样的如：Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.（as作主语）ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpected.（as作宾语）Ihavethesamebookashehas.（as作宾语）练一练：（用who,whom,that,which,whose,as填空）Thehouse_____windowsfacethenorthbelongstohim.Theman_____youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.Theman_____iswalkingintheplaygroundismyoldfriend.Takethebook_____islyingonthetable.Sheissuchagirl_____isalwaysfindingfaultwithotherpeople.whosewho/whom/thatwho/thatwhich/thatas②非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法先行词指人先行词指物作主语：who作宾语：作定语：whose,ofwhom作主语：which作宾语：作定语：whose/ofwhich及物动词宾语：who/whom被提前的介词宾语：whom及物动词宾语：which被提前的介词宾语：which先行词指句子：只能作主语或宾语，关系代词用which/as1.关系代词在任何情况下都不能省略。如：Iwanttobutadictionary,whichisvaluabletomylearning.(which不能省略)

我想买本字典，字典对我的学习很有价值。2.who（主语，宾语），whom（宾语），which（主语，宾语）不能用that代替。如：ThisisNewYork,whichIhavevisitedforseveraltimes.(which不能用that代替)这就是纽约，我参观过这里好几次了。3.which引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是个句子。如：Hewaslateagain,whichmadetheteacherveryunhappy.（先行词为整个主句）他又迟到了，这使老师很不高兴。4.关系代词as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为句子，as在从句中作主语、宾语等。如：Asweknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.我们知道，中国是个发展中国家。Asisknowntousall,ChinaisintheeastofAsia.众所周知，中国在亚洲的东部。③关系代词除上面的基本用法外，还有下列特殊用法：1.有时为了使表达的意思更清楚，用：“which+名词”引导定语从句。Headvisedmetohidebehindthedoor,whichadviceItookatonce.他建议我躲在门后，我立即照着做了。2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句（1）当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词常用which或whom，并且不能省略。Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostofwhichhadn'tbeencleanedforatleastayear.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗户，这10扇窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'taperson,towhomshecouldturnforhelp.在黑暗的街道上一个人也没有，她没有人可以求助。（2）在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which（指物），that/whom/who（指人）作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。Thisistheherothat/who/whom（可省略）weareproudof.这是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。Thisisthepenthat/which（可省略）Iwrotetheletterwith.这是我写信时用的那支钢笔。（4）“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一颗又大又高的树。（5）“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构。Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichtolive.=Thepoormanhasnohouse(that/which)hecanlivein.=Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive.=Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.那个穷人没房子住。whichwhich关系词的辨析1.关系代词that和which的区别（1）在限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that不用which的情况：情况例句当先行词是不定代词all,

little,

few,

much,

everything,

anything,

nothing,

none,

some等时Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayforyourself?当先行词被theonly,thevery（恰恰，正好）,any,every,no,all,few,little,much,theright,thelast,just等词修饰时ThisistheverybusthatI’mwaitingfor.当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时Thisisthebestwaythathasbeenusedagainstpollution.当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时ThistrainisthefirstthatwillgotoSuzhou.当先行词既有人又有物时Doyouknowthepersonsandthingsthattheyaretalkingabout?当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时Whichisthebikethatyoulost?有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用thatTheysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.主句是therebe句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillavailable.（2）当先行词指事/物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况：情况例句在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用thatThe

sports

meeting

was

put

off,

which

astonished

me.当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.（√）Thisisthepen（which/that）I’mlookingfor.（×）ThisisthepenforwhichI’mlooking.先行词后面有插入语时，只用which，不用thatHereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asI’vetoldyou,willhelpyouimproveyourEnglish.先行词本身就是that时，只用which，不用thatWhat’sthatwhichflashedthroughtheskyjustnow?用关系代词that或which填空Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomething_____wassomeoneelse’sfault.WheneverImether,_____wasfairlyoften,shegreetedmewithasweetsmile.Allthepresents_____yourfriendsgaveyouonyourbirthdayshouldbeputaway.Thisistheverybook_____Ihavebeenlookingfor.Hewaslatefortheopeningceremony,_____wasverysurprisingtome.thatthatthatwhichwhich关系代词as和whichas和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分内容，先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，as和which均不可省略，有时两者可以互换。如：He

married

her,

as/which

was

natural.下列情况通常只用as不用which：①当定语从句置于主句前面时，用as不用which。Asyousee,theChinesepeoplearehard-working.注意下面句子的多种表达方法：1.Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.2.Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.3.Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.②先行词作主语且定语从句使用被动语态时，通常用as不用which，从句谓语通常为：beknown,besaid,bereported,beannounced,bementioned等。如果从句是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如：Shehasbeenabsentagain,asisexpected.Tomhasmaderapidprogress,whichmakesmeveryhappy.另外，as常用在下列习惯用语中：as（it）seemslikely,as（it）oftenhappens,as（it）waspointedout…如：Jackhaswonthefirstprize,asitoftenhappens.用法例句关系代词代替前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语动词后有复合宾语时Idon’tthinkthathewillcometoseeme,whichmakesmesad.主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.当非限制性定语从句是否定句时Hepretendednottoknowme,whichIdidn’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中的be动词不能省略时，用which；反之用asJanetoldmeshewonthematch,whichwasalie.（was不可省略）As（was）planned,wemetattheairport.（was可省略）下列情况通常用which而不用as：例题：Alotoflanguagelearning,_____hasbeendiscovered,ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife,soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.Thereisnosimpleanswer,_____isoftenthecaseinscience.asas关系副词的用法（一）当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词（如：in,at,on,during等）+which；where=表地点的介词（如：in,at,on,under等）+which；why=表原因的介词（如：for）+which。如：IcanstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.（when=onwhich）Canyoutellmetheofficewhereheworks?（where=inwhich）Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisabsent?（why=forwhich）此外，当先行词为situation,case,stage,point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，也要用关系副词where引导。如：Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.（二）where/when=介词+关系代词（which），有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等。如：Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,fromwherekiteflyingspreadstoJapan,Thailand,Indiaandsoon.（三）关系副词when,where可用于非限制性定语从句中，而关系副词why不可以。wherewhere注意way和time后接定语从句的情况1.当先行词是way（意为“方式，方法”）时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuttheway（inwhich/that/不填）hesaidit.让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较：Theway（that/which/不填）heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。2.Theway（that/inwhich/不填）heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.他向我们解释句子的那种方式不难理解。2.先行词是time，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲且作状语，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during+which”引导定语从句。如：Thisisthesecondtime（that）thePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.Thiswasatatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,notelephone