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MunicipalSolidWasteManagementinChina
Part1MSWManagementinChinaMainland
INTRODUCTION
NocountryhaseverexperiencedaslargeorasfastanincreaseinsolidwastequantitiesthatChinaisnowfacing.In2004ChinasurpassedtheUnitedStatesastheworld’slargestwastegenerator,andby2030China’sannualsolidwastequantitieswillincreasebyanother150%-growingfromabout190,000,000tonsin2004toover480,000,000tonsin2030(Delvoie2005).Thisgrowingwastestreamhassignificantimpactforthesociety,environmentandeconomicdevelopment.
TheQuantityandCompositionofMSWinChina
Thedefinitionofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)shouldincludeallwastegeneratedsincethemunicipalitymayberequiredtoassumeresponsibilityifthereisnolongersufficientimpetustoremovethematerialfromthewastestream.ThisreportdefinesMSWasallwasteoriginatinginurbanareasfromresidential,industrial(non-hazardous),commercialandinstitutionalsectors.
MostChinesemunicipalsolidwastegenerationdataispresentedinthreecategories:municipal,industrial,andhazardouswaste.‘Municipalwaste’usuallyincludesresidential,institutional,commercial,streetcleaning,andnon-processwastefromindustries.Insomecases,constructionanddemolitionwasteisalsoincludedandcandramaticallyskewthegenerationrate,especiallyintimesofhigheconomicgrowthandrelatedconstructionactivity.‘Industrialwaste’isusuallylimitedto‘processwaste’suchasprocessby-productslikescrapmetal,slag,andminetailings.‘Hazardouswaste’usuallyreferstoindustrialhazardouswastegeneratedasaby-productofthemanufacturingprocess,medicalwaste,small-scalegenerationofhazardouswastefromhouseholds,institutionsandcommercialestablishments,andoccasionallysmallamountsofradioactivewaste,e.g.smokedetectorsandmedicalprocesswaste.
ThecategorizationofwastesinChinaisnotalwaysconsistentorcomprehensivefromcitytocityandadverselyaffectstheutilityofthedatabase.AndmostavailableinformationinChinaisbasedon‘wastecollected’dataratherthan‘wastegenerated’data.However,wastegenerateddataismoreusefulsinceitincludesrecyclablesecondarymaterials,andencouragesmorefull-costaccountingoftheoverallMSWsystemandprogramfinancing.Datapresentedinthisreportarewastegeneratedestimates.
Table1:ProjectedMunicipalWasteGenerationfortheUrbanPopulationinChina
datasource:UnitedNations,2002
Figure1ProjectedMunicipalWasteCompositioninUrbanAreasofChina–AsGenerated
MunicipalWasteGeneratedfromPopulationUsingCoal=49,500,000tonnes
MunicipalWasteGeneratedfromPopulationUsinggas=100,500,000tonnes
TotalMunicipalWasteGenerationin2000=150,000,000tonnes
TotalMunicipalWasteGenerationExpectedin2030=484,000,000tonnes
ThedatainFigure1ispreparedbyAMECEarth&Environmental,basedonexistinggovernmentdataandfieldvisitstothreerepresentativecities(Kunming,Shanghai,Chongqing)
Figure1showsthepriorityandimportanceoftheorganicfractionofthewastemanagement.In2030,evenwithamarkedincreaseinpackagingwaste,paperproductsandplasticsandacompletereductionofcoalash,organicswillstillmakeupmorethan50%ofthewastestream.Theseorganicsarepoorlysuitedtoincinerationduetotheirhighwatercontent,andhavethepropensitytogenerateleachatewhenlandfilled.China’swastestreamisgrowingfastestinpaper,plasticsandmulti-laminates,suchasplasticcoatedpaper.(WB2005)
TheISWMStrategyofMSWManagementinChina
Chinesegovernmenttriedtorespondtothischallenge,bymovingupthe“wastemanagementhierarchy”promotingwastereduction,reuseandrecycle,beforeotherwastedisposalmethodsarepursued.“Integratedsustainablewastemanagement”(ISWM)istheconceptacceptedastheprincipleofMSWmanagementinChina,whichisbasedonthewastemanagementhierarchy.
Box1TheWasteManagementHierarchy
ThisreportfollowinganalyzesMSWmanagementinChinafromdifferenthierarchies.
LANDFILLINCHINA
Landfillisoneofthelowhierarchytreatmethodstotreatthesolidwaste.AccordingtoWikipedia,itisasiteforthedisposalofwastematerialsbyburialandistheoldestformofwastetreatment.Landfillandincinerationhavebeenthemostcommonmethodstotreatsolidwasteandnowitisstillpopularinmanyplacesaroundtheworld(/wiki/Landfill),especiallyinChina.
Chinanowisfacingagreatproblemofincreasingquantityofsolidwasteandlandfillisoneofthemostcommontreatmentsconsideredbythegovernmentnow.AccordingtoaWorldBankreport(2005),China’scitieswillneedtodevelopanadditional1400landfillsoverthenext20years.ItwillbeabigissueforbothChinaandtheworld.Asthetrendisunavoidable,carefulconsiderationandmanagementisextremelyneededinChinanow.
Inthepasttenyears,Chinahasmadegreatimprovementinwastemanagement,especiallyinlandfillmanagement.Mostlargercitiesareaggressivelymovingtowardssanitarylandfillingastheirmaindisposaloption.(WB,2005)Butstill,foralotofcitiesinChina,thestandardofsanitarylandfillingisnotachievedcompletely.Themanagementoflandfillbecomesthemostseriousproblemnowandinthefuture.
WearefacingalotofseriousproblemsintheprocessoflandfillinginChinanow.Thekeyissueamongthemislackofoverallconsideration,managementandoperation.Therearealotofproblemsindifferentaspects.
Fromtheaspectsofconstruction,theoveralloperatingconditionsneedurgentattentionsandespeciallytheslopsinthelandfillaremostlyinadequate.Andalsothephenomenonofoverdesignexistsalot.Forsomecases,aftertheover-design,theconstructionsofsubsequentphasesarepremature.AccordingtothereportofWorldBank(2005),somesyntheticlinersareexposedtotheelementsandhugeadditionalvolumesofleachatearegenerated.Theseproblemsareseriousinthepastandneedbettermanagementandmuchmoreconsiderationandconstruction.
Fromtheaspectsoftheleachate,therearealsoalotoftroublesinthispart.Thecollectionoftheleachateisinadequateandthetreatmentisnotwellorganized.Itispossibleforthemtocontaminatetheundergroundwaterorleadtogreatdamagetothesoilaround.Thecontaminatedsoilbecomethe“brownfields”anditwillcausealotofserioussequences.Itwillimpactthepublichealthandenvironmentalquality,especiallythelandvalueswilldecreasealot.Therearelikelyatleast5000ofthesesitesnowinChinesecities.Thecosttocleanthemupissignificanthigherthanthecosttohavedisposedofthewasteproperlyinthefirstplace.(WB2005)
Fromtheaspectsofgas,verylittlelandfillhasgascollectionatpresent.Ifwecangatherthesegases,wecandecreasethegreenhousegasemissionalot.Accordingtotheestimation,theproportionofpotentialsavingingreenhousegasemissioncanbeashighas70%.Consideringtheglobalwarmingandthecarbontrade,itmeansalotinthefuture.Andalsowecangenerateelectricityfromit,oratleast,wecandealitwithgasflaring.
Inaddition,thereuseofthelandfillisneededinthenearfuture.Alotoflandfillsitesaredumpedwithoutanyattentionnowadays.Golfsitesandotheruseformofthelandfillshouldbeconsideredcarefullyinthefuturetosavethespaceandalsotoimprovethemanagementafterthelandfillfinishes.
AlthoughtherearealotofshortcomingsinChinarightnow,stillinsomesite,thesedisadvantagesarebeingquicklyremediedandgovernmenthasdonesomesignificantimprovements,suchasthewastetreatmentworkshopinGuangzhou.Theyhaveimprovedtheirconditionsoflandfillveryquicklyaccordingtotheinternationalstandard.
COMPOSTINGINCHINA
Compostingistheprocessofproducingcompostthroughaerobicdecompositionofbiodegradableorganicmatter.Aftercomposting,gascanbegeneratedandtheycanbeusedtogenerateelectricityortobelightedup.
Chinahasagreatdemandforcompostingasthesizeofbrownfieldsisincreasingallthetime.Duetotheincreasingcitypopulationandthesoilbecomemoreimportanttothecitizens.Theremainsofthecompostingaregoodmedicinetoimprovethequalityofthesoilandincreasetheyieldofthesoil.
Alsothecompostingcanreducetheemissionsofthegreenhousegases.Althoughitismoreexpansivethanlandfill,theproductthroughtheprocessismoreusefulandittakessmallerspace.ItisparticularimportantforacountrylikeChinawhohassuchabigpopulationandrelativelysmalldistancebetweencities.
Butstill,therearesomeserioussituationexistinginthecomposting.
Firstisalsoaboutthemanagementofcomposting.Compostingismoreexpansivethanlandfill.Toincreasetheproportionofcomposting,moreinvestisneeded.Thereisaeconomicissuebetweenitandthedevelopment.
Second,carefulclassificationisrequiredbeforethecompostingbegins.Otherwise,theremainsofcompostingmayhavehighlevelofheavymetalorotherchemicals,whichwillleadabadresult.Highertechnologyandmorecarefulattentionneedtobetakenbytheoperators,anditisalsoabigissuetothinkabout.
Third,thestandardofcomposingisnotverygoodsetupinChina.Moredetailednationaloperationalstandardandregulationisneededbeforebuildingmorecompostingsites.
Tosumup,thereisstillalongwaytogobeforeChinacancatchupwiththedevelopedcountryandreachtheinternationalstandard,butwearetryingtodo,andsignificantimprovementhastakenplacealready.
INCINERATIONINCHINA
Background
ChinahasbecomethelargestproducerintheworldintermsofMSWgeneration.Intheyear2004,Chinaurbanareasolidwastegenerationhasexceeded19milliontons.(WorldBank,2005)ThelargequantityofMSWhasposedChinaagreatthreattotheeffectivemanagementofthewaste.Incineration,togetherwithcomposting,landfillanddumpingsitehasbecomethemajorsolutiontotheMSWinChina.Bytheyear2002,thereare19Municipalwasteincinerationplants,with7thousandtonscapacityperday.(B.SolenthalerandR.Bunge2004)
Intermsofcapacity,incinerationisnotthemajorsolutiontoChina’sMSWmanagement.However,itisstillveryimportantcomponentinChina’swastemanagementsystem.Below,wewillanalysistheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofincinerationinChina.
AdvantagesofincinerationincomparisonwithlandfillinChina
InthecircumstanceofChina,incinerationhasthefollowingadvantagescomparingwithlandfill.ThequantityofMSWinChinaisverybig.Thelargequantityrequiresawaytoeffectivelyreducethevolumeandweightofthewaste.However,Landfillrequiresspaceandland,whichisbecomingscarceinChina.MSWishighlyconcentratedinurbanarea,wherelanduseisacrucialduetothescarcityofland.Chinaisacountrywithlargepopulationdensity.Intheeastandcostalregion,wheretheeconomyismoredeveloped,theconcentrationofpopulationismuchhigher.Intheseregions,theconflictbetweenurbanexpansionandlandscarcityisbecomingmoresalientinrecentyears.
ChallengesofincinerationinChina
Fromenvironmentalperspective,thechallengesfromincinerationareveryserious.ThemajorconcernofwasteincinerationistheemissionofheavymetalandDioxins.ChinesegovernmenthassetthestandardfortheDioxins.On1st.June2000,ChineseSEPA(StateEnvironmentprotectionAgency)hasissued“StandardforWasteIncinerationPollutionControl”ItsetsthestandardfortheDioxinsemissionas1.0Nanogram/M³.However,thesamestandardforEU,NorthAmericaandJapanis0.1Nanogram/M³.(WB2005)
Therearethreemajortypesofemissionfromincineration:stackemission,flyashandbottomash.AccordingtoB.SolenthalerandR.Bunge,theconcentrationofnonferrousmetalsinChinaisonly0.24%.ComparingwithSwitzerlandof3%,theChinesenumberisverylower,whichmakesitimpossibletoutilizethebottomashfornonferrousmetalrecycle.(2004)
However,theHgcontaminationinbothfly-ashandbottomashisaseriousproblem.AccordingtoWorldBank,the50%oftheHgdepositedintheNorthAmericalakecomesfromChinesewasteincinerator.
Heatrecovery:ThecompositionofChina’sMSWisquitediverse.Thecompositioninsomebigcities,suchasBeijingandShanghai,aresimilartothatofwesterncountries.However,inmostofthesmallandmediumcities,thecompositionisdifferent.Thecompositionofwastedeterminestheheatvalueoftheincineration.TheaverageheatvalueofChinais5MJ/kg,whichislowerthanthatofrequirementofheatvalueof6MJ/kgforincineration.Thus,thesupplementfuelisrequiredforincineration.Thismakesitimpossibletogainnetenergygenerationtocompensatethehighinvestment.(SolenthalerandBunge2004)
REUSEANDRECYCLEINCHINA
InthehierarchyofMSWmanagement,reuseandrecyclearelesspreferredthansourcereduction.Inreality,however,wecouldnotavoidproducingwasteifthewholeworldneedstoworkwell.Becausethehumanlifenowhasbeencloselyrelatedtoallsortsofproducts,noonecouldwaitforthecreationofwaste-freegoodsforalivinginsociety.Forexample,ifwewanttoeliminateeverychanceofproducingwaste,weshallnotgetafully-equippedcomputer.Therefore,whatreallycountishowtoproperlydealwiththealreadyexistingwaste,namely,towecanfullyexploitthepotentialuseofwastethroughintegratedoperatingsystembeforeincinerationoritsfinaldumpingintolandfill.
MSWreusehistoryandcurrentsituationinChina
WhenChinawasintheperiodof“planningeconomy”,theamountofcirculatinggoodswasverysmall,andlivingnecessitieswerecontrolledbythecentralgovernment.ThesituationofreuseandrecycleinChinaevolvedwiththeeconomicdevelopment,thisisobviouslytrueafterChina’s“opendoor”policyfrom1979andentryintoWTOin2001.Notonlythequantityhasincreasedgreatly,butalsothecategoriesofreuse.
NowadaysinChina,thereusedgoodsandmaterialsfocusonasfollow:Glassbottles,Oldtyres,Usedbattery,Discardedvehiclescomponents,Electronicappliances,Constructionwastematerial,etc.
Reuseofbottlesisacommoncategoryduetoincreasinglyconsumptionofdrinkandmilk.Thewayofcollectingbeerbottlesisrunningbyretailersandsmallwastecollectinggroup;almostallthebeerbottlesareofsamesizeandshapethroughoutthenation,sothisfacilitatethereuseofbottlesbydifferentbrewingcompanies.
Thepracticeofreusingoldtyresafter“opendoor”provedthatitisagoodwaytosaverawrubberandreducepollution(CTRRA,ChinaTyreRepairandReuseAssociation).Batteryreusefeaturesasimilarpattern.
Largeandformalcorporationstaketheresponsibilityofdisassemblingvehicles,andthestateisgoingtosetupasuperscalebaseforreuseofcarsinTianjin,whereboastsoneofthelargestfactoriesforelectronicaccessories,cellphones,andautomobileworks.
Forsmallhouseholdthings,peoplecouldchoosetoselltheminsecond-handmarket,includingfurniture,homeelectronicappliances,wearing,books,andtools,etc.Mostofthemwillbeboughtbyfloatingpopulationandurbanpoorpeople,orbyprivatewaste-collectingworkshops,andthentransporttoruralarea.Thiskindofmarketwillboomespeciallywhentherearesomeresident-buildingreconstructionsoccurred.
Theruleofthereusemarketisthatiftheoutdatedonescouldberepairedorre-assembled,theywillentertheurbanmarketwithanewface;ifthereisnomarketforthemincities,dealerswilltrythevillagers,whohaveanurgentrequirementforthe“new”productsduetomajoramountofruralpopulation.Thisisespeciallytrueforpopulargoods,suchascarsandhomeelectronicequipmentsuchasTVsets,refrigerators,VCD/DVDplayers,cellphones,MP3players,andsoon.Duetoitscontroversialandinfluentialcharacteristics,theelectronicwastereusewillbediscussedseparatelyinthefollowingpart.
ReuseofElectronicequipment
TheindustryofelectronicwastereuseandrecyclingrestrictedtoseveralcoastalprovincessuchasTianjin,Fujian,Guangdong,andShandong.Becausetheimportedelectronicwastescouldeasilybeprocessedwhentheyreachtheharbour,todate,mostoftheelectronicwastesarefromabroad.Forexample,inDongguan(GuangdongProvince),therelotsofshopsdealingwithtelevisionsets,discardedelectronicscomponentsandequipmentcases.TheoldTVsetsfromoverseasaretakenapart,reassembledandthenreadiedforsaleas“new”ones,withthepricerangingfromUS$40–60.(WorldWatch)
EconomicimpactsofrecyclinginChina
ThespecialfeatureonwasterecyclinginChina,probablythecommonfeatureindevelopingcountries,isthatmanuallabourerswillsiftthroughunsegregatedwastetosearchformaterialsthatcanbesoldintherecyclingmarket.Thesewastepickersarepartoftheinformalsectorbutplayasignificantroleinreducingtheloadonmunicipalwastemanagement(Wikipedia).
Therecyclingmarketprosperswiththerapiddevelopmentoftheeconomy.Forinstance,inShanghai,lessthan1,000of10,000discardedhandsetsarerecycledmonthly(WorldWatch).Thedevelopmentofeconomyneedsmoreandmorerawmaterials,whichgreatlyoutweighdomesticindustryofrecycle.Whenrecyclingindustrycouldnotmeetthedevelopmentofmanufacturingindustries,theyturntoimportwastefromdevelopedcountries.Inaddition,landfillchargesaresouringdramaticallyinthesewealthynations,sosendingthewasteabroadmakesitrelativelycheaper.Forexample,regulationsinEuropetendtostrengthenthissituation,becausetheyrequirelocalauthoritiesandbusinessestorecyclemore.
China’sentryintoWTOfacilitatestheprocessofimportingallsortsofwaste,andshehasbecometheworld’slargestwastedumpingnation(EASUR2005).Butthestate-supportedcompanycouldnotcompetewithprivateworkshopswithoutlicense,becausetheycouldalwaysmanagetoimportwasteeventhroughsmuggling,whichpartlyduetoineffectiveregulationsandbeincapableofinvestigatingallimportedgoodsinChina.Thesmallscalerecyclinghasbeendoneinbackstreetswithlittleenvironmentalstandards.
HealthProblemsandEnvironmentalConsiderations
Eightypercentoftheworld’selectronicwastehasbeenexportedtoAsia,90percentofwhichflowsintoChina(Puckett2002).Mostofthetime,familyrecyclingworkshopsarethefinalstopsofthesejunk,peopledisassemblethemmanually,wearingjustrubberglovesorevennothing.Theyarefullyexposedtotoxicmetalssuchaslead,cadmium,andmercury,andtohazardouscompoundssuchasacidsandPCBs(GreenPeace2005).
China’selectronicwastesituationrevealsthatcommonlyusedrecyclingpracticescanharmtheenvironmentmorethanthewasteitself(WorldWatch).InvestigationsbyGreenpeacefoundthatworkersusuallyuseacidtodissolvemetalscontainedintheelectronics,washedresiduesaredirectlychanneledintonearbywaterbodies.Componentsincapableofbeingrecycledaresenttolandfillsoropenlyburned,withareleaseofadditionaltoxicsmogintotheatmosphere(GreenPeace2005).
RegulationsonMSWrecycling
ChinahasgraduallyawaredthatdevelopedcountriesareexportingtheirpollutiontoChinaandhaveimposedstrictlawsgoverningwhatcanbeexported.Forinstance,"WasteHomeApplianceandElectronicProductsRecyclingandManagementRule"hasbeendraftedbytheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionandisgoingtobeformallyimplementedin2007.AccordingtothedraftoftheRule,theobligationofhomeappliancedealersandserviceproviderstoacceptanddisposeofobsoleteapplianceshasbeendefined.ThereleaseoftheRuleisanticipatedtowell-managethetanglysituationinChina’selectronicwasterecyclingmarket(WorldWatch).Thisshowsthatauthoritiesexpecthomeappliancemanufacturersandelectronicretailerswillcooperatetomakecontributionstotheelectronicwastereclaimingandrecyclingprocess.
Actually,someelectronicsretailershavealreadybeenpreparingforthecomingrule;forexampleSuningElectronicApplianceGroupandZhejiang-basedmanufacturerHuaxinghavesignedaagreementtoworkonelectronicwasterecycling,whichincludesthatfromJanuary2007,BeijingSuningwillsendallthewasteandusedhomeappliancesthroughits‘ChangingtheOldforNew’policytoHuaxingfordisposal(WorldWatch).
CONCLUSION
StandardizationofMSWdefinition,categories,andmeasurementisnecessaryinChinatomakesureinformationavailabilityfordecision-makers,researchersandindustries,etc.
Itisalackoftheconsistantpoliciesandregulationofwastemanagementthroughthewholecountry.BuildingupanationallegislationandpolicyframeisessentialtopromoteintegratedsustainableMSWmanagement.
ThequantityofMSWgrowsdramaticallyinurbanareasofChina,thussourcereductionisakeychallengeandprioritytotheMSWmanagement.
TheoperationconditionoflandfillshouldbeimprovedTheyneedtobeslopedtominimizeleachate,developedinstages,andoperatedaccordingtointernationalstandardsfor‘sanitarylandfills’.Moreattentionshouldbepaidforpostclosureusesoflandfills.
IncineratorsinChinaaregrowinginpopularitybuttheirgrowthisoftendrivenbyartificialandnon-sustainablesubsidiesandnon-transparentfinancingstructures,aswellasalackofunderstandingandexperienceaboutincinerationfacilities.Comprehensivecost-benefitanalysisisneededinallcases.
Creatingaholisticreclaiming,processing,andrecycling(reuse)system,standardizecurrentdifferentiatedregionalrecyclingnetworksisnecessaryforrecyclingindustry.
Part2MSWManagementinTaiwan
INTRODUCTION
Before1984,therearenoproperlymeasuresorpoliciesforthedisposalofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)inTaiwan.Largeportionsofmunicipalwastesweredisposedofintothefieldrandomly,anditsometimescausedseveralsanitaryproblems.Toavoidthis,Taiwangovernmentcomposed“MunicipalWasteTreatmentAct”in1984whichmainlyappliessanitarylandfillstotreatmunicipalwastes.TaiwanEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration(TEPA)assistslocalgovernmentstoestablishseverallandfillsfortheirowndisposalofMSW.However,withthegraduallyincreasingdemandoflanduse,theamountofwastes,andcitizenrequirementforgoodenvironmentalquality,usinglandfillstomanagethewastedisposalhadbecomeanotherenvironmentalproblem.Additionally,theappearanceofopposingopinionsfromresidentsagainstthelocallandfillsalsogainsthedifficultiestocontinueoperatinglandfills.Therefore,theTaiwangovernmentrevised“MunicipalWasteTreatmentAct”in1991whichappliestheincinerationapproachinsteadoftheoriginalone—landfills.Thegovernmentnotonlybudgetedfor21incinerators,butalsogaveanimpetustoBuild-Operate-Transfer(BOT)projectswhichwouldreducethefinancialloadingofgovernmentforanother15incineratorsjustinordertohandlethehugeamountsofdailywastes.However,dioxinemissionfromincineratorshasbecomeasignificantissueandtheconceptof“zerowaste”hasgraduallyformedrecently.TheutilizationofwasteincineratorsfortacklingtheMSWprobleminasustainablewayhasbeendoubted.TheTEPAfurtheraddedseveralmeasuresforwasterecyclingandwastesourcereductiontotheActin1997and2000.Thesemeasuresincluding“CompulsoryGarbageSeparation”,“CooperativeResourceRecycling”,“CompostingRecycling”and“Feeper-bag”havesuccessfullyenhancedtheMSWreductionandrecyclingefficiency.Undertheseeffectivemeasures,thetotalrecyclingratioofMSWisapproaching30%,andtheamountsofreductionareabout0.6milliontonsrightnow.Somesignificantandsuccessfulmeasureswouldbeexplicitlyreviewedbothinwastereductionandrecyclingaspectsasthefollowing.
WASTEREDUCTION
“Feeper-bag”Measure
“Feeper-bag”measurewhichwasaneconomicinstrumenttoreducetheMSWfromthesourcewasinitiatedin2000inTaiwan.Underthismeasure,peopleshouldpurchaseaspecialtrashbag,whichcostsabout1.5Eurofora40L-bag,fortheirnon-recyclablegarbagedisposal.Thelocalgovernmentalsoprovidedfreeserviceofcollectionforrecyclablegarbageandcomposting.Itsuccessfullyencouragedthepublictoseparatetheresourcewasteinthebeginningstageofwastegeneration.Tostrengthentheimplementationof“Feeper-bag”measure,someothersupportivemeasuresasfollowingswerealsoconductedtocooperatewith.(Chen,2005)
Increasingthefrequencyofcollectingrecyclablewaste(3timesperweek)andaddingadditionalcollectingpointsforrecyclablewasteinthedaytime.
Decreasingthefrequencyofcollectingnon-recyclablewaste.
Establishinglocalrecyclingstationsineachcommunity.
Promotingfleamarketstoencouragetheexchangeofsecondhandgoods.
Initiating“CompulsoryGarbageSeparation”measurestoenforcepublicwasteseparationonthesecondstageof“Feeper-bag”measurein2005.
Implementing“No-Touch-GroundGarbageCollection”measurewhichisaboutdirectcollectionofhouseholdwastefromeachareaatascheduledtime.
Givinganimpetustotheprivatizationofrecyclingbusinesses.
WASTERECYCLING
“CooperativeResourceRecycling”Measure
“CooperativeResourceRecycling”projectwasimplementedin1997.ThestrategicschemeshowninFig.1intendedtostrengthenthenetworkofwasterecyclingamonglocalcommunity,localgovernment,collectionorganization,andrecyclingfundsleviedfrommanufacturer.(Hung,2005)Throughtheeconomicincentivewhichisthesubsidy,mainlyfromrecyclingfunds,totheunitsinvolvinginwasteseparation,itensuredthestableandhighlywillingrecyclingsystemandalsoenhancedtheefficiencyandeffectivenessofwasterecycling.
Fig.1“CooperativeResourceRecycling”StrategicScheme
“CompostingRecycling”Measure
DuetothetraditionalChinesediethabits,theMSWinTaiwancontainsalargeportionofcomposting,whichisabout20%~30%.(ChiouandChiang,2005)However,duringtheMSWtreatmentprocesses,largecontainingofcompostinginMSWsometimesmighteasilygenerateodorsinlandfillsandalsoreducetheefficiencyofincineration.ItisbettertoseparatethecompostingfromthedailyMSW.From2001,TEPAinitiatedthe“CompostingRecycling”projectandassistedthelocalgove
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