微型机器中英文对照外文翻译文献

PAGEPAGE1中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Micro-machineFromthebeginning,mankindseemsinstinctivelytohavedesiredlargemachinesandsmallmachines.Thatis,large”and“small”incomparisonwithhuman-scale.Machinelargerthanhumanarepowerfulalliesinthebattleagainstthefuryofnature;smallermachinesareloyalpartnersthatdowhatevertheyareroduceIfwecomparethefacilityandtechnologyofmanufacturinglargermachines,commonsensetellsusthatthesmallermachinesareeasiertomake.Nevertheless,throughoutthehistoryoftechnology,largermachineshavealwaysstoodout.Thesizeoftherestoredmodelsofthewater-millinventedbyVitruviusintheRomanEra,thewindmilloftheMiddleAges,andthesteamengineinventedbyWattisoverwhelming.Ontheotherhand,smallermachinesinhistoryoftechnologyaremostlytools.Ifsmallermachinesareeasiertomake,avarietyofsuchmachinesshouldexist,butuntilmoderntimes,nosignificantsmallmachinesexistedexceptforgunsandclocksThisfactmayimplythatsmallermachineswereactuallymoredifficulttomake.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotmeansimplythatitwasdifficulttomakeasmallmachine;Itmeansthatitwasdifficulttoinventasmallmachinethatwouldbesignificanttohumanbeings.Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,diesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.Somepeoplemightsaythatmankindmaynothavewantedsmallermachines.Thistheory,however,doesnotexplaintherecentpopularityofpalm-sizemechatronicsproducts.Theabsenceofsmallmachinesinhistorymaybeduetotheextremedifficultyinmanufacturingsmallprecisionparts.2.Whymicromachinenow Thedreamoftheultimatesmallmachine,ormicro-machine,wasfirstdepictedindetailabout30yearsagointhe1966movie“FantasticVoyage”.Atthattime,thestudyofmicro-machiningofsemiconductorshadalreadybegun.Therefore,manufacturingminutemechanismsthroughmicro-machiningofsemiconductorswouldhavebeenpossible,eventhattime,.Therewas,however,awaitofover20yearsbeforetheintroduction,about10yearsago,ofelectrostaticmotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachining.Whydidn’tthestudyofmicro-machiningandthedreamofmicro-machinesmeetearlier?Apossiblereasonforthisisasfollows.Inadditiontomicro-machining,thedevelopmentofmicromachinesrequiresanumberoftechnologiesincludingmaterials,instrumentations,control,energy,informationprocessing,anddesign.Beforemicro-machineresearchanddevelopmentcanbestarted,allofthesetechnologiesmustreachacertainlevel.Inotherwords,theoveralltechnologicallevel,asawhole,mustreachacertaincriticalpoint,butithadn’treachedthatpoint30ago.Approximately20yearsafter“FantasticVoyage”.,thetechnologylevelformicromachinesfinallyreachedacriticalpoint.Micromotorsandgearsmadebysemiconductormicromachiningwereintroducedataboutthattime,triggeringtheresearchondevelopmentofmicromachines.Thebackgroudofthemicromachineboom,whichstartedabout10yearsago,canbeexplainedbytheabove.3.micromachineasgentlemachinesHowdomicromachinesofthefuturedifferfromconventionalmachines?Howwilltheychangetherelationshipbetweennatureandhumans?Themostuniquefeatureofmicro-machineis,ofcourse,itssmallsize.Utilizingitstinydimensions,amicromachinecanperformtasksinarevolutionarywaythatwouldbeimpossibleforconventionalmachines.Thatis,micro-machinesdonotaffecttheobjectortheenvironmentasmuchasconventionalmachinesdo.Micromachinesperformtheirtasksgently.Thisisafundamentaldifferencebetweenmicromachinesandconventionalmachines.Themedicalfieldholdsthehighestexpectationsforbenefitsfromthisfeatureofmicromachines.Diadnosisandtreatmentwillchangedrasticallyfromconventionalmethods,and“FantasticVoyage”maynolongerbeafantasy.Ifamicromachinecangentlyenterahumanbodytotreatillness,humanswillbefreedfrompainfulsurgeryanduncomfortablegastro-cameratesting.Furtherore,ifmicro-machinescanhaltthetrendofever-increasingsizeinmedicalequipment,itcouldslowtheexcessgrowthandcomplexityofmedicaltechnology,contributingtothesolvingofseriousproblemswithhighmedicalcostsforcitizens.Micro-machinesaregentlealsointermsofmachinemaintenance,sincetheycanbeinspectedandrepairedwithoutdifficultyinreachingandoverhaulingtheengineorplant.Themorecomplexthemachine,themoresusceptibleitistomalfunctionduetooverhaulandassembly.Inaddition,therehavebeenmoreinstancesofhumanerrorsduringoverhaulandassembly.Itisgoodforthemachineifoverhaulisnotnecessary.Itisevenbetterifmaintenancecanbeperformedwithoutstoppingthemachine.Repeatedstop-and-gooperationwillacceleratedamageofthemachineduetoexcessstresscausedbythermalexpansion.Suchgentlenessofamocromachineisanadvantage,aswellasaweaknessinthatamicromachineistoofragiletoresisttheobjectortheenvironment;thisisthedrawbackofthemicro-scaleobjects.Forexample,afishcanswimfreelyagainstthecurrent,butasmallplanktoncannot.Thisisresultofphysicallawsandnothingcanchangeit.Still,theplanktoncanliveandgrowinthenaturalenvironmentbyconformingtotheenvironment.Unlikeconventionalmachineswhichfightandcontrolnatural,micromachineswillprobablyadapttoandutilizenature.Ifamicromachinecannotproceedagainstthecurrent,awaywillbefoundtoproceedwiththeflow,naturallyavoidingcollisionswithobstacles.4.Micro-electronicsandmechatronicsTheconceptofmicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesisstillnotadequatelyunified,asthesearestillatthedevelopmentstage.Themicromachinesandrelatedtechnologiesarecurrentlyreferredtobyavarietyofdifferentterms.IntheUnitedStates,theacceptedtermis“microelectromechanicalsystems”(MEMS);inEurope,Theterm“Microsystemstechnology”(MST)iscommon,whiletheterm“micro-engineering”issometimesusedinBritain.MeanwhileinAustralia“micro-machine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”.ThemostcommontermifitistranslatedintoEnglishis“micromachine”inJapan.However“micro-robot”and“micro-mechanism”arealsoavailablecasebycase.Theappearanceofthesevarioustermsshouldbeitemstakenasreflectingnotmerelydiversityofexpression,butdiversityoftheitemsreferredto.Dependingonwhethertheitemreferredtoisanobjectoratechnology,theterminologymaybesummedupasfollows:Object:micro-robot,micro-mechanismTechnology:micro-engineering,MSTObject&technology:MEMS,micro-machineWithregardtotechnology,ifwesummarizethetermsaccordingto1)wherethetechnologyformicromachinesystemsbranchedfrom,and2)whethertheobjectdealtwithbythetechnologyinquestionisanelementoramachinesystem,thetermscanbeorganizedasfollows.Thatis,MEMSandMSTstemfrommechatronics,andhavedevelopeddealingmainlywithmachinesystems.Inthissense,MEMSandMSTontheonehandmicromachinesandmicroengineeringontheotherhandformtwoseparategroups,butasformerhasstartedtomoveinthedirectionofmachinesystems,whilethelatterhasalreadyincorporatedmicroelectronics,thedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsaregraduallydisappearing.Lookingattheareasinthetwogroups,giventhatthemachinesystemswhicharethemainconcernofmicromachineincludemicroelectronics,itwouldbenaturaltoassumethatmicromachinesinchudeMEMEandMST.5.thedefinitionanddevelopmentaimItisdifficultatpresenttogiveaunifieddefinitionofmicromachines,butifthesearetakentobemachinesystemsasoutputofmicromachinetechnology,thescopeforvariationofthedefinitionnarrowsslightly.ThemicromachinetechnologyprojectbeingprojectbeingpromotedundertheIndustrialScienceandTechnologyFrontierProgramAgencyofIndustrialScienceandTechnologyofMITI,andthemicro-machineCenter,definemicro-machinesasfollows:Micro-machinesaresmallmachinescomposedofsophisticatedfunctionalelementslessthanafewmillimetersinsize,constructedtoperformcomplextasksonasmallscale.Theabovedefinitionofmicro-machinesisinfactinseparablefromthedevelopmentaimsformicro-machines.Atpresent,debateonthedefinitionofmicro-machinesisexactlythesameasdebatingdevelopmentaims,thatis,thediversityofdefinitionsofmicromachinesreflectsthediversityofdevelopmentaims.6.Conclusions.Micromachinesareunconventionalartifactswithrespectstotheirgentlefeaturestopeopleandnature.Thecurrentdiversityofthedefinitionofthemisoriginatedfromdevelopmentobjectivesandtechnologicalstartingpoints.Micromachinetechnologies,inviewoftheirdevelopmentprospect,areexpectedasgenerictechnologiesforthetwenty-firstcenturytosupportindustryandmedicineaswellasdailylife.Micromachinetechnologiesareessentialalsoforimprovingtheconventionalmachinesingeneral.Micro-machinesareartifactsintinysize,buttheywillexertastronginfluenceonourlifestylesandsociety.译文：微型机器从一开始，人类似乎本能的就有一种想制造“大机器”和“小机器”的愿望，这里的所谓“大”和“小”是相对人类身体本身的尺寸而言。比人体大的机器将成为人类同暴虐无情的自然界做斗争的得力助手，而些小机器则只能乖乖地听从人类的命令，让干什么就干什么。1、介绍如果我们比较那些比较大的机器的设备和生产科技，普通的感觉告诉我们，小机器容易制造，然而，在全历史期间，大机器已经阐述了这一点。在罗马时期，威克威斯发明的在水战中已经修复过的模型尺寸，还有，中世纪的风车和瓦特发明的蒸汽机正在代替。在另一方面，科技历史上的小机器主要是工具，如果小机器容易制造，像这样的很多种机器应该存在。但直到现代，除了枪和时钟之外，没有标志性的小机器诞生。这个事实可能暗示小机器实际上更难制造。当然，这不简单地意味着制造一个小机器是困难的。它意味着发明一个对人类有标志性意义的小机器是困难的。一些人可能说人类不想要小机器，然而，这个理论不能解释近来流行的袖珍型的机械产品。历史上小机器的缺乏可能因为在生产小的精确部分的困难。2、为什么现在有微型机器最后的小机器的梦想，或者微型机器，大约在三十年前，即1966年由影片“梦幻旅行”里，第一次详细的描叙了。在那个时候半导体的微型机器的研究已经开始了。甚至在那个时候通过半导体的小机器的微小生产机械化已经可能了，然而，在大约十年以前通过半导体小机械制造的马达和传动装置的产品出现之前等了二十年。为什么小机器的研究和梦想不能早点满足呢？可能是下面这些原因，除微型机器外，小微型机器的发展要求很多科技，包括材料控制，能量，信息进程和设计，在微型机器可能开始被研究和发展之前，所有的这些科技必须达到某一定的水平。换句话说，总之，全面的科技水平必须达到关键的一点，但是在三十年前没有达到那点。大约在“梦幻旅行”之后二十年，微型机器的科技水平最后达到了关键点上，也大约在那个时候通过半导体的微型机械制造的微型马达和传动装置的被介绍，启发了微型机器发展的研究。大约在十年前开始的微型机械繁荣的背景可能是上述原因。3、微型机器作为好机器怎样区别将来的微型机器和一般机器？他们将怎样改变人类和自然的关系？当然，微型机器最独特的特征是：它是很小的，利用它微小的尺寸，改革后的微型机器将可能像一般机器一样执行任务，那就是微型机器不影响物体和环境，就像一般机器一样，能很好的执行任务。这就是一般机器和微型机器之间的基本区别。医疗领域只有最高期望：从微型机器中可以得到益处，诊断和治疗将从一般方式彻底改变，“梦幻旅行”不可能是个梦想。如果机器能够进入人的身体治疗疾病，人类将减轻像手术一样的痛苦和透射那样的不舒服感，而且，在医疗器械方面如果微型机器能够停止尺寸增长的趋势，它可能减少医疗科技方面的增长和复杂，而医疗科技将为人们解决严重问题。微型机器在机器维修方