中考英语二轮复习（课件+精练）：专题5　阅读理解

专题五

阅读理解1.阅读理解题主要考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力,包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对阅读材料的评估能力。试题中所选的阅读文章题材广泛,涉及政治、经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理、科技等各个方面。体裁多样,包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等各种文体。2.中考对阅读理解的考查重点:(1)根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义;(2)掌握段落中句与句之间的逻辑关系;(3)归纳文章的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局;(4)根据不同的阅读目的,运用简单的阅读策略获取主要信息,按要求完成题目。3.考查的主要方式:判断正误型阅读理解、选择型阅读理解和任务型阅读理解。4.在做此题时,要注意以下几个方面:(1)做好阅读预测依据文章标题(副标题)、插图以及相关的背景知识和社会生活经验,对文章的大致内容进行预测。然后阅读文章的第一段,并对自己的预测进行验证、纠正,同时抓住主题句、关键词,从而更好地从整体上去理解和把握文章的中心。(2)依据主题句定短文的中心主题句通常置于段落的开头,有时在段落末尾和中间,其他的句子通常用来说明和阐述主题句。若把一个个主题句加以整理,就能悟出其中心思想,同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句(等困难信号)所带来的干扰。但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中,因而要综观全文,对全文有一个透彻的理解。(3)掌握具体事实和重要细节阅读文章时,要培养辨认和记忆具体事实、重要细节的习惯。(4)运用构词法、语境线索等来推测关键词义在阅读文章的过程中,常常会遇到一些生词,如果不懂得这些词义就会妨碍理解。但大部分生词是可以根据上下文,结合构词法,或借助文章中的语境线索来帮助猜测词义。这有助于考生加快阅读速度,提高阅读理解能力。(5)改进阅读方式学会扫读(scanning),快速浏览全文,通过把握主题句领会文章大意,辨析文体,掌握篇章结构,进而抓住文章的中心。学会跳读(skipping),在浏览全文的基础上进行跳读,以回答个别事实细节性的问题。有些细节性的问题不能直接在短文中找到答案,必须进行必要的综合、归纳、转换才能获得。这些细节问题通常涉及数据、时间、人称、代词的指代、动作行为的关联、动作行为者与承受者、地点和空间、表达方式、因果、条件、内涵与外延等。题型1题型2题型3判断正误型阅读理解典例1Afarmer’sdog,Dolly,hadpuppies(小狗),andthefarmerneededtosellthem.Hepaintedasignandputitinhisyard.Ashewasputtingupthesign,alittleboywalkeduptohim.“Sir,”hesaid,“Iwanttobuyoneofyourdogs.”“Well,”saidthefarmer,“thesedogsareveryexpensive.”“CanIjustlook?”askedtheboy.“Sure,”saidthefarmerandwhistled(吹口哨).“Here,Dolly!”hecalled.Dollyranoutfromthedoghouseandfourlittledogsfollowedher.Theboybecameexcited.Then,thelittleboynoticedanotherdog.Thisonewassmaller.Itmovedslowlyandtriedtocatchupwiththeothers.题型1题型2题型3“Iwantthatone,”theboysaid,pointingtothelittledog.Thefarmersaid,“Son,youdon’twantthatdog.Hewillneverbeabletorunandplaywithyouliketheseotherdogs.”Thelittleboyreacheddownandrolledup(卷起)onelegofhistrousers.Heshowedacast(石膏)onhislegandaspeciallymadeshoe.Hesaid,“Yousee,sir,Idon’truntoowellmyself,andhewillneedsomeonewhounderstands.”Theworldisfullofpeoplewhoneedsomeonewhounderstands.题型1题型2题型31.Dollywasamotherdogwhichhadfourbabydogs.2.Oneofthedogsmovedslowlyprobablybecauseitslegswereweak.3.Thefarmeradvisedtheboynottochoosethesmallerdog.4.Nothingwaswrongwiththeboy’sleg.5.Welearnfromthestorythatoneshouldshowloveandunderstandingfortheweak.答案:1.F

2.T

3.T

4.F

5.T题型1题型2题型3解析:1.推理判断题。由短文第六段第一句中的“...

four

little

dogs

followed

her.”及第三、四、五句可知多莉除了前面提到的四只小狗之外还有一只体形更小的小狗。故此处说多莉有四只小狗是不正确的,

它有五只小狗才对。2.推理判断题。由短文第六段第五句“It

moved

slowly

and

tried

to

catch

up

with

the

others.”及第八段中的“He

will

never

be

able

to

run

and

play

with

you

...”可以推断这只小狗行动缓慢可能是因为它的腿虚弱无力。故此处说法正确。3.细节理解题。由短文第八段中农夫所讲的话“Son,

you

don’t

want

that

dog.

He

will

never

be

able

to

run

and

play

with

you

like

these

other

dogs.”可知,

农夫确实建议男孩不要选择那只体形小的狗。故此处正确。题型1题型2题型34.细节理解题。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可知,

这个男孩的腿上打着石膏并且穿着特制的鞋,

并且后面男孩说“...

I

don’t

run

too

well

myself

...”,

可以确定他的腿是有问题的。故此处错误。5.主旨大意题。结合短文最后五段,

特别是最后一句话“The

world

is

full

of

people

who

need

someone

who

understands.

(这个世界上有很多需要别人理解的人。)”,

可以提炼出这篇短文的主旨是号召大家要关爱和理解弱势群体。故此处主旨归纳是正确的。题型1题型2题型3方法突破

在解答判断正误型阅读理解时要注意以下几点:

1.阅读文章时要掌握文章主旨和作者意图,

重点捕捉与题目有关的信息,

不要过分推敲某个句子或某个语言点,

否则会走入误区,

干扰判断视线。2.判断句子的正误时切忌看过一道判断题目后,

马上就从文章中搜寻答案,

这样反反复复不仅费时,

而且由于缺乏对文章大意的全面了解,

在判断时往往会有很大的盲目性和片面性。3.在对每一道题进行判断时,

一定要从文章的具体段落和句子中找到依据,

做到有理有据;

对于不能直接在原文中找到依据的题目,

应根据自己掌握的综合知识以及文章中的某些暗示或相关线索,

通过认真地比较分析,

准确理解作者的意图。题型1题型2题型34.只有与文章意思完全相符的句子,

才能判定为正确;

那些基本意思相符,

却仍有某些细节与原文不相符的应判定为错误。5.有些正误判断题涉及常识性的知识或其他学科的知识,

如:

文化背景知识、历史人物、地理知识等,

因此考生应多了解习俗和文化背景,

掌握跨学科知识,

以便提高判断的准确率。题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3选择型阅读理解典例2ManyfamilieswithchildrenspendtheirsummerholidaysinVineyard.OneofthepopularplacesforfamiliesistheFlyingHorsesCarousel(旋转木马).Theybuiltthecolorfulhorsesin1876.AndoneofthebestplacesforchildrentoswimatistheJosephbeach.ThewaterthereiswarmerandcalmerthanthatatsomeoftheotherVineyardbeaches.Peoplecanwalkthroughmorethanninekilometersoffields.Theycanlearnabouttheplantsandanimalsontheisland.Peoplecanalsositonthebeachtowatchthesunset.Asthesungoesdowninthesky,itpaintsyellow,red,andothercolorsontheclouds.题型1题型2题型3ManysummervisitorsalsotraveltoNantucket.It’sanotherislandnearMassachusetts.Visitorslikethisislandbecauseofitsbeaches,itsopenlandanditstrees.NantucketissmallerthanVineyard.ThenameoftheonlytownonNantucketIslandisalsoNantucket.Manyvisitorssaythemostinterestingpartofthetownistheareaofhomes.Theislandisfamousforitssmallgrayhouseswithroses(玫瑰)growingonthem.MostvisitorswhogotobothNantucketandVineyardenjoyalmosteverythingabouttheislands.Thecrowdsduringthewarmseasonleadto(导致)heavytrafficandlonglinesforservices.Yet,mostvisitorsreallyenjoytheirholidaysinVineyardandNantucket.题型1题型2题型31.WhydochildrenliketoswimattheJosephbeach?A.Becausethewaterthereiswarmerandcalmer.B.Becausetheirparentsliketoswimthere.C.Becausetheycanplaygamesthere.D.Becauserosesaregrowingonit.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sunset”mean?A.捕鱼 B.彩虹C.日出 D.日落

3.ThemostinterestingpartofthetownofNantucketis

.

A.theFlyingHorsesCarouselB.theareaofhomesC.thebeautifulrosesD.thebeautifulbeaches题型1题型2题型34.AretheretoomanyvisitorsinNantucketandVineyardinsummer?A.No,therearen’t. B.Yes,thereare.C.Wedon’tknow. D.Wehopeso.5.What’sthemainideaofthisarticle?A.Howtospendsummerholidays.B.Vineyardisagoodplacetovisit.C.Nantucketisfamousforitssmallgrayhouses.D.Theintroductionofthetwoislands—VineyardandNantucket.答案:1.A

2.D

3.B

4.B

5.D题型1题型2题型3解析:1.细节理解题。由第一段第四、五句“And

one

of

the

best

places

for

children

to

swim

at

is

the

Joseph

beach.

The

water

there

is

warmer

and

calmer

than

that

at

some

of

the

other

Vineyard

beaches.”

可知答案:。2.词义猜测题。由下一句中的“As

the

sun

goes

down

...

(当太阳落下去的时候……)”

可知该词义为“日落”。3.细节理解题。由第二段倒数第二句“Many

visitors

say

the

most

interesting

part

of

the

town

is

the

area

of

homes.”

可知答案:。4.推理判断题。从最后一段倒数第二句可知,

在温暖的季节,

拥挤的人群造成交通堵塞并形成等待的长队,

由此可推断在夏季游客很多。5.主旨大意题。通读全文可知,

本文主要介绍了Vineyard和Nantucket这两个适合夏天旅游的岛屿。题型1题型2题型3方法突破1.词义猜测题:

①根据上下文内容猜测词义。如:

...

most

of

us

agreed;

however,

Bill

dissented

...

由上文可知,大部分人同意,

从however

一词可推知dissent的意思为“不同意”。②根据背景知识猜测词义。③根据文章中所举的例子猜测词义。如:

...

The

Germans

are

very

hard-working.

They

like

tidiness,

especially

the

women,

who

always

keep

their

homes

clean

...

A.整洁

B.安静C.时尚

D.随意做这个题目时,

要根据后文的内容来进行推测。由后文especially

the

women,

who

always

keep

their

homes

clean

(尤其是妇女,

总是把家保持得很干净)可推知,

德国人喜欢的是干净、整洁。所以A项符合题意。题型1题型2题型3④根据语法知识猜测词义。⑤根据构词法猜测词义。题型1题型2题型32.细节理解题:

①把握顺序原则。②把握定位词原则。如例文中的“...

the

most

interesting

part

of

the

town

...”

是第3小题的解题关键词。③把握排除法原则。3.推理判断题:

①抓住关键信息进行正向或逆向推理。如例文中的“The

crowds

during

the

warm

season

lead

to(导致)heavy

traffic

and

long

lines

for

services.”

是解答第4小题的依据,

导致交通堵塞和人们排起长队的原因,

是游客众多。②整合全文信息进行推断。③利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断。题型1题型2题型34.主旨大意题:

①重点阅读语篇首尾和各段首尾,

寻找主题句。②注意出现频率较高的词语,

文章中的关键词常常多次出现,

它常蕴含着文章的中心思想。如例文中多次出现Vineyard和Nantucket这两个词,

且全文为之展开描述。因此在第5小题中,

D项就是例文的中心。③概括性较强的选项优先,

片面选项勿选。题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型33.Whathadthewriter’sparentsalwayswarnedhimabout?A.Thewindwasverystrong.B.Thebeachwastoofaraway.C.Thecliffswerenotasafeplace.D.Bobwasdifficulttogetonwith.答案:C解析:细节理解题。由第二段括号中的句子可知,

父母警告过他,

悬崖是个危险的地方。题型1题型2题型34.Put

the

sentences

in

the

right

order

according

to

the

passage.

a.Some

rocks

came

down.

b.The

writer

followed

Bob.

c.The

writer

wanted

to

cry.

d.A

man

and

a

woman

saved

them.

e.The

writer

and

Bob

heard

some

sounds.

A.a-b-c-d-e

B.b-a-c-e-dC.a-c-b-e-d

D.b-e-a-c-d答案:B解析:推理判断题。由第三段内容可知,

事情发生的顺序与B项一致。题型1题型2题型35.How

did

the

writer

feel

about

what

he

had

done?

A.Surprised.

B.Excited.

C.Glad.

D.Sorry.

答案:D解析:推理判断题。由最后一段可以推断,

作者对他所做的事情感到抱歉。题型1题型2题型3任务型阅读理解典例3阅读下面短文,根据短文内容完成句子。(2018天津)Albert

Einstein(1879—1955)Early

LifeAlbertEinsteinwasbornon14thMarch,1879inGermany.Hewasanextraordinary(非凡的)personsincehewasborn.Einsteinwasn’tabletospeakaworduntilthree.Hewascurious(好奇的)andimaginative.Helovedwatchingthingscarefullyandaskedalotofquestionsaboutthem.Hisquestionswereoftenhardtoanswerforteachers.题型1题型2题型3SchoolingEinsteinstartedschoolin1885.Thoughhedidwellinmathsandscience,hefailedinmanysubjectslikehistory,geographyandlanguages.Hewasnottheteachers’favourite.Hedidn’tenjoygoingtoschool.EinsteinfinishedhighschoolinSwitzerlandandenteredauniversityinZurich.Hegraduated(大学毕业)asateacherofmathsandphysicsin1900.Scientific

WorkAftergraduation,EinsteinworkedatthePatentOffice.Hespentmuchtimestudyingphysics.By1909,Einsteinhadbecomeatopscientist.Thoughhebecamesuccessfulinthefieldofscience,hestillputgreateffortinscientificresearch.Finally,hewontheNobelPrizeforphysicsin1921.题型1题型2题型3Later

LifeEinsteinkeptathisresearchuntilhediedin1955.Scientistsstudiedhisbrain(脑)afterhisdeathtoseeiftherewasanythingspecialaboutit.However,therewasnoconclusion(结论).Today,manyfamousscientistsstillthinkEinsteinisthesmartestmanintheworld.题型1题型2题型31.Einsteinlovedwatchingthingscarefullyand

aboutthem.

2.ThoughEinstein

,hefailedinmanysubjects.

3.Finally,EinsteinwontheNobelPrize

in1921.

4.ScientistsstudiedEinstein’sbrainafterhediedsothat

.

5.ManyfamousscientistsstillthinkEinsteinis

.

题型1题型2题型3答案:1.askedalotofquestions

2.didwellinmathsandscience

3.forphysics

4.theycouldseeiftherewasanythingspecialaboutit

5.thesmartestmanintheworld解析:1.由第一段倒数第二句可知答案。2.由第二段第二句可知答案。3.由第三段最后一句可知答案。4.由第四段第二句可知答案。5.由文章最后一句话可知答案。题型1题型2题型3方法突破

做此类阅读题时,

要注意:

(1)在充分阅读并理解全文的基础上,

注意题目中的重点单词或句型出现在短文中的位置,

弄清句子是否为短文中该句的同义句或近义句。(2)所设空是否为某个重要短语或句型,

同时要注意所填内容是否和短文的时态和人称一致等。题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型3题型1题型2题型31.Itgets

totraveltoallcornersoftheworld.

答案:easierandeasier2.AnAmericanusuallyshakesyourhandand

atthesametime.

答案:looksintoyoureyes3.InJapan,themorerespectyouwanttoshow,thedeeper

.

答案:youshouldbow题型1题型2题型34.InKorea,youshould

whenenteringahouse.

答案:takeoffyourshoes5.

,peopleholdabusinessmeetingoverbreakfast.

答案:InBritain题型1题型2题型3典例4KatieSpotzisa22-year-oldgirlfromAmerica.ShewantstocrosstheAtlanticOceanbyboat.Ifshesucceeds,she’llbetheyoungestandthefirstAmericantofinishthe2,500-miletrip.Spotzbegansailingwhenshewasatuniversity,butshehasnevertriedtosailsuchalongwaybefore.Itwillbeagreatchallengeforher.Inrecentyears,shehasswumallthewaydownthe325-mileAlleghenyRiverandtraveledbybikefromSeattletoWashington.Spotzknowsthatshemayseesomedangerousthingsduringthetrip.Itwillbeverydangerousifshemeetsverybadweatherinthemiddleofthesea.Butshebelievesthatshecandealwithallthedifficulties.“IneverthoughtIcouldrun26miles,”shesaid.“ButonceIfinishedit,IrealizedthatmaybeIcoulddosomethingevenmoredifficult.”题型1题型2题型3Spotzwantstocollectmoneybygoingonthist