北京林业大学-研究生-学位考-科技论文写作-案例

JournalofEnvionmentalPschology30(20)245–48ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectJournalofEnvironmentalPsychologyjournalhomepage:/locate/jepPersonalityandevionmentalconcern标题多以名词为主，多个词组中间用：连接。练习22页14标题多以名词为主，多个词组中间用：连接。练习22页14、15；翻译题目练习??????????JacobB.Hirsh文章大结构AIMRDR(references)P15-3*文章大结构AIMRDR(references)P15-3DepartmentofPsychoog,SidneySmithHall,00articleinfoArticlehistor:ailableonline25January20eywords:PersonalityBigfiveEnvionmentalconcernEnvionmentalismGSOEP

abstractPeoplearyconsiderabyintheirattitudestoardenvionmentalissues.Althoughsomeindividualsviewtheenvironmentfromapurelyutilitarianperspective,othersareconcernedaboutenvionmentalsustainabilityandmaintaininganecologicalbalance.Thecurrentstudyxaminestherelationshipbetweenpersonalitycharacteristicsandenvionmentalconcerninacommunitysampleof2690Germanadults.tructuraleuationmodelingreealedthatgreaerenvironmentalconcernasrelaedtohigherlevelsofAgreeablenessandOpenness,withsmallerpositiverelationshipsemergingwithNeuticismandConscientiousness.20ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved..Introuction第一步建立大的研究领域第一步建立大的研究领域第二步找到具体的合适的研究目标第三步实现研究目标orbetterorforworse,humanbehviorhasalargeinfluenceontheglobalecolog.Mayoftheenvronmntalchallenesfacingustodyaeadiretesultofhumanactions,andassuchmayreuirebehviorlsolutions(Oskamp,2000;Saunders,2003文献引用模式结果（研究者出版年代）研究者（出版年代）结果).Inreogni-tionofthisfact,mayreserchersheinestigaedthesocialandpschologicalfactorsthatinfluenceenvronmntalattitudesandbehviors.MuchofthisreearchhasfocusedIntroduction的时态第一部分现在时用于事实规律第二部分现在完成时，用于总结前人的研究，如到目前为止，许多研究已经处于某水平第三部分一般过去时，说明本研究的内容有用的句型P45-11、12ontheoleofspecificalues,beliefs,andnormsaspreictorsofenvionmentalconcern(Dietz,Fitzerald,&Shwom,2005;Dietz,ter,&Guagnano,998;Schultz,文献引用模式结果（研究者出版年代）研究者（出版年代）结果Introduction的时态第一部分现在时用于事实规律第二部分现在完成时，用于总结前人的研究，如到目前为止，许多研究已经处于某水平第三部分一般过去时，说明本研究的内容有用的句型P45-11、12Moereentl,evironmetalismhasbeenxaminedfromtheperspectveofthe‘‘BigFie’’taonoyofpersonalitytrais,whichdescribesariationinhumanpersonalityacrossthefieboaddimensionsofExtrversion,Agreebleness,Conscientiousness,Neuoticism,andOpennesstoExperience(Goldberg,993).Theseboadtraitdimensionscanbeusedtopedictmoespecificatti-tudesandalueorientations(McCae&Costa,2008;occas,Sag,Schartz,&Knafo,2002).Twoofthesetrits,AgreeblenessandOpenness,heemeredassignificantpedictosofpo-eviron-mentalalues(Hirsh&Dolderman,200).Thesefindingsaeconsistntwiththeoeticalmodelsthatrelaepo-evironmetalattitudesohigherlevlsofempatyandself-tanscendence(Schultz,2000;Schultz&Zelez,999),whichappeartobereatedoAgreeblenessandOpenness,espectiel.Indiidualswhoaemoreempathicandlessself-focusedappearmoelikelytodeelopapersonalconnectionwithnature,whichinturn*ax:þ167848.E-mailaddress:jacob.hirsh@uorono.ca

pedictstheirpro-evironmetalattitudes(Bagg,996;Maer&antz,2004).Indeed,develpingsuchanemotonalaffinityoadthenaturlenvionmentcanbolstrone’smotesforevironmetalpoection(Kals,Schumache,&Montada,999).WhilebthAgeeablenessandOpennessfitwllintotheoretialmodelsofpro-evionmentalattitudes,theinitialstudydemon-strtingtheirpredicteutilityaslimitedtoarelaielysmallsampleofundergaduaestudents(N¼06).Theinitialstudyasalsolimitedbytheimbalanceofmale(n¼32)andfemale(n¼4)participants,makingitdifficulttoxaminetheimportanceofenderasamodertingariable.ThecurrentstudyxtendsthispeviousreserchbyxaminingthepersonalitypredicorsofevironmetalconcerninamuchlargrcommunitysampleofGermanadults(N¼2690).Addtionall,structualeuationmodelingasusedtoprvideerr-redcedestimaesofthetrueelationshipsbeteentheariablesofinerest.ItasypthesizedthatbthAgreealenessandOpennesswouldemainsignificantpedictosofincrasedenvronmntalconcern.2.Methods2方法与材料的小标题ParticipantsMaterialsAnalytictechnique体现有效性和可靠性.方法与材料的小标题ParticipantsMaterialsAnalytictechnique体现有效性和可靠性Dataanaysesweebasedonthereponsesof2690participantsoftheGermanSocio-EconomicPaneltudy(GSOEP),alongitudinalesearchpojectthatpollsalargeanddiersesampleofGermanhouseholds(Haisken-Dew&rik,2005).WhilethefullGSOEPsampleisconsideabylarg,thecurentanalsiscouldonlybeconducedonthesubsetofresondentswhocompleed被动态过去时多介词练习P50-3、5、7语态练习P52-2、4theailablemeasursofpersonalityandenvionmentalconcern,describedbelo.Theageofparticipantsinthecurentsampleangedfrom26to93ears(M¼54,SD被动态过去时多介词练习P50-3、5、7语态练习P52-2、402-4944/$–seefrontmatter20ElsevierLtd.Allrightsresered.doi:06/j.jenvp.20..004246

J.B.Hirsh/JournalofEvironmentalPsyhology30(20)45–48balancedproortionofmale(7%)andfemale(53%)respondetswreincluded.2.2.Materials2.2.PeIn2005,GSOEPparticipantscompleeda5-iemersionoftheBigFieInentry(BFI;Gelitz&Schupp,2005;John,Donahue,&entle,91),whichmeasurstheBigFiepersonalitytraisofExtrverson,Ageeableness,Conscientiousness,Neuticism,andOpennesstoExperience.ThisshorenedersionoftheBFI,knwnastheBFI-S,demonstatsgoodinernalcohereceandhasbeenalidatedagainstlongerinentriesassessingthefiemjorfactosofpersonalit.Eachtritdomainisepresenedby3descritiephrsestowhichespondentsmustraetheiragreemetonascalerngingfrom1(Doesnotappl)to7(Doesappl).Samplephrsesinclude‘‘orryalot’’and‘alueartisticexperience’’.2.2.2.EvionmentalconcernAlthoughtheeisnostandadscalemeasuringenvionmentalconcernintheGSOEPdataset,theeareanumberofspecificitesthatpoberespondets’envionmentalattitudes.Inthecurentanaysis,weused3itmsadminiseredatmultipletimepointsasindicatrsofalaentenvionmentalconcernfacto.Inparticula,theitmsofinerestwre‘‘EviromentallyConscious’’,‘‘ImortanceofEvirnmentalPrtection’’,and‘‘orriedaboutEviroment’’.Eachoftheseitmsasadminiseredonmultipleoccasions.othexentthattheeisastabledispositionalcomponentoenvion-mentalconcern,itshouldbecapuedbytheshaedarianceofthesecrss-timemeasurs(cf.eny&Zauta,995).The‘‘Envronmntallyconscious’’itmasadminiseredin998and2003;the‘‘Importanceofenvionment’’itemasadminiseredin994,998,and999;final,the‘‘orriedaboutenvronmnt’’itmasbasedondatacollecedin2005–200.Examiningthesharedarianceamongsttheseitmsallwedforanerr-redcedestimaeofevironmetalconcernacrossalargetimeperiod.2.3.Analytictecniquetructualeuationmodelingasusedtoxplicitlymodelsoucesoferrrinthedataset,theebyprvidingmoreaccurteestimaesofthetruerelatinshipsbeteentheariablesofinerest.Inparticula,weemploedameasurmentmodelthataccountsforacuiescencebias,halobias,andtheobseredcorre-lationsamongBigFiepersonalitytrits(Anusic,Schimmak,Pinkus,&Locwood,2009).First,eachBigFiedomainasmodeledasalatentfactorreflecedinthe3indicatrites(e.g.,‘‘alueartisticexperiences’’).Second,ahalobiasfactorasmodeledastheshaedarianceamongeachoftheselatetBigFiedomains.Thid,anacuiescencefacorasmodeledasthesharedarianceamongsteachoftheindiviualuestionnaieitem.Forth,thehighe-oderBigFiefactos(Deoung,2006;Digman,97;McCaeetal.,2008)wremodeledasrefletingthesharedari-anceamongAgreealeness,Conscientiosness,andNerticism(tabilityorAlpha),andExtversonandOpenness(PlasticityorBeta).Inorertoensurethemodelwuldbeidentified,theregessionwightswrefiedtobeeualfortheloadingswithineachofthehalo,acuiescence,andhighe-orderpersonalityfactos.Nte,hoee,thatwhilesucheualityconstrintsforetheunstandadizedcoefficientsobeeual,thestandadizedcoefficients(aswillbeeportdbelw)alsodependuponthearianceoftheindicatrsandmythusdifferfromoneanthe.Envronmntalconcernasmodeledinato-stphieachicalpocess.First,theelatetariableswreconstruced,oneforeach

setoftheenvionmentalitesdescribedabve.Forxample,thetheeseparaeassessmentsof‘‘Importanceofenvronmntalpoection’’wreusedasindicatrsofalatetfacto.Second,anveallevironmetalconcernfactorasmodeledastheshaedarianceamongsteachofthetheeitm-basedenvronmntalfacors.egessionlinespedictingthisveallenvronmntalconcernariablewredrwnfromeachofthelatetBigFietritfacors.Thereultingmodelallwdforanerr-reduedxami-nationofthecontributionsoftheBigFiepersonalitytraitstoevironmetalconcernoertime.3.esults图表P60-5P65-1图表P60-5P65-1、43.ModelfitaoalefitispiedyamdlwnCI>.0,RSA<0ndSMR<0Kie,200).Tecntmdldosadcetbeoodfi,wthaCIf.,RSAof.459%cndneiealof.03.7,adRRf.5.Tecisueaueof40.6df¼8)assgicntatp<.01;e,bcueheuetspeiseaylre,tecisuestisntanoialidcorffi.3.2.PesonalityandevirnmentalconcernThemodelandestimaedparameersaepesentd图表下的注释P71-1、5注释用现在时，解释用过去时，inFig..Thelaentevironmetalconcernfactorasstroglyrelaedtoeachofthetheeitm-basedenvronmntalfactos,including‘‘importanceofenvionmentalpoection’’(b¼.94),‘‘worriedaboutenvron-ment’’(b¼.64),and‘‘envionmentalyconscious’’(b¼.62).Envi-onmentalconcernasinturnsignificantypredicedbyindivdualdiffeencesintheBigFiepersonalitytrait.Inparticula,greaerevironmetalconcernassignificantyassociatdwithhigherlevlsofAgreebleness(b¼.22),Openness(b¼.20),Neuticism(b¼6),andConscientiosness(b¼.7).Incontrst,nosignificantelationshipasobseredwithExtersion(b¼图表下的注释P71-1、5注释用现在时，解释用过去时，3.3.DemogaphicariablesAge,ende,andhouseholdincomewreaddedtothemodelinodertoxaminetheimportanceofdemogrphicariablesinpedictingenvionmentalconcern.Aregessionlinepreictingthelaentenvronmntalconcernfactorasdwnfromeachofthedemogaphicariables.Includingtheseariablesdidnotchanetherelaionshipsbeteenpersonalityandevironmetalconcern,althoughitdiddecrasetheoerallfitofthemodel(CFI¼.84;RMSEA¼.053;SRMR¼.06).Noetheless,significantelationshipswreobserved,withevironmetalconcernbeingpositveyassociaedwithage(b¼3)andnegatveywithhouseholdincome(b¼.06).omenalsodispledhigherlevlsofenvronmntalconcernthanmen(b¼.7),consistntwithpreviosreserch(Dvidson&reudenurg,996).3.4.ExaminationofpossiblegendermodeationBueesleidalerfbhasdl,itssileoxeepseasnrdpraynepdtnfledlpdni.1sedoail-psfiayarass,whelgidiuauyrsdls.TelandsaefitwnnoaiystsepsdasspsCI¼.1;RA¼0;MR¼0).CsageraisduualaasoeulsepsddtsfiaydceltI¼;MA¼00;J.B.Hirsh/JournalofEvironmentalPsyhology30(20)45–248 27Fig..StucturalregressionmodelwiththeBigFivetraitspredictingenvirnmentalconcern.Halorepresntsanealuatiebiasfacto.Acuiescencereprsentsacqiescencebiasinscaleusage.tabilityandPlasticityrepesentthetwohighe-orderBigFivetraits.EC1¼‘‘ImportanceofEnvironmentalPrtection’’items;EC2¼‘‘orriedaboutEnvionment’’items;EC3¼‘‘EnvionmentallyConscious’’items.tructuralerrortermsarepresentedforallendogenousariables,withthecriticalratiosinparentheses.Measurementerrorermsweeomittedfromthefiguretoimproereadabilit.MR¼5;2¼.,f¼6,p¼.0.C,thsysdlinpa,lwgesnsfeBgeisnelcnileoayyidtpelfitCI¼.1;A¼0;R¼5;2¼.3,f¼,p¼.4.elisipneBgeadilnusdtprobeddyd.4.DiscussionP75-3写作层次1P75-3写作层次1回顾结果2解释原因3研究意义4研究局限5下一步的建议6讨论Asinpeviousesearc,greterenvronmntalconcernasreatedtohigherlevlsoftheBigFiepersonalitytritsofAgree-ablenessandOpenness(Hirsh&Dolderman,200).Theserela-tionshipsappearobeelatielyrobut,gienthatthyweerepliatdusingdiffeentmeasurs,obtainedfromanadultratherthanstudentpopulation,andinaGermanratherthanCanadiansample.Aditionall,theseeffectsweeobserveddespietheremaloferrrariancethoughstructualeuationmodeling.Thecurentstudythuspovidsadditionalsupportfortheimpo-tanceofthesetwopersonalitytritsinpedictingenvionmentalattitudes,whilefurtherdemonstatingthattheirimportancedoesnotappearobemodeatedbygende.BthAealesadOnssebenledoteih-odrprnlauefsl-asnn,eciganxnedsseofslfadaerocrnfrhrsOer&Moain,

200;oasta,200).Aeales,frisac,isledoierllsfpyAhn,annn,es,&aks,9,wihishuhtospotpovoealmsSut,200.nvdaswoaelerinAebnssedobemeslshnaysai,adaelsscnrdaotheeaeoftes.Ons,ewie,isascadwthicesdcgieaiiyadflxbltyintohtDog,Pesn,&iis,200),petayaodngabodrprpteonuai’spaeinhelrrclgyadaerettcapeitonofnulbat.Lssoenidvdas,incta,aelkyoeaaradoecsraeprpceonauesau.AnunxpecedfindingastheeffectofNeuoticis,withmoreneuoticindvidualsdemonstatingsignificantyhigherlevlsofevironmetalconcern.AlthoughthiselationshipasnotfoundinthepeliminarystudythatempledtheBigFie(Hirsh&Dolderman,200),itaspeviouslyfoundtopreictsupportforevironmetalpeseration(Wiseman&Bogne,2003)whenmeasuedwiththeEsenckPersonalityQuestionnaie(Eysenk&Esenck,75).Onexplanationforthisfindingisthatneurticindvidualsendtobemorewrriedaboutnegateoutcomesineneal,andsoconcernabouttheenvionmentmayreectanxietyabouttheconseuencesofenvronmntaldegrdation(wheeasemtionallystableindivdualswouldpoentialyxperiencelessaffectvedisturbancewhenthinkingaboutthistoic).Itisthus248

J.B.Hirsh/JournalofEvironmentalPsyhology30(20)45–48possiblethatneurticindiviualswoulddemonstateamoreeoisticformofenvionmentalconcern,rtherthananaltruisticone(Schultz,201).AsecondfindingthatasupredicedfrompeviousreserchonthistopicisthefactthatConscientiousnesshadasmallbutsignifi-cantpositieassociationwithenvionmentalconcern.Gienthereatielysmallmagnitudeofthisrelatinship,itisperhpsunsu-prisingthattheprevousstudyemplyingasmallersamplesizedidnotuncoerthisresult.TheimportanceofConscientiousnessforenvronmntalconcernisconsistntwithstudiesthatlinkthistrittohigherlevelsofsocialinestmentandprudentrule-adheenceineneral(Lodi-Smith&oberts,200).Highlyconscientiousindi-vidualsmightbexpecedtocarefulyfollowsocialguidelinesandnormsforapproriateenvronmntalaction,whereslessconsci-entiousindiviualsmightbemorewillingto‘‘cutcorners’’whenitcomesoenvionmentalyreponsiblebehvio.Thecurentanalsishasanumberofstrengthsoerpreviosinuiriesinothereationshipbeteenpersonalityandenvion-mentalconcern.First,thelargesampleprvidedbythelongitudinalGSOEPstudyallwdforamoredetailedstructualanaysisofthereeantariables.Second,thesampleasmorerepesentateofthelarerpopulationinermsofageandenderdistribution.Whilepeviousreearchhasmostyemploedundergaduaestudents,thecurentsamplehadamuchboaderageangethatstrechedfurtherinothelifespan.Third,theinclusionofmultipletime-lagedmeasursallwdforanxaminationofthepersonalitypedictosofevironmetalconcernacosslongperiodsoftime.Despiethestregthsofthestud,theeaealsosomenoe-wrtylimitations.TheselimitationsaeprimariyelatedtothemeasursthatwreadminiseredaspartoftheGSOEPpoject.Inparticula,whilethe5-itemBFI-SprvidesagoodmeasureoftheboadBigFiefactors,itdoesnotallwforanassessmentofloe-orerpersonalitytraits.Itispossible不确定性表达，P82-6thatcertainaspectsofeachBigFiedomainwouldbemorestroglyelatedtoenvionmentalconcernthanothrs,butthiscouldntbexaminedinthecurentdata.Similal,themeasursofenvronmntalconcernwrederiedfromtheailableitem,buttheydidnotrefletacompe-hensvecoergeoftheentiredomainofenvionmentalattitudes.Itiscertainlypossiblethatpersonalitytraismaybediffeentialyreatedotheariousaspectsofenvronmntalconcern(Milfont&Ducitt,2004;Schultz,201;Wiseman&Bogne,2003).Futrereserchcouldxplorethesepossibilitiesbyemploingmoredetailedmeasursofpersonalityandenvronmntalconcern.Noetheless,thecurentstudyprvidessupportfortheimportanceofpersonalitytritsinrelatinoenvronmntalattitudes,andtheebyprvidesausefulfameokformoetaretedinestiga-tionsintotheprocssesunderyingtheserelatinships语言练习P79-2P84-9.不确定性表达，P82-6语言练习P79-2P84-9efeencesAnusic,I.,Schimmack,.,Pinkus,R.,&Lockood,.(2009).Thenatureandstructueofcorrelaionsamongbigfiveratings:thehalo-alpha-betamodel.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsyholog,7(6),42–56.Ashtn,M.,Paunoen,S.,Helmes,E.,&Jackson,D.(998).Kinaltruism,recipocalaltruism,andthebigfivepersonalityfactors.EvolutionandHumanBehavio,(4),243–255.Bragg,E.A.(996).oardsecologicalself:deepecologymeetsconstructionistself-theor.JournalofEvironmentalPsyholog,(2),93–08.

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