艺术目inessence ativity sthe网友素材版

一、艺艺术的目的：AccordingtowhatFreudhassaid一、艺艺术的目的：AccordingtowhatFreudhassaidart,inessence,isakindofreleaseofindividuallust,convertingthehumanlibidointoplentifulcreativity.Itisthroughtheworkofartthatartistsexpresstheirpassions,emotions,anddesires.Concerningwiththeinnerworldratherthanwiththeoutsideone艺术的作用oldestdefinitionofthefunctionoftheartsisthattheyprovidepleasure（娱乐）presentuswithinsightintowhatiseternalanduniversal（理解人性）canbedenotedasexpressionismtheartist'suseofamediumtoexpressuniquepassionandinsight（作为表达方式）artattheserviceofleaders—theChurch,thegovernment,andthearistocracy(艺术为政府服务)Theexpressionofprivatefeelingsandthecriticismofsociety（表达私人情感，对社会的批判ARenaissancepaintingofaMadonna（圣母玛利亚）andchild,formanyviewers,issomehowarevelationoftranscendentaBeethovensymphonyisthelastwordonhumanenduranceBeautymanywouldinsist,istheveryhallmarkofwhatistruly"art."Somenarrativeartsnovel,film)instructustosomeextent.Thisworkswithmoralreflectthehumancharacter.（反映人性艺术最初不被理解Yet,anever-lengtheninghonorrolldistinguishesworksfirstreceivedasunacceptablebyresistant.asamongthegreatestintheAmericantradition,wererejectedasbyhissitters.（ThomasEakins的绘画作品，现在被认为是美国传统上最杰出的画家，但是曾经却被他的被画人所坚决抵VanGogh,twoofwhosestilllifepaintingshaverecentlybrokenallrecordsinsellingfor$50million,soldonlyoneofhispaintingsinhisentirecareer.梵高，他其中的两幅作品最近打破了50万的售价。但是他的整个人生只卖出过一副作品（这个例子很WhentheFrenchgavetheStatueofLibertytoournationin1886,theAugustaChronicle--inGeorgia-condemneditasapaganimageunsuitabletoour艺术的资为什么要资助？Oneideaisthatculturemakesusabettersociety;Federalsupportisneededtopreventourdeclineintoculturalbarbarism.Anotherideaisthatthefreemarketfailstoprovideoutletsforthehigherformsofart.一个想法是：文化是提供给我Thereisalsothemythofthestarvingartist-ifweneglecttosupportthearts,wewillcondemninganotherGoghorMozarttoawretchedexistence.Itisalsogenerallyrecognizedthatmanyhighlytalentedartistslackcommercialaptitude,andthisleadstoanargumentthatthepublichasaresponsibilitytosupportthem.同样有饿死的艺术家的神话—如果我们忽略了政治资助：GovernmentsupportoftheartsmustalwaysbepoliticizedandOneofthecuriouscontradictionsofthosewhodemandgovernmentsupportisthattheyalsodemandabsolutefreedomofexpressionfortheartist.另外一个奇怪的冲突就是，那些需要政府支持的艺术家，同样需要绝对的自由来表达自己例子的论述：Butevenelectedgovernmentsmustimpose"partylines"onartistswhoreceivegovernmentsupport.Thiscontrolinademocraticsocietymaybehiddenandindirect,butitiscontrolnevertheless.但是即使是被选举出来的政府也是对艺术家施加政府资助对艺术无影响（美国intradition,wererebuffedasintolerablebyhisregardedasoneofthegreatestpainterinthe一个人的伟大是根据后人1938:Painting1938:PaintingAndSculpture--ArtintheUnitedStates：In1938theUnitedStatesGovernmentcontinuedtoactaschiefpatronofemployingseveralthousandartistsandbringingartbeforeanincreasinglylargepublicalloverthecountry.政府资助对艺术有影响（SovietSovietleadershavebeendenouncedfortheirheavy-handedcontrolofartistsinthepast,butithasbeenentirelylogicalandproperfromtheirpointofviewTheSovietgovernmentiscriticizedforexpectingartistsandwriterstofollowthepartylineintheirwork.民间力量的资thefinearts--hasalwaysdependedprimarilyonthepatronageofprivateindividualsandbusinesses,andnotonthegovernment.TheMedici,apowerfulbankingfamilyofRenaissanceItaly,supportedartistsMichelangeloandRaphael.Duringthe20thCenturytheprimarysourceofculturalsupportwereprivatefundsestablishedbyindustrialmagnatesCarnegie,Mellon,Rockefellerand市场应该起主导作用，艺术家可以自谋生路：Highlytrainedandtalentedthoughwemaybe,thevalueofourservicesisfinallydecidedbywhatpeoplewillpayforthem.即使我们可能有天分，但是我们的价值最终由人们所付的钱来决定艺术的自由状态；Weshouldkeepinmind,howeverthatconditionsoflibertyaremostlikelytobringthegreatestadvancesinartandartisticexpressions.Artistsalsoaremorelikelytothriveandproduceinasocietywherefree-marketconditionsareactive.Thoughsomeartistsresentthedemandsandrequirementsofthemarketplace,thebestopportunitiesforrealimprovementsintheartsareprovidedbyawhollyfreemarket.我们应该要记住，自由的状态最有可能带来艺术和艺术表达的巨大进步。如果在产生真正进步的最好机会是提供一个完全自由的市场。Thefreemarketalsogivesartiststheopportunitytofollowtheirownaspirationsinseekingfullexpression.自由市场同样给了艺术家机会来根据自己的渴望来寻找最充分的表达技术对艺术的影响：技术的发达给艺术家很多自由表达的机会：Anotherimportantpointisthatthetechnologicaladvancesofamarket-driveneconomyalsobenefittheartistThankstomanydevelopments,artistsnowhavematerialsandprocessesthatsimplydidnotexist100yearsago.100年前所没有艺术的反抗，促使社会改变：1）Asecondkindofexpressionismalsodevelopedinthe19thcentury.Thisonewasmuchmoreoffensive.Insocietiesundergoingtremendouschange,artistsbegantousearttoagitateforsocialchange.19PhotographerSherryLevinehasusedgrotesqueimagesofwomentoprotesttheoppressionofthefemalegenderbyAmericanadvertising,law,andsocialcustom.Thisformofexpressionismwecancallculturalcriticism.Thatis,artiststakeastandagainstcertainpracticesinthesocietythattheyconsidertobeunjust.SherryLevine开始通过使用妇女奇异的画面来抵抗美国例子；生前作品没有被认可(Monet,VanVanGogh,twoofwhosestilllifepaintingshaverecentlybrokenallrecordsinsellingfor$50million,soldonlyoneofhispaintingsinhisentirecareer.作品反映社会(VanGogh)：Artalsocanreflectproblemsandphenomenonofasociety.TakevanGoghasanexample.Thepainting,oneofhismostfamousworkscalledpotatoeatersreflectthemiseryandpovertyofhumanityashesawitamongtheminersinMonet'sfamouswork"Impression:Sunrise"wasnotunderstoodinitially,Howeverthisworkeventuallyearneditsreputationandhadledtothenameforimpressionism.(难懂的作品也会得到承认)Monetdidnotfindacclaimandwealthtolaterinhislifeandattimessufferedthroughextremepoverty.(艺术家很贫穷Beethoven,oneofBeethoven,oneofthegreatestcomposersandmusicianswasrenownedbycreatingmanysymphonies.AstonishinglyheproducedhismostfamoussymphonychoruswithcompletedeafnessHowcouldhemanageitItnotonlyhastobetheprominentimaginationthatstimulatehimtostruggleandthrive,thuscanevenlisteninspiteofnohearingsbutmoreimportant,determineshiskeeninterestinmusic(兴趣的作用).WhenBeethovenhadnoideaaboutthefinaleofhissymphonies,hewassuddenlystruckbythe"OdetoJoy"bySchiller.Inspiredfromthehymnchampioningthebrotherhoodofhumanity,Beethoven'heartwasfraughtofpassionandcourage,regardlessofhisentiredeafness.Eventually,whenBeethovencompletedhisgreatworks,Chorus,andhaditplayedintheconcert,alltheaudiencewerecompletelyattractedandmovedbythestrikingandpassionatesymphony,andacclaimedevenfivetimesinreverenceVanimpressionism当代人不理解，后代评判；坚Prodigiesoftencouldnotreceivecontemporaryappreciationandcomprehension,VanGoghispropertobementionedasarepresentativeofthekind.Hecreatedtheimpressionismonpainting,whichwasacceptedmanyyearsafterhisdeath.Neverthelesshepursuedhisownidealsandfaithtillhewasnotabletopickupapencil.伟人不能受到当代人的欣赏和理解。梵高就是这类社会问题的堆砌排比：Ithinkthethreemajorproblemsinthesocietytodayareunemploymentviolenceand恐怖主义：Aswefacethethreatofwarandterrorism,theeconomicdownturn,andourownpersonalstrugglesandlosses,wemayneedadditionalhelpcopingfromtimetotime.TheheinousonSeptember11terroristattacksinWashingtonandNewYorkisadisasterAnyactofinternationalterrorismisathreattointernationalpeaceandsecurityandshouldbecondemned.Allstatesshouldpreventthefinancingofterrorism,denysafehaventoterrorists,andcooperateunderacommonsetofobligationsinthefighttoendinternationalterrorism.;arrangementofinequality.Thus,povertyisperpetuatedthroughclassdiscriminationandunequalopportunitiesforupwardmobility.（阶级歧视，不平等机会）Indeed,themodernsocietyhasstrivedtoimprovepeople’slivesbyestablishingthesocialwelfaresystemandperformingsomeotheraffirmativeactions.（社会福利等制度）种族歧视（权利和财富的分配不均造成权利不均Imbalancesinthedistributionof thelossofpersonalfreedomsandcivilliberties,andabusesauthorityleadpeopleto财富不均Imbalancesinthedistributionof thelossofeconomicopportunityandsocialmobility,thecreationapermanentunderclass,andconditionsofilliteracy,unemployment,homelessness,hunger,anddiseasecontributepeopletocrime.威胁全球安全Thesocialproblemscausedbyeconomicandpoliticalinequalityareathreattoglobal--racialpurityorsuperiority,stereotypingandlabeling,physicalandsocialsegregation,institutionalizedCrime,Violence,Drugs,andtheCriminalJusticeSystem（antisocial青少年不良行为和街头犯罪的原因Juveniledelinquencyandstreetcrimemaybelinkedtoyouthgangandorganizedschoolfailure（学业不好）;andtheinfluenceofmassmedia（媒体影响）.家庭问题：familyinstabilitydivorceandchildcustody（家庭不合,离婚，儿童监护）spouseandchildabuse（虐待儿童）,genderissues,gayandlesbianfamilies（同性恋家庭）,adoptionandabortion（领养、堕胎）性别歧视：sexdiscrimination---theworkplace,occupations,wages,educationfeministmovement(女权运动)inequalitystillpersistinproblemsofsexualviolence…but医疗健康问题：Thebioethicsoftransplants(医疗健康问题：Thebioethicsoftransplants(器官移植),geneticscreening（遗传筛选）,genetherapies（基因治疗）,reproductivetechnologies（生殖技术）,physician-assistedsuicide,andeuthanasia（安乐死）IntheU.S.healthcareincreasinglyisprovidedonafor-profitbasisbythehealthmaintenanceorganizations,hospitals,pharmaceuticalcompanies,andinsurancecompanies教育问题：Relatetofundingteacherqualityandthestatusoftheteachingprofessionstudentacademicperformanceandstandardizedtesting,racialimbalancesandequaleducationalopportunity，teachershortages,overcrowdedandunsafeschools,andunequalaccesstoeducationaltechnologyOverpopulationcanleadtointer-groupconflicts.环境污Pollutionnotonlyaffectshumanbeings’livesbutalsodestroytheenvironmentinwhichmanyotherspecialslive.Chemicalleakkillseveralpeople.Posehealthrisksandcontributetoacidrainandglobalwarming.三、法法律的实质Law,bodyofofficialrulesandregulationsisusedtogovernasocietyandtocontrolthebehaviorofitsmembers.Thenatureandfunctionsoflawhavevariedthroughouthistory.法律的作用：LawservesavarietyofLawsagainstcrimes,forexample,helptomaintainapeaceful,orderly,relativelystableLawrespectsindividualrightswhile,atthesametime,ensuringthatsocietyoperatesinanorderlylawshouldrecognizeandprotectcertainbasicindividualrightsandfreedoms,suchaslibertyandpolicies.Forexample,somelawsprovideforbenefitswhenworkersareinjuredonthejob,forhealthcare,aswellasforloanstostudentswhootherwisemightnotbeabletogotouniversity.Lawhasalsobeenusedasamechanismforsocialchange;forinstance,atvarioustimeslawshavebeenpassedtoinhibitsocialdiscriminationandtoimprovethequalityofindividuallifeinmattersofhealth,education,andwelfare.和平解决纠纷Eveninawell-orderedsociety,peoplehavedisagreementsandconflictsarise.Thelawmustprovideawaytoresolvethesedisputespeacefully.Iftwopeopleclaimtoownthesamepieceofproperty,wedonotwantthemattersettledbyaduel:weturntothelawandtoinstitutionslikethecourtstodecidewhoistherealownerandtomakesurethattherealowner'srightsarerespected.即使是一个秩序良好的社会，人们也依旧会有不满和冲突。法律必须提供一种方法来和平解决这法律和道德的不Lawsresemblemoralitybecausetheyaredesignedtocontroloralterourbehavior.Butunlikerulesofmorality,lawsareenforcedbythecourts;ifyoubreakalawwhetheryoulikethatlawornotyoumaybeforcedtopayafine,paydamagesorgotoprison.法律的硬性规定；Forexample,thelawinCanadastatesthatwemustdriveourcarsontheright-handsideofatwo-waystreet.Ifpeoplewereallowedtochooseatrandomwhichsideofthestreettodriveon,drivingwouldbedangerousandchaotic.Lawsregulatingourbusinessaffairshelptoensurethatpeoplekeeptheirpromises.Lawsagainstcriminalconducthelptosafeguardourpersonalpropertyandourlives.例如在加拿大的法律是，开车必须在右边开，如果有人随意在任何一边开，那么就会造成法律不是一成不变的：despitethebestintentions,lawsaresometimescreatedthatpeoplelaterrecognizeasbeingunjustorInademocraticsocietylikeCanada,lawsarenotcarvedinstone,butmustreflectthechangingneedsofTaketheUnitedStatesfortheblacks.DuringtheCivilwar,Lincolnenactedthelawsthatentitledtheequalrightstotheblackswiththe例子Businessworld:法律随着出现的经济问题而发展，不断完善，确保市场的稳定和繁荣antitrustantitrust（反托拉斯法）andanti-dumpinglaws（反垄断，反倾销Enron,dissolvedintobankruptcyduetoitsaccounting,taxandstockfraud.TheexcessesofEnronhaveturnedgovernmentregulatorsintoreformersandrenderthemtotakeactionstoinvestigateandpunishaccountingviolations.Whatismore,energyandsecuritiesregulatorsareengaginginreformsinaccountingrulesandrelevantlaws,whichareexpectedtobettersatisfytheneedsof法律需要相对稳Lawsshouldalsohavearelativestability.Forexample:Withinacountry,aperiodoftimelawsshouldstayrelativelystable,whichdoesn'tmeansfixedorstationary,butkeepaconsistencyinspiritoflawsWithoutsuchcoherence,peoplewillbeconfusedanddistrustlawsandlegalsystem.适度的法律维护公民尊严，过度的法律变成集权：Weneedlaw,then,toensureasafeandpeacefulsocietyinwhichindividuals'rightsarerespected.Butweexpectevenmorefromourlaw.Sometotalitariangovernmentshavecruelandarbitrarylaws,enforcedbypoliceforcesfreetoarrestandpunishpeoplewithouttrial.Strong-armtacticsmayprovideagreatdealoforder,butwerejectthisformofcontrol.四、科科技进步带基因工程：Geneticmakemanyaspectsofhumanlifebetter,includingsavinglives：tocurediseasesattheDNAlevel.Thismethodisknownasbiotechnologyandcanaidinthetreatmentofdiseaseslikeahormonedeficiency基因工程可以使人类的生活变得更好甚至拯救人的生命：用DNA来治疗疾病。这种方法就是大家所知道的生物技术，这个有助于治疗像激素缺乏症这样的疾病theimprovementoftheworld’sagriculturaltechniques；worldwidefamineandstarvationcouldpossibly大量的媒体和大量的交MassmediaandMassForinstance,themasspublictrafficofthemodernworldincludingunnumberedautomobilesandmillionsofplanesmakesthetransportationallovertheworldmoreefficient,sothetouriststodaycanincreasetheirexperiencefromthejourneyeasilyandcomfortably.Anothergoodexampleisthemassmediawhichmakesthebigworldlikeasmallvillage.Becauseofthemassmedia,suchasInternetandtelevision,peoplecanbecomefamiliarwithagreatmanyplacesthatmaybethousandsofkilometersawayandcommunicatewithotherpeople,whosharethesameinterests,moreconveniently.科技对人们生活的改变：Obviously,nowadayswecanneverimaginelivinginaworldthatthereisnocarsfortravelingtoofficesnotelevisionsforwatchingTVshowsnocellularphonesforcommunicationswithourfamilyandsoforth.Technologicaladvancementhasknittedtheworldtobeaseamlesswebofinformationandphonelines,inwhichpeopleareabletogettherequisitesmuchmoreeasilythaneverbefore.Whenweareatworkwesurftheinternetforsuggestionsandinformation;whenwearehungry,wecallanexpressdeliveryservice;whenwefeeltired,webookanairplanetickettoHawaiiforweekends.科技提高效率同样也减少了休息时间：Itseemsaparadoxthatourefficienciesaremuchhigherthaneverbeforewhileourleisuretimeisincreasinglydiminishing,butitisactuallythereality.Thegreaterourmobility,themoreourdestinationseachdaythemoretime-savingfacilitiesweuse,themoreactivitieswetrytoattendeachday;withmoreconvenientaccesstoinformation,wetrytoassimilatemoreofiteachday.Nowadaysweareforcedtodomorebythesuperiors,thecompetitors,orevenbyourselves.Fortunately,wehavemoreopportunitiesandchoicesthanourpredecessorsbutatthesametime,unfortunately,wehavetoconfrontwithmuchmorechallengesandsufferfrommuchmorepressureTherefore,peoplemaybenotabletoenjoytheirleisuretimemuchinsuchanincreasinglycompetitivesociety,consequentlyresultinginsomeserioussocialproblems,suchasunemployment,resentment,highsuiciderate,anti-socialbehaviors,andsoforth.对科技研究不再限制的好处Ifgeneticengineeringbecomesunrestrictedtheworldwouldbecomeabetterplace.famineandstarvationcouldpossiblyendthroughtheuseoftechnologyintheagriculturefield.ThedeathratewouldgodownandverydramaticallyinThirdWorldcountries.WecouldseetheendofdiseaseslikeAIDSandconditionslikehemophilia.科技不利的一科技带来垃圾OverflowingLandfillwithoutdateddevices,discardedchemicals,andplasticpackaging,Anaveragecitydwellermayproduceatonofrefuseinayearadvancesinautomationtechnologyimprovedproductionefficiencyandqualitycontrol,andhasreducedtheneedtohaveworkersperformpotentiallydangeroustasks.Ontheotherhand,automationhasmademanyjobsunnecessary,puttingemployeesoutofwork,orforcingthemtoretrain.砍伐森林：Deforestationcausedbyindulgentcutting,animalextinctionduetoendlesshuntingcanonlybeforestalledbypubliceducationontheimportanceoftheseareas.臭氧层的破坏thedepletionofatmosphericozone,whichhaswanedtheEarthtothepointthatitthreatenstheverysurvivalofthehumanspeciesAlsodearly-cuttingtheworld'srainforestscansetintomotionachainofanimalextinctionthatthreatensthedelicatebalanceuponwhichallanimals--includinghumans--depend.全球温室效应GLOBALWARMINGanaverageincreaseintheEarth'stemperature,whichinturncauseschangesinclimate.影响：Thequalityandquantityofdrinkingwater,wateravailabilityforirrigation,industrialuseandelectricitygeneration,andthehealthoffisheries科技问题（媒体，科学技术）--以下是科技问Technologicalchangeassociatedwithindustrializationandmodernizationhascreatedvastchallengesaswellasbenefits.技术带挑战-geneticengineeringandbiotechnology（基因）robotics,andtheglobalizationofelectronictelecommunications（全球化，unemploymentandthelossofpersonalprivacyandcontrol（失业，失去个人隐私）能源问题：Oneisthatmostoftheenergyweusecomesfromfossilfuels,includingcoal,petroleum,andnaturalgas,.Thesenaturalresourcesarenotrenewable目前的主要能源都是不能再生的带来的问题（污染）manyotherproductsoftechnologyalsohadharmfulordestructive燃烧对空气污染：Combustioncausesthereleaseofvariouspollutants,suchascarbonmonoxide，whichposehealthrisksandmaycontributetoacidrainandglobalwarming.汽车尾Automobileexhauststheypointedoutwerepollutingthe杀虫pesticidessuchasDDTwerethreateningthefood工业废mineralwastesfromawidevarietyofindustrialsourceswerepollutinglargereservoirsof对环境的影响thephysicalenvironmenthasbecomesojammedwithtechnologicalprocessesthatoneofthemajorchallengesofmodernsocietyisthesearchforplacestodumpthewastesthathavebeenproduced军事；thedevelopmentoftheweaponthathassincebecomeageneralthreattolifeonearth:theatomic例子哈勃望远镜---交叉学科的作用：WiththehelpoftheHubblespacetelescope,wecangetmoreclosetotheuniverseandobservethestars,planets,nebulas,galaxiesmuchmoreconveniently.伦琴发X射线---偶然性：In1895,whenWilhelmRoentgenwasworkingindarkenedroomtryingtodeterminethepenetratingpowerofcathoderays,henoticedthatafaintlightappeared.Theserayshadspecialpenetratingpowertopassthroughvarioussubstances,andtheyaretheveryX-rayswhichcomprehensivelyutilizedinmedicalservicesandscientificresearches.二战中利用人来做实验---科技的错误利用：Althoughscientificresearchhasproducedsubstantialsocialbenefits,ithasalsoposedseveraltroublingethicalproblems.Publicattentionwasdrawntoreportedabusesofhumansubjectsinbiomedicalexperiments,especiallyduringtheSecondWorldWarThephysiciansandscientistswhohadconductedbiomedicalexperimentsonconcentrationcampprisonerswerejudgedguiltyintrials.(科技和道德)3M公司的偶然发现—科技的偶然发现，科技带来的好处：Aresearcherworkingfor3M,amaterialscompany,hadplannedmaketheworldgreatestglue.However,intheresearchhefoundtheworld’sworstglue,astickysubstancethatneversticks.Thisglueisoneofthebestthings3Meverinvented.弗maketheworldgreatestglue.However,intheresearchhefoundtheworld’sworstglue,astickysubstancethatneversticks.Thisglueisoneofthebestthings3Meverinvented.弗洛伊德S.Freud-----学科开始不被人理解咯Austrianphysicianandfounderofpsychoanalysiswhotheorizedthatthesymptomsofhystericalpatientsrepresentforgottenandunresolvedinfantilepsychosexualconflicts.Hispsychoanalytictheories,whichinitiallymetwithhostility,profoundlyinfluenced20th-century奥地利内科和心理分析师的奠基人，他的理论是：病人爱迪生---坚持，执着：ThomasEdisoninventedbulbwhichturnouttobethederivationoftoday’silluminationapparatusanddigitalandelectronicera,however,themostappreciatedthingintheinventionisforEdison’sinsistenceandencourageonthewhole哥白Copernicus挑战权威：1473-1543波兰天文学家，他提出地球及其它行星绕太阳运动的日心爱因斯Einstein—挑战权威，成就在当代得到肯定：German-bornAmericantheoreticalphysicistwhosespecialandgeneraltheoriesofrelativityrevolutionizedmodernthoughtonthenatureofspaceandtimeandformedatheoreticalbasefortheexploitationofatomicenergyHewona1921NobelPrizeforhisexplanationofthephotoelectriceffect.爱因斯坦，德裔美国理论物理学家，对光电效应的解释获1921年诺贝尔奖。circuitsbeforethechipsareputintoproduction.Moreover,recentlycomputerscienceresearchisincreasinglyrelatedwithmoreotherdisciplines,suchaselectricalengineering,mechanicalengineering,biology,linguistics,andevenpsychology,intheapplicationsofbiochip,voicerecognition,artificialintelligenceandsoon.海王Neptune的发现—依靠科aCambridgemathematician,Adams,predictedtheexistenceofanunseenplanet,toaccountforthefactthatUranuswasbeingpulledslightlyoutofpositioninitsorbit.AccordingtoIsaacNewton'stheoryofgravitation,Adamsattributedthispulltothegravitationaleffectofanunknownbody,andcalculateditsposition.Oneyearlaterthisnewplanet,Neptune,wasdiscovered,anditspositionwasquiteinaccordancewiththeprediction.(简介)五、历历史的作TheimportanceofhistoryinexplainingandunderstandingchangeinhumanbehaviorisnomereHistory,then,providestheonlyextensivematerialsavailabletostudythehumancondition.Italsofocusesattentiononthecomplexprocessesofsocialchange,includingthefactorsthatarecausingchangearoundustoday.历史也有美感Historyasartandentertainmentservesarealpurpose,onaestheticgroundsbutalsoonthelevelofhumanunderstanding.---历史也有美感Manyofthehistorianswhomostappealtothegeneralreadingpublicknowtheimportanceofdramaticandskillfulwriting—aswellasofaccuracy.历史用来学习前人:"Historyteachingbyexample"isonephrasethatdescribesthisuseofastudyofthepast—astudynotonlyofcertifiableheroes,thegreatmenandwomenofhistorywhosuccessfullyworkedthroughmoraldilemmas,butalsoofmoreordinarypeoplewhoprovidelessonsincourage,diligence,orconstructiveprotest.这句很好明白社Italsofocusesattentiononthecomplexprocessesofsocialchange,includingthefactorsthatarecausingchangearoundustoday.历史使我们注意社会变革中的复杂流程，包括导致我们周围一切改变的因素。学习故事HistoryasartandentertainmentservesarealpurposeStorieswelldonearestoriesthatrevealhowpeopleandsocietieshaveactuallyfunctioned,andtheypromptthoughtsaboutthehumanexperienceinothertimesandplaces.Studyingthestoriesofindividualsandsituationsinthepastallowsastudentofhistorytotesthisorherownmoralsense,tohoneitagainstsomeoftherealcomplexitiesindividualshavefacedindifficultsettingsinvolvesasenseofbeautyandexcitement,andultimatelyanotherperspectiveonhumanlifeand对个人鉴对个人鉴定Historyalsohelpsprovideidentity,andthisisunquestionablyoneofthereasonsallmodernnationsencourageitsteachinginsomeform.Merelydefiningthegroupinthepresentpalesagainstthepossibilityofforminganidentitybasedonarich对国家忠诚Historiesthattellthenationalstory,emphasizingdistinctivefeaturesofthenationalexperiencearemeanttodrivehomeanunderstandingofnationalvaluesandacommitmenttonationalloyalty.名句：16th-centuryItalianphilosopherMachiavelliwrote,Whoeverwishestoforeseethefuturemustconsultthepastforhumaneventseverresemblethoseofprecedingtimes.”again,andthatbyunderstandinghistory,theycanbetterhandlefuturerecurrences.Thisthinkingliesbehindthefamiliarphrase,“ThosewhodonotknowthepastarecondemnedtorepeatitAlthoughthisisthemostconservativeapproachtousinghistorytopredictthefuture,itisoftenthemostaccurate.Howevereachoftheseattemptstousehistoryasabasisforpredictingthefutureisinherentlyflawed.Therefore,theydonotprovideentirelyaccuratedescriptionsofthefuture.Perhapsthisiswhysomepeoplecontinuetopreferfortune-tellersandastrologicalchartstopredictionsbasedonhistoricalevents.作用的总结studyinghistoryhelpsusunderstandhowrecent,currentandprospectivechangesthataffectthelivesofcitizensareemergingormayemergeandwhatcausesareinvolved.毁坏建筑造成危害的论述1：Destroyingourpasthascoststhatextendfarbeyondmoney.Lostistheworkoftalentedcraftsmenwhocreatedbeautiful,lastingbuildings.LostarethememoriesandpridethatacommunitytookinoneofitslandmarksAndlostistheopportunityforfuturegenerationstoenjoyandtolearnfromtheplacesthathelpusunderstandandappreciatewherewecame面向未来&总结性发言：Preservationdoescareaboutthepast.Itcaresabouthonoringtheachievementsofpreviousgenerations,theplacestheylivedandworked,andthehistoryandachievementswenowenjoy.Butpreservationalsocaresaboutthepresentandthefuture.Byprotectingourpast,ithelpsusrememberhowwecametobewhereweareandwhatweoughttodonow.Anditcaresaboutgivingfuturegenerationsthesameopportunitiestoenjoybeautifulbuildingsandlandscapesthatwehavetoday.德国对二战的教训：Inworldwartwo,thechauvinisminGermanyledtogreatdisasternotonlytotheGermansbutalsotothepeopleofwholeEurope.Fortunately,thegovernmentofGermanyleantfromthehistorythatchauvinismwouldbeharmful,andthustakeseffectiveactionstorestricttheresurgenceofNaziisminalloftheaspectsofsociety.历史建筑的保护itcreatesmoreattractiveplacestoliveandAflat-facedmodernofficeblockoranelegantlydetailedpre-warcommercial维护比新建花少钱RecentprojectsprovethatpreservationisoftencheaperInChicago,wherethepublicschoolsystemisnowspending$2.5billiontoupgradefacilities,bare-bonesnewconstructioniscosting$155persquarefoot--butrenovationiscostingjust$130.2.5亿来新建设备，如果全部新建要花费155每平方米，而翻修只要130每平方米。建筑：aharmoniousblendofarchitecturalstyles各种建筑风格的完美的结合（ ThecapitalofancientBabyloniainMesopotamiaontheEuphratesRiver.Establishedascapitalc.1750b.c.andrebuiltinregalsplendorbyNebuchadnezzarIIafteritsdestruction(c.689b.c.)bytheAssyrians,BabylonwasthesiteoftheHangingGardens,oneoftheSevenWondersoftheWorld.巴比伦古巴比伦王国的首都，位于幼发拉底河沿岸的美索不达米亚境内，作为首都1750年，在它被亚述人毁灭后（689年六、六、教育作用和目的：publiceducationasameansoftransmittingdemocraticvalues,creatingequalityofopportunityandpreparingnewgenerationsofcitizensinsociety.教育的技能：Everyoneshouldbetaughtlifeskills—logicalthinking,analysiscreativeproblemsolvingratherthanjustknowledgewhicharemoreimportantforpeopletosurvivefreelyinthecomplexandrapidchange道德教Educationshouldaimatimprovementofbothone’smoralsandfacultiesstudentsshouldbetaughttoknowandtomaketheirown:honestyfairness,self-disciplinefidelitytotask,friends,andfamily,personalresponsibilityloveofacountryandbeliefintheprinciplesofliberty,equalityandthefreedomtopracticeone’sfaith.大学生压力Economicpressureparentalpressure,peerpressure,andself-induced人文教育的Theintellectualfacultiesdevelopedbystudyingsubjectslikehistoryandclassics—anabilitytosynthesizeandrelate,toweighcauseandeffect,toseeeventsinperspective—arejustthefacultiesthatmakecreativeleadersinbusinessoralmostanygeneralfield.人文教育的意义Liberalartteachesyouhowtothink,howtoread,write,andspeakintelligently,getalongwithothers,andconcept