国际贸易与实务4-Practice of International Trade-International Cargo Transport

InternationalCargoTransportChapterSeven2/7/20241SuperModesoftransportationOceanTransportationAirTransportationRailTransportationRoadTransportationContainerTransportationInternationalMultimodeTransportation(IMT)国际多式联运/InternationalCombinedTransportation(ICT)ParcelPostTransportationInlandWaterwayTransportationPipelineTransportation2/7/20242Super5.1OceanTransportationAdvantagesLargecapacityLowcostEasypassage:notrestrictedbyroadorrailsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerabletobadweatherLesspunctualTypesofoceantransportationLinertransportationChartertransportation98%ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransport2/7/20243Super5.1.1LinertransportationCharacteristicsofLinerregularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbaseports

comparativelyfixedfreightrates2/7/20244Super5.1.1LinertransportationTypesoflinersConferencelinersFreightratequotedbyshippingconferenceStablefreightratesRegularservicesNon-conferencelinersFreightratequotedbyindependentcarriersorvesseloperatorsLessdependableserviceHighflexibility2/7/20245Super5.1.1LinertransportationLinerFreightInclusiveoftheloadingandunloadingcostInclusiveofothercostssuchasdemurrage滞期费

ordispatch派遣moneyCompositionoflinerfreightBasicfreightSurchargesandadditionalsCalculationformulaoflinerfreight

TotalFreight =TotalQuantityxBasicRatex(1+Surcharge/AdditionalRates)2/7/20246Super5.1.1LinertransportationCriteriaforcalculatingbasicfreightW(weightton)–calculatedpermetrictononweight,suitableforheavygoods M(measurementton)–calculatedpercubicmeteronmeasurement,suitableforlightgoods W/M–onthebasisofeitherweighttonormeasurementton(bothunderthenameoffreightton),subjecttothehigherone,suitableforgoodswithhighvalue(Note:1WT=1MT)AdVal.(A.V.)–onthebasisofvalueofthegoodsandexpressedinapercentageoftheFOBpriceorvalue,suitableforgoodswithhighvalueW/MorA.V.–onthebasisofeitherweightton,measurementtonorvalue,subjecttothehighestoneUnit/Head–suitableforgoodsmarked“unit”inthetariffMinimumRate–suitableforgoodsinextremelysmallquantityOpenRate–suitableforgoodsmarked“unit”inthetariffandinextremelylargequantity,onthebasisoftheagreementbetweenthecarrierandtheconsignor2/7/20247Super5.1.1Linertransportation2/7/20248Super5.1.1LinertransportationSurcharge附加费–beyondourcontrolBunkerSurcharge(bunkeradjustmentfactor/BAF)

燃油附加费(15%ofthecost)CurrencySurcharge(currencyadjustmentfactor/CAF)

货币贬值附加费CongestionSurcharge港口拥挤附加费TransshipmentSurcharge转船附加费DeviationSurcharge绕道附加费PortSurcharge港口附加费2/7/20249Super5.1.1LinertransportationAdditionals

附属费–underourcontrolHeavyliftcharges/Extrachargesonheavylifts超重费(over5M/T)Lengthycargocharges/Extrachargesonoverlengths超长费(over9m)Bulkycargocharges超大费(over6cbm)Additionalondirect直行附属费Additionalonoptionaldischargingport选卸港附属费Additionalforalternationofdestination变更卸港附属费2/7/202410SuperIllustration1SupposeExporting100casesVolume30x60x50cmGrossweight40kg,grade9FreightbasisW/MBasicfreightrateHKD109Bunkersurcharge20%,CurrencySurcharge10%Q:freight?Solution30x60x50cm=0.09m3>0.04M/TFreight=0.09x109x100x(1+20%+10%)=HKD1275.32/7/202411Super5.1.1LinertransportationTramps不定期船/chartervesselCharacteristicsNofixedroutesNofixedtimetablesFreightchargedonthevolumeofcargoSuitableforcargoofacompleteshipload(eg.bulkcargo)TypesofchartersVoyagecharter程租船，定程租船Timecharter定期租船Bareboatcharter光船租船2/7/202412Super5.2AirTransportationFourmaintypesofairtransportationScheduledAirlines班机regularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbaseportscomparativelyfixedfreightratesCharteredCarriers包机ThehireofacraftbyeithertotalcharteredcarriersorPartialcharteredcarriersForconsignmentsoflargequantityorreachingthesamedestination2/7/202413Super5.2AirTransportationFourmaintypesofairtransportationConsolidatedConsignment集中托运AssemblinganumberofindividualshipmentsarrivingatthesamedestinationintooneconsignmentDispatchedoneairwaybillAirExpress航空急件运输FastestandsafestserviceHigherfreightrateDesktodeskservice2/7/202414Super5.2AirTransportationAirfreightW:byweight(kg)M:bymeasurement(cm3)W/M:bythehigherofthetwo (Note:6000cm3=1kg)Calculationformula:sameastheoneforlinerfreightcalculation2/7/202415SuperIllustration2Question ConsignorAgetsoneconsignmentof10cartonsofleathershoestotransportbyair.Themeasurementofeachcartonis50x50x50cm,whilegrossweightofeachis15kg.HowmuchshouldtheconsignorpaytothecarrieriftheairfreightrateisUSD1.3/kg?Solution50x50x50cm=125000cm36000cm3=1kg→125000cm3=20.83kg20.83kg>15kgFreight=USD1.3x20.83x10=USD270.792/7/202416Super5.3TransportationDocumentsBillofLading,B/L

海运提单ConsignmentNote(forRailandRoad)

铁路、公路提单AirWaybill航空运单ParcelPostReceipt邮包收据2/7/202417Super5.3.1BillofLadingFeaturesReceiptofthegoodsEvidenceofthecontractofcarriagebytheshippingcompanytocarrythegoodsAdocumentoftitle权益tothegoodsContents(SeeSpecimen5.1-5.2)Ontheface:informationaboutcontractedparties,fullparticularsofthecargo,termsofcarriagecontract,etcOntheback:generaltermsandconditionsofthecontractofcarriage.2/7/202418SuperTypesofbillofladingShippedB/LandReceivedforShipmentB/LShipped(onboard)B/L 装运提单IssuedbytheshippingcompanyAftergoodsshippedonboardthedesignatedvesselIndicatingdateofshipmentandnameofthevesselForconsigneetoreceivethecargoatthedestination“ShippedBill”preprintedor“goodsshippedonboardvessel”writtenandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/L2/7/202419SuperTypesofbillofladingReceived(forshipment)B/L备运提单GoodsbeingreceivedbutnotyetloadedConfirmationofgoodshandedovertoshipownerAbsenceofdateofshipmentandnameofthevessel→difficulttoanticipatedateofarrival,hencenotfavorablebybuyerWaysofbecomingShippedB/LExchangeforaShippedB/LaftergoodsshippedonboardthevesselWordingsuchas“GoodsshippedonboardS/SRedStaronMay10,2008”addedandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/L2/7/202420SuperTypesofbillofladingCleanB/LandUncleanB/LCleanB/L清洁提单ReferringtoonewhichdoesnotdeclareadefectiveconditionoftheexteriorpackingofgoodsProofthatgoodshavebeen“shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition”or“cleanonboard”orthelikeFavoredbybuyersandbanksforfinancialsettlementUnclean/dirty/foulB/L不洁/瑕疵提单Markedas“unclean”,“foul”etc.eg.2casesmissing,3cartonswet,1casebroken,casesinadequatelypackedUsuallyunacceptabletobuyersandbanks2/7/202421SuperTypesofbillofladingStraightB/L,OrderB/LandBearerB/LStraightB/L 记名提单MadeouttoadesignatedconsigneeOnlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtothecargoNottransferableBearerB/L(OpenorBlankB/L)不记名提单NonameofadefiniteconsigneeTheconsigneeboxleftblankoropen,orbearingthewording“Tobearer”(至持有人)CanbetransferredwithoutendorsementHighrisk→unfavorableininternationaltrade2/7/202422SuperTypesofbillofladingOrderB/L指示提单MadeouttotheorderofanamedpersonNodefiniteconsignee,“Toorder”“Toorderoftheshipper”or“Toorderoftheconsignee”insteadNegotiableandtransferable，butneedendorsementSpecialendorsement:signatureoftheendorserandnameoftheendorseeBlankendorsement:signatureoftheendorserbutnonameoftheendorsee“Toorder”withblankendorsementindicatingfurthertransferoftheB/LWidelyusedininternationaltrade2/7/202423SuperTypesofbillofladingDirectB/LandTransshipmentB/LDirectB/L 直运提单

portofshipment→portofdestinationPreferredbythebuyerTransshipmentB/L 转船提单portofshipment→intermediateport→portofdestinationInvolvingadditionalcharges,longertimeandhigherrisksintransit,thereforeunfavorabletothebuyerAcceptableonlywhenthereisnodirectservice2/7/202424SuperTypesofbillofladingOriginalB/LandCopyB/LOriginalB/LValidonlyafterbeingsingedbytheshippingcompanyoritsagentShowing“Original”andthenumberofthesignedoriginalsNormallymadeoutinasetofthreeoriginalsAnevidenceshowingtheownershipofgoodsPresentedfortakingthedeliveryofthegoodsatdestination,oneisused,theothersbecomesvoidautomaticallyCopyB/LBearing“Copy”“Duplicate”or“Non-negotiable”NormallyonlyusedforreferenceorforrecordsNote:B/Lisnotindependentofeachother.Areceivedforshipmentbillmayalsobeastraightandcleanbill.eg.Cleanshippeddirectbillofladingmadeouttoorderwithablankendorsement(mostcommoninpractice)2/7/202425Super5.4ShipmentClauseinthesalescontractContentoftheshipmentclauseTimeofdeliveryortimeofshipmentport(place)andport(place)ofdestinationPartialshipmentsandtransshipmentLaydays装卸时间,demurrage滞期anddispatch速遣StipulationAgreeduponbyboththesellerandbuyerShouldbeclearandspecific2/7/202426Super5.4.2PortofShipment&DestinationHowtodefinePortofshipment–theportwheregoodsareshippedanddepartUsuallydecidedbysellerPortofdestination–theportatwhichgoodsaredischargedUsuallydecidedbybuyer,confirmedbysellerWaysofstipulationOneport: eg.Portofshipment:NewYork,USATwoportsormore eg.Portofdestination:London/LiverpoolOptionalports(forportofdestinationonlyandincasewhenthebuyercannotdecidetheportofdestinationatthetimeofcontracting)

eg.Portofdestination:Liverpool,optionalHamburg/London2/7/202427Super5.4.2PortofShipment&DestinationIssuestobeconcernedShipmentportclosetotheoriginofthegoodsTakingintoconsiderationportfacilities,regulations,specifictransportationconditions,chargesandpossiblesanctionsWordingtobespecific:avoiding“Chinaport”,“Europeanmainport”etc.Consideringpossibilityofsamenamefordifferentports(Victoria,Portland,Birmingham,etc.):eg.Victoria,UK.2/7/202428Super5.4.3.PartialShipment&TransshipmentPartialshipmentgoodsunderonecontractbeshippedinmorethanonelotReasons:lackofmeansofconveyanceorshippingspaceavailabilityLimitationofloadingandunloadingfacilitiesRestrictionofmarketcapacityorproductionabilityAccordingtoUCP600,Article31“Transportdocuments,whichappearontheirfacetoindicatethatshipmenthasbeenmadeonthesameme