高考英语语法三大从句及非谓语动词总结学案

动词不定式不定式的形式动词不定式主动被动发生时间一般式todotobedone与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，或发生于谓语动作之后完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作进行式tobedoing表示正在进行的动作，与谓语动作同时发生完成进行式tohavebeendoing表示在谓语动作之前一直进行的动作否定式不定式前加not或never1.Myintentionwastoteachhimalesson.2.Qinshihuangwantedhisachievements______________(remember)forever.秦始皇想让他的功绩被永远铭记。3.Whentheteachercamein,Tompretendedtobeworkingonamathsproblem.4.Heissaidtohavekilledfiveinnocentpeopleandthepoliceissearchingforhim.5.It

is

a

good

thing

for

him

to

have

been

criticized.

6.Ms.Chentoldme______todoitagain.陈老师告诉我，不要再那样做了。动词不定式短语是个整体及物动词（或动词短语）的不定式有自己的宾语2.不定式能被副词等修饰1.Itisdifficulttoknowwhatthefutureholds.2.Tofinishthetasksuccessfully,weneedtoworktogether.句法功能1.____________Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.2.____________Ihopetoseeyouagain.3.____________Thenextstepistomakeanoutlineofwhatyouarerequiredtowrite.4.____________NeilArmstrongwasthefirstmantolandonthemoon.5.____________Theorganizationwasfoundedtoraisemoneyforthehomeless.6.____________Theytaughtchimpanzeestomunicatewithhumans.不定式作主语1.不定式作主语，谓语动词用________形式Tocatchupwithhimisimpossible.Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell________(take)timeandgreatefforts.2.it作___________,把真正的主语_______________置于句末Tolookaftermypetsproperlytakesalotoftime._______________________________________.（用it作形式主语）It’sagoodideatosendhimabroadtogethighereducation.Itwasstupidofyoutodoeverythingshesaid.完全按照她说的做，你真笨。形容词修饰of后的人It’snecessaryforustowearmaskswhengoingout.出门戴口罩，对我们来说是必要的。形容词修饰不定式所讲的事情如何判断主语位置的it是不是形主？=1\*GB2⑴句尾有真主，一般为不定式，也可能是主语从句或doing（极少句型中）=2\*GB2⑵把真主放到it的位置上翻译，句意合理通顺Itisamazingtoseesomanypeoplebenefitedfromtheprogram.Itishumanactivitythathascausedglobalwarming.LarryBelmontworkedforapanythatmaderobots.Recentlyithadbegunexperimentingwithahouseholdrobot.(experimentwith…试用)不定式作宾语1.跟不定式作宾语常见的动词：afford负担得起aim目的是choose选择agree同意try努力，试图claim声称appear似乎ask要求prepare准备seem似乎attempt试图decide决定demand要求fail未能，不能help帮助determine决定expect期待hesitate犹豫hope希望offer主动提出plan计划learn学习manage设法做到long渴望pretend假装threaten威胁volunteer主动promise承诺tend倾向于want想要prove证明refuse拒绝wish希望Ifyouhaveanyquestions,don’thesitatetoask.Hepromisedtogoshoppingwithme,buthehasn’tturnedupyet.Hefailedtokeephisword.疑问词+不定式作宾语decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tell等动词后Mr.Goldenshowedushowtocarryouttheexperiment.Thenwediditbyourselves.Theyareconsidering_______togoforthevacation.他们正在考虑去哪里度假。it作__________,把真正的宾语（动词不定式）置于句末feel,think,find,consider,believe,make,keep+it+宾补+真正的宾语（不定式）Ifind_____hardtomunicatewithforeignerseventhoughIhavelearnedEnglishformanyyears.IguessIjustneedtopracticemore.Idon’tthinkiteasytoraiseachild.对比：Idon’tthinkitiseasytoraiseachild.不定式作表语表示具体的某一次或将来动作Yourjobistocleanthewindows.Myjobistakingcareoftheelderlyinthenursinghome.（经常性，习惯性的动作）Themostimportantthingatthemomentistosavehislife.如果在主语中（通常在主语从句中或修饰主语的定语从句中）有实义动词do时，作表语的动词不定式省略do。Allyouhavetodoispressthestartbutton.（前有do，后无to）不定式作定语1.后置Ihavealottosay,butIjusthavenoideawheretostart.Changingourspendinghabitsmaybeagoodwaytoreducetheamountofrubbish.作定语的不定式与所修饰的名词之间往往存在着逻辑上的关系，如果被修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语，构成主谓关系；被修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑宾语，构成动宾关系，且如果这个不定式是不及物动词，它后面应带有必要的介词Themeetingtotakeplacetomorrowisgoingtodiscusssomeissuesofeducation.Wearetryingtomaketheworldabetterplacetolivein.Theyhavemanytoystoplaywith.当不定式动作与所修饰名词是被动关系(动宾关系)，句中没有不定式的逻辑主语时，用不定式被动式Theconferencetobeheldtomorrowwillbeasuccess.在主语+be+adj.+不定式句型中，不定式与主语是动宾关系，不定式用主动形式表被动意义，常用的形容词有：easy,hard,difficult,good,fortable,pleasant,nice,...Thisproblemishardtosolve.

I

like

getting

up

very

early

in

summer.

Themorningairispleasantobreathe.5.名词前有序数词，形容词最高级，或thelast,thenext,theonly等修饰时，用不定式作后置定语NeilArmstrongwasthefirstmantolandonthemoon.Thelastpersontoleavethebuildingshouldmakesurethelightsareoff.SheistheonlyChinesewomantobeawardedwithaNobelPrize.6.有些抽象名词后常跟不定式作定语:time,way,right,chance,reason,effort,opportunity,attempt,ability,need,plan,determination,decision,ambition,courage,...

Idon’thavetimetotakeregularlyexercise.Myattemptstoloseweightwereallfailures.IwishIlivedintheTangDynasty.

Thankyouforgivingmethechancetodeliverthespeech.It’sreallyagreathonour.

不定式作状语表目的，不定式前可加inorderto,soas(注意：soasto不能放句首）WithFather’sDayaroundthecorner,Ihavetakensomemoneyoutofthebank_________(buy)apresentformyDad._________(make)

this

cake,

you'll

need

2

eggs,

175

g

sugar

and

175

g

flour._________(admit)intoafirstclassuniversity,yourEnglishmustbegoodenough.表结果常在so/such...astodo,enough...todo,onlytodo,too...todo等结构中表示结果Youare______afoolastothinkthatheissomeoneyoucandependon.Youare______stupidastothinkthatheissomeonetodependon.Wehaveenoughevidencetochargehim.Whatcanbedoneistoolimitedtomakeadifference.

The

news

reporter

hurried

to

the

airport,

only

________(find)the

film

star

had

left.

He

hurried

to

the

booking

office

only_______

(tell)that

all

the

tickets

had

been

sold

out.表原因，往往用在表示情感态度的形容词之后Iamgladtohearfromyou.HestarteduploadinghiscontenttoYouTube,andwasamazedtoseethevideosgotthousandsofviews.表条件Toturntotheleft,youcouldfindtheamusementpark.Ifyouturntotheleft,youcouldfindtheamusementpark.不定式作补语后跟不定式作宾补的常见动词advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect_________,forbid________,force_______,get,invite,order,persuade,prefer,require,teach,tell,want,warn,remind,waitfor,callon___________,dependon,...Teachersandparentsencourageustofacedifficultiesbravely._____________________________________________________________.（被动语态）Itriedtopersuadehimtogiveupsmoking,butinvain.使役动词,make,let,have以及感官动词feel,listento,hear,lookat,see,watch,notice,observe,spot+O+OC,作宾补的不定式与宾语是________关系，不定式不带toThebossmakesusworkovertimeeveryday.Isawamantakemoneyfromalady’shandbag.Wearemadetoworkovertimeeveryday.Themanwasseentotakemoneyfromalady’shandbag.不定式作主语补足语S+be+said/believed/known/reported/thought/besupposed+todo/tohavedoneHeissaidtospeakfivelanguages.Heissaidtohavegoneabroad.独立成分有些固定短语是不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分tobehonest/frank,totellyouthetruth,tomakethings/mattersworse,toconclude,tobeginwith,tomakealongstoryshort,toputitanotherway,tobeexact...Tomakethingsworse,Iforgottomakecopiesofmypassport.Tobehonest,thisisabadidea.非谓语动词用法总结不定式：不定式：todo动名词过去分词：动名词过去分词：done现在分词doing现在分词doingdoingdoingbeingbeingdone动名词doingdoingdoingbeingbeingdone现在分词havingdonehavingdonehavingbeendonehavingbeendone表语：形容词化，表示主语的状态，ed表语：形容词化，表示主语的状态，ed结尾的形容词定语：与被修饰词是被动（动宾）关系，动作完成定语：与被修饰词是被动（动宾）关系，动作完成宾补：与宾语是被动（动宾）关系状语：与句子主语是被动（动宾）关系过去分词：done宾补：与宾语是被动（动宾）关系状语：与句子主语是被动（动宾）关系主语主语doing表doing表主动含义动词后（哪些动词）介词后宾语beingdone表被动含义介词后宾语beingdone表被动含义定语：doing定语：doing，单个，表示被修饰词的用途表语表语：形容词化，表示主语的性质，ing表语：形容词化，表示主语的性质，ing结尾的形容词doing与被修饰词doing与被修饰词是主动（主谓）关系beingdone与beingdone与被修饰词是被动关系，表示正在定语ddoing与句子主语是主动（主谓）关系beingdone与句子主语是被动关系，表示正在状语beingdone与句子主语是被动关系，表示正在状语hhavingdone与句子主语是主动关系，先于谓语动作hhavingbeendone与主语是被动关系，先于谓语动作doing与宾语是主动关系宾补doing与宾语是主动关系宾补beingdonebeingdone与宾语是被动关系，表示正在在从句中作状语，因此从句结构完整在从句中作状语，因此从句结构完整先行词先行词是表示时间的名词:when先行词是表示地点的名词，注意抽象地点名词先行词是表示地点的名词，注意抽象地点名词:where先行词先行词是reason:why主语：常用主语：常用it作形式主语宾语：哪些动词后，形式宾语句型宾语：哪些动词后，形式宾语句型表语：表示具体某一次动作，将要去做表语：表示具体某一次动作，将要去做定语：将要，某些名词后，名词前有形容词最高级，序数词，定语：将要，某些名词后，名词前有形容词最高级，序数词，theonly/thenext/thelast等修饰不定式宾补：allow宾补：allowsbtodo,使役/感官/with+宾+宾补状语：目的状语，结果状语（出乎意料的结果），原因状语（表示心理状态的形容词后）不定式作主语补足语S+be+said/believed/known/reported/thought/besupposed+todo/tohavedoneHeissaidtospeakfivelanguages.Heissaidtohavegoneabroad.remembertodosth记得去做某事（todo动作发生于remember之后）rememberdoingsth记得做过某事（doing动作发生于remember之前）rememberhavingdonesth记得做过某事（doing动作发生于remember之前,且强调动作发生在过去，已完成）不定式作状语表原因，往往用在表示情感态度的形容词之后Iamgladtohearfromyou.HestarteduploadinghiscontenttoYouTube,andwasamazedtoseethevideosgotthousandsofviews.botherv.=1\*GB3①(常用于否定句或疑问句中)花费时间精力做某事Shegotmarriedandshedidn’tevenbothertocallme.=2\*GB3②使不安/烦恼，给某人造成烦恼/痛苦等Hisleavingdoesn’tbothermeatall.Itbothershimthathiswifemakemoremoneythanhedoes.=3\*GB3③打扰，烦扰（interrupt）I’msorrytobotheryou,butisthisyourwallet?在从句中在从句中作主/宾/表/定，因此从句缺主/宾/表/定先行词先行词是人，在从句中作主语:that,who先行词是人，在从句中作先行词是人，在从句中作宾语：that,who,whom先行词是先行词是物，在从句中作主语/宾语：that,which先行词是人或物，在从句中作定语，译为“…的”：whose在从句中作状语，因此从句结构完整在从句中作状语，因此从句结构完整先行词先行词是表示时间的名词:when先行词是表示地点的名词，注意抽象地点名词先行词是表示地点的名词，注意抽象地点名词:where先行词先行词是reason:whystage（时期，阶段），point（时刻，阶段），case（具体情况，案例）,activity,atmosphere（氛围）,position（处境，状况）,condition（状态，状况）,situation（情况，状况）介词+which/whom引导定语从句相信某人：believeinsb依赖，依靠：dependon熟悉：befamiliarwithHeistheperson_______________youcanbelieve.Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskill_______________schooleducationdepends.Theoldvillage________________shewasfamiliarchangedalot.非限制性定语从句，用逗号跟句子隔开，不能用that引导which可以指代先行词，还可以指代主句整个或部分内容as引导的定语从句用在某些固定结构中，as指代主句整个内容，通常放句首：asisknowntoall,asweallknow,asisreported,asisshowninthepicture,asisoftenthecase,asweexpected,asismentionedabove等名词、数词、代词+of+关系代词（which/whom）引导定语从句Theschoolhasoneclassroom,theroofofwhichismadeupofgrass.Thereare60studentsinourclass,60%ofwhomarenatives.3.Chemistryisnotusefulforthesestudents,mostof______willgobacktothevillages_______theywereborn.4.Thetwothings___________theyfeltproudwereJim’sgoldwatchandDella’shair.5.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,_______hecouldseewhatwashappeninginsidethehouse.定语从句关系词的判断方法：1.确定先行词2.确定从句成分3.选择关系词（关代，关副，介词+which/whom,名/数/代+which/whom）状语从句：九种状语从句状语从句：九种状语从句定语从句定语从句：名词后（先行词和定从被分开，which指代主句整个内容）句首（谓语前）句首（谓语前）it作形主it作形主主语从句及物动词后从句及物动词后介词后名词性从句宾语从句介词后名词性从句宾语从句：表语从句表语从句：系动词后同位语从句同位语从句：抽象名词后，that在从句中不作成分名词性从句的连接词：连接词that，无意义，在从句中不作成分连接词if/whether,意为“是否”，在从句中不作成分连接代词what,who,which,whom,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever。what译为“什么，东西，事情”，其他词在句中就是自身意思连接代词在从句中作主，宾，表，定连接副词where,when,why,how,how+adj./adv.,wherever,whenever,however引导词意义在从句中成分连接词that无不作成分连接词if/whether是否不作成分连接代词：what,who,which,whom,whatever,whoever,whomever,whicheverwhat译为“什么，东西，事情”主，宾，表，定其他：自身意思连接副词where,when,why,how,how+adj./adv.,wherever,whenever,however自身意思表，状because和why引导表语从句定语从句翻译练习：我经常参加一些活动，在