期末复习专项-语法总结讲义-高中英语人教版

2023人教版（2019）英语必修一语法总结现在进行时表将来现在进行时表将来位移动词的现在进行时表将来●位移动词如：arrive/e/get(to)/leave/start/take等；【例句】We’releavingforHarbintomorrow.非位移动词的现在将来时表将来非位移动词如：do/buy/meet/have/play等；【例句】I’mflyingtoHarbinnextmonth.表示将来的现在进行时有时含有“决心”的意思，多用于否定结构；【例句】I’mnotwaitingforhimanymore.现在进行时表将来，有时还可表示命令/拒绝；【例句】You’renotplayingbasketballhere.一般将来时的多种表达一般将来时的多种表达will/shall结构，表示单纯的将来/临时要做某事；will用于各种人称，shall用于第一人称；【例句】Wewilltellhimifweseehimtomorrow.Shallwegotothepark?begoingto指现在的打算/意图，表示计划和安排；也表示有迹象表明最近的将来要发生的事；【例句】IamgoingtoHarbintomorrow.It’sgoingtosnowtomorrow.betodo表示按预定计划/安排要发生的事情，也可表示“注定”“可能性”“义务”等；【例句】Thesportsmeetingistotakeplacenextweek.beabouttodo…“刚要做……，正要做……”，表示非常近的将来要做的事情；不能与时间副词连用；【例句】HeisabouttoleaveforHarbintoseehisfriend.一般将来时表将来go/e/leave/start/begin等，表示按照规定要发生的未来的动作；【例句】Ourschoolstartsateighto’clock.用于时间状语从句（when/until…），条件状语从句（if/unless…）等，代替will表示一般将来时；【例句】IwillcallyouassoonasIarrivetoShanghai.3.一般将来时几种表达的区别（1）begoingtodo和will/shalldo：表示意图，有时可互换；begoingtodo强调事先考虑/决定的事；willdo表示临时的打算/决定；用于条件句，begoingtodo表示将来，willdo表意愿。（2）begoingtodo和betodo：=1\*GB3①表将来计划，但begoingtodo还表示不受主观控制将要发生的事；=2\*GB3②begoingtodo侧重说话人个人的意图/打算；betodo侧重受别人指示/安排要做事。（3）do/does,bedoing和begoingtodo：do/does表示根据时间表排定的事；begoingtodo表示意图/打算；bedoing表示近期个人具体的安排。【例句】Myfriend’splanearrivesat10am.I’mleavingforHarbintomorrow.We’regoingtohaveasportsmeetingnextweek.附加疑问句附加疑问句（反义疑问句）●附加疑问句=反义疑问句：对陈述部分事实提出相反的疑问，用逗号和陈述部分隔开。表示提问者有一定的主见，但没有把握，需要对方证实。【构成】①肯定的陈述部分+否定的附加疑问部分（前肯后否）e.g.It’safineday,isn’tit?②否定的陈述部分+肯定的附加疑问部分（前否后肯）e.g.Itisn’tcoldtoday,isit?【注意】★附加疑问句的后半部分必须在人称，数和时态上和前面陈述部分保持一致；★当前一部分的主语为名词，后一部分的主语用相应的人称代词形式；★附加疑问部分，否定式须用缩写形式。附加疑问句的回答：若事实是肯定的，就用yes答；若事实是否定的，用no答；e.g.Sheisateacher,isn’tshe?Yes,sheis.Sheisn’tastudent,isshe?Yes,sheis.●附加疑问句动词的选择①陈述部分有be动词/情态动词/实义动词（前肯后否，前否后肯，时态对应）bebe动词：am/is/are/was/were助动词：do/does/did/have/has/had情态动词：can/could/may/might/must/will/would/shall/should…e.g.Iamastudent,aren’tI?Hecanrunfast,canhe?Shelikesdancing,doesn’tshe?Shehaslunchathome,doesn’tshe?{此处has为实义动词，用助动词}Theyhavefinishedthework,haven’tthey?{此处have为助动词，后用have}●附加疑问句的特殊情况1.陈述部分有must:①must在肯定陈述部分，表示“必须”，疑问部分用mustn’t;e.g.YoumustworkhardtoimproveyouroralEnglish,mustn’tyou?②陈述部分为mustn’t,疑问部分用must/may;e.g.Youmustn’tthrowtherubbishontheground,must/mayyou?③陈述部分表示肯定推测，疑问部分根据实际确定谓语/仍用must；e.g.Youmummustbehappy,isn’tshe?Youmusthavefinishedyourhomeworkyesterday,didn’tyou?Shemusthavebeenmarried,hasn’tshe?2.陈述部分是oughtto，疑问部分用shouldn’t/oughtn’t;e.g.Yououghttoknowwhattodo,shouldn’t/oughtn’tyou?3.陈述部分hadbetter,疑问部分hadn’t;e.g.Youhadbettergetupearly,hadn’tyou?4.陈述部分wish，疑问部分用may；e.g.Iwishtostayhereforalongtime,mayI?5.陈述部分有否定含义的词，疑问部分用肯定；sseldom/hardly/never/rarely/few/little/nowhere/nothing/none/nobody/neither/no…e.g.Fewpeopleknewhim,didthey?Heseldomgoestothepark,doeshe?Hecanhardlyplayfootball,canhe?6.陈述部分neither…nor/either…or，谓语动词根据实际情况；e.g.Neitherheorsheisteacher,arethey?Eitheryouorsheiswrong,isn’tshe?7.陈述部分是this/that；疑问部分用it；陈述部分主语是these/those,疑问部分用they；e.g.Thoseareyourbooks,aren’tthey?8.陈述部分是therebe结构，疑问部分用“be动词+there”；e.g.Thereissomewaterinthebottle,isn’tthere?9.陈述部分主语是不定代词something/nothing/anything/everything等，疑问部分用it；陈述部分主语是不定代词somebody/nobody/noone/none/everyone等。疑问部分用they，强调个体用he；e.g.SomethingiswrongwiththeTV,isn’tit?Nobodylikeshim,dothey?10.陈述部分是祈使句，疑问部分用willyou；e.g.Don’tcrosstheroad,willyou?Letusgoforawalkafterdinner,willyou?Let’sgotoschool,shallwe?(★Let’s开头祈使句，后用shallwe)11.陈述部分有从句：①定语从句，宾语从句—看主句e.g.Shesaidthatshewaslateforschool,didn’tshe?②主语是第一人称+think/believe/suppose/consider等+宾语从句—看从句e.g.Idon’tthinkthatyou’reright,areyou?12.陈述部分是感叹句：有be用be；有助用助；有情用情；实义动词请求助；e.g.Whatabeautifuldressitis,isn’t?Howhighhejumps,doesn’the?关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句●概念①定语从句：在复合句中作定语，修饰名词/代词/主句中的一部分/整个句子的从句；②先行词：被定语从句修饰的词；③关系词：引导定语从句的词；还在句子中作一定的句子成分；④关系词—关系代词：that/which/who/whom/whose/as；关系副词：when/where/why；⑤先行词在定语从句中作主语/宾语/定语等成分，在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省。●用法【关系代词】1.that★指人/物，句子作主语/宾语/表语；★限制性定语从句作宾语可省；★指人可与who/whom互换；★指物可与which互换；e.g.ThedressthatIboughtyesterdayisverybeautiful.2.which★指物；★非限制性定语从句中可代替整个句子；★作主语/宾语；e.g.ThisisthepencilwhichIboughtyesterday.3.who★指人；★作主语/宾语；★限制性定语从句作宾语可省；e.g.Thegirlwhoisdancingintheroomismyfriend.4.whose★指人/物；★作定语；★指物=ofwhich;指人=ofwhom意为“……的”；e.g.ShehasafriendwhosemotherisanEnglishteacher.5.as★引导非限制性定语从句；★主要用于“such…as…”；“as/so…as…”；“thesame…as…”等结构；★从句根据情况位于主语前/后，也可插在主句间，意为“这件事”“这一点”；★常见结构：asisknowntoall/asisoftenthecase等；e.g.SuchbooksasIboughtyesterdayareveryinteresting.6.whom★指人；★作宾语；e.g.ThewomanwhomymumistalkingtoismyEnglishteacher.【关系副词】when先行词是时间；作时间状语e.g.Iknowthedaywhenmyfriendwasborn.where先行词是地点；作地点状语；e.g.Iwanttoliveinaplacewherethereismuchsnow.why先行词是原因；作原因状语；e.g.ThatisthereasonwhyshewantstogotoHarbin.【注意】wwhich和that作主语不可省；which紧跟在介词后作宾语不可省；22.who作宾语=whom，可互换；但介词后只+whom，介词后whom不可省；33.whose=the+n.+ofwhom/which或ofwhom/which…be+n.●用that不用which情况1.先行词为all/anything/nothing/little/much/none/everything等代词；e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?2.先行词前有theonly/thevery/thelast等修饰；e.g.ThisistheonlypenthatIcanfind.3.先行词为adj.最高级/序数词；或有adj.最高级/序数词修饰；e.g.ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.先行词既表示人又表示物；e.g.Weoftentalkaboutthepeopleandthingsthatweremember.主语是who/what/which开头的问句；e.g.Whoistheboythatyoulikemost?6.定语从句又包含一个定语从句，其中一个已用which时，另一个用that；e.g.Theybuiltahouse,whichhasgotagardenthatwehaveneverseenbefore.●用which不用that情况（口诀：介词后/逗号后不用that））1.引导非限制性定语从句；e.g.Thisisafamousbook,whichwaswrittenbyCaoXueqin.2.从句中介词提前，构成“介词+关系代词”结构；e.g.Thisisthehouseinwhichweusedtolive.3.that/those作主语；e.g.ThosewhowanttogotoHarbinehereplease.●用who不用that情况1.先行词为people/those；e.g.Thepeoplewhowantstoseeyouisourboss.2.先行词为one/ones/anyone/everyone/none/all（指人）；e.g.Anyonewhoagainstusisourenemy.3.先行词指人，关系代词在句子作主语时；e.g.Thegirlwhocametomyhouseyesterdayismysister.一一．关系副词引导的定语从句●关系副词：when/where/why●用法1.when（=介词+which），作时间状语，先行词是时间名词；e.g.Iamlookingforthedaywhenmymumcansingthissongforme.Doyouknowthedaywhen(=onwhich)hewasborn.2.where（=介词+which），作地点状语，先行词是地点名词；e.g.ThisisthevillageIstayedlastweek.注意：注意：当先行词为condition/position/situation/point/case/stage等“模糊/抽象地点”名词时，用where。e.g.It’shelpfultoputstudentsinasituationwheretheycanseethemselvesinadifferentway.3.why(=for/as+which),原因状语，先行词为原因名词；e.g.Canyoutellmethereasonwhy(=forwhich)youwerelateforourdate?注意：注意：关系代词和关系副词的选择取决于关系词在句中作什么成分。作主语/宾语，用关系代词；作状语，用关系副词。二．“介词+二．“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句★该结构可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句；★先行词指物用which；指人用whom；★介词放在关系代词前关系代词不可省；基本形式介词+whom：指人e.g.Thepersontowhomyoushouldcallisyourmum.介词+which：指物e.g.ThisistheinwhichImetherlastnight.介词+whose+名词(所属关系)e.g.Linda,withwhosehelp,IpassedtheEnglishexam,ismyfavoriteteacher.名词/不定代词/数词/比较级/最高级+of+which/whom（整体与部分关系）e.g.Chinahasmanyrivers,thelongestofwhichistheYangtzeRiver.the+名词+of+关系代词=whose+名词（所属关系）e.g.Weliveinabighouse,thewindowofwhich(=whosewindow)isverysmall.介词的确定（口诀：一先二动三形四意义）（1）根据从句中谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配e.g.ThisisthepenonwhichIspent10yuan.(spend…