《英语方位介词》课件

Englishlocativeprepositions目录OverviewofLocalPositionsComparisonofOverandAboveUsageComparisonofUnderandBelowUsage目录ComparisonofOnandOntoUsageSpecialusageofToasalocalpositionSummaryandPractice01OverviewofLocalPositionsLocalpositionscanexpressawiderangeofspatialrelationships,suchasposition,direction,distance,andlocationLocalpositionsarewordsthatexpressspatialrelationshipsbetweenanounorpronoun(theobject)andanotherwordinthepresence(thereference)Theyareusedtoindicatethepositionofoneobjectrelativetoanother,eitherinaphysicalorabstractsenseDefinitionandFunction

CommonlocalpositionsAtUsedtoindicateaspecificpointorlocationForexample,"Sheisstandingatthedoor."InUsedtoindicateapositionwithinalargerspaceorenclosureForexample,"Heissittinginthecar."OnUsedtoindicateapositiononthesurfaceofsomethingForexample,"Thebookisonthetable."NearUsedtoindicateapositionthatisnotfarfromsomethingelseForexample,"Theparkisnearmyhouse."ByUsedtoindicateproximityorpresencetosomethingForexample,"Theschoolisbytheriver."SideUsedtoindicateapositionnexttosomethingForexample,"Shesatbesidehimonthebench."CommonlocalpositionsBehindUsedtoindicateapositionthatisatthebackofsomethingForexample,"ThecatisbehindtheSofa."InfrontofUsedtoindicateapositionthatisinfrontofsomethingForexample,"Thebuildingisinfrontofthepostoffice."AboveandbelowUsedtoindicatepositionsthatarehigherorlowerthananythingelse,objectivelyForexample,"Theplaneflyabovetheclouds."and"Thekeyisbelowthedoormat."Commonlocalpositions02ComparisonofOverandAboveUsageNottingPosition"Over"isusedtoindicateapositionthatisaboveandacrossfromsomethingelse,bothimplyingcoverageorbeinginaverticalpositionhigherthananotherobjectForexample,"Thepaintingishungoverthefireplace."IndicatingMovement"Over"canalsobeusedtodescribemovementfromonesideofanobjecttotheother,suchas"climbingoverafence"or"jumpingoverapuddle."ExpressingQuantityorExcessInadditiontospatialrelationships,"over"canexpressanamountthatexceedsacertainlimitorthreshold,asin"Ihaveoverahungbooksinmylibrary"or"Shespendover$100oncrops."ThebasicmeansandusageofOver010203SpatialRelationship"Above"primaryreferstoapositionhigherthananythingelse,withoutnecessarilyimplyingdirectcontactorcoverageForinstance,"Theplaneflareabovetheclouds."HierarchicalorSuperiorPosition"Above"canalsobeusedfigurativelytoindicateahigherstatus,rank,orlevel,asin"Sheholdsapositionabovehercolleaguesinthecompanyhierarchy."ExceedingStandardsorExpectationsSimilarilyto"over,""above"canbeusedtoexpressexceedingastandardorexpectation,suchas"Hisscorewasaboveaveragefortheclass."ThebasicmeansandusageofAboveDifferencesandanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenthetwoPhysicalContactvs.SpatialSeparation:Thekeydifferencebetween"over"and"above"liesintheannotationofphysicalcontactWhile"over"oftenimpliesbeingdirectlyontopoforcoveringsomething,"above"merelyindicatorsahigherpositionwithoutnecessarytouchingtheobjectbelowMovementvs.StaticPosition:Anotherdistinctionisthat"over"ismorecommonlyusedtodescribemovementacrossanobjectorfromonesidetoanother,where"above"typicallyreferstoastaticpositionintheverticalplaneBothpositionscanbeusedliterallytodescribespatialrelationshipsorfigurativelytoexpressabstractconceptslikeexceptionalstandardsorhierarchicalpositionsHowever,"over"tenstobemoreversatileinitsnumericaluses,encompassingbothquantityandexcess,where"above"ismorerestrictedtohierarchicalorsuperiorpositions03ComparisonofUnderandBelowUsagePositionBelowSomethingelse:"Under"isusedtoindicateapositionthatisbeloworbelowsomethingelse,typicallyinaverticalrelationshipForexample,"Thecatisunderthetable.""Under"cansuggestarelationshipofcoordinationorsubject,asin"Heworksunderthesupervisionofhismanager."CoveredorConcealedPosition:ItcanalsorefertosomethingthatiscoveredorConcealedbysomethingelseForinstance,"Thekeyisunderthemat."ThebasicmeansandusageofUnderPositionataLowerLevel01"Below"primaryreferstoapositionthatisatalowerlevelthansomethingelse,bothphysicallyorfigurativelyForexample,"Thetemperatureisbelowzero."InWritingandFormalContext02ItisoftenusedinwritingandformalcontextstoindicateapositionthatislowerinahierarchyororderForinstance,"Thefollowinginformationisprovidedbelow."ComparisonandContrast03"Below"canbeusedtocompareandcontrastitems,asin"Theperformanceofthestudentwasbelowaverage."BasicmeansandusageofBelow"Under"tenstobeusedmoreinaphysicalsense,referringtoactualpositions,while"below"canbeusedinbothphysicalandfiguresenses"Below"isoftenperceivedasmoreformalandisfrequentlyusedinwrittenlanguageandformalcontexts,where"under"iscommoninbothformalandinformationcontexts"Under"impliesacloserelationshiporcontactwiththeobjectitisunder,while"below"suggestionsamoregeneralpositionatalowerlevelwithoutnecessaryimplyingcontactPhysicalvs.FigureSenseFormalityandContextRelationshiptoSurroundingObjectsDifferencesandanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenthetwo04ComparisonofOnandOntoUsage"On"isapositionthatindicatesapositionofsomethingonthesurfaceofanotherthing,orastateofbeingincontactwiththesurfaceExamplesThebookisonthetable(positiononasurface)Sheputthecuponthesaucer(positionofoneobjectonanother)Thereisastayonmyshirt(Indicatingamarkorsubsectiononasurface)0102030405OnBasicMeansandUsageMeans:"Onto"isapropositionthatindicatesmovementordirectiontowardsthesurfaceofsomething,bothwiththeideaofcomingtorestonthatsurfaceExamplesHejumpedontothehorse(Movementrewardsandontoasurface)Shepooledthewaterontotheflowers(directionofliquidontoasurface)Thecatledontothewindowsill(Movementrewardsandcomingtorestonasurface)0102030405ThebasicmeansandusageofOntoDifferenceinMeans"On"indicatesastaticpositionorstateofbeingonasurface,while"onto"impliesmovementordirectiondirectionsandcomingtorestonasurfaceUsage"On"isusedmoregenerallytodescribethepositionofsomethingonasurface,withoutnecessarilyimplyingmovement"Onto,"ontheotherhand,isusedtoemphasizetheactionofmovingrewardsandontoasurfaceDifferencesandanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenthetwoExamplestoIllustratetheDifferenceCorrect:Thecatisonthemat.(staticposition)DifferencesandanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenthetwoCorrectThecatjumpedontothemat.(movementontoasurface)CorrectThecatjumpedonthemat.(Thisusageimpliesmovementbutnotnecessarilycomingtorestonthesurface)CorrectThecatisontothematDifferencesandanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenthetwo05SpecialusageofToasalocalpositionWhenusedtoindicatethatsomethingisfacingororientedtowardsaspecificdirectionorlocation,"to"canbeusedtoexpressthisspatialrelationshipForexample,"Thehousefacestothenorth"meansthatthefrontofthehouseisorientedtowardsthenorthInsomecases,"to"canalsobeusedtoindicatethatsomethingisfixingordirectedtowardsapersonorthingForinstance,"Sheturnedtohimwithasmile"suggestionsthatsherotatedherbodytofacehimwhilesmilingIndications"fixing"or"fixing""To"canbeusedtoindicatethattwoobjectsareincontactwitheachotherorareincloseproximityForexample,"Thebookisonthetablenexttothelamp"suggeststhatthebookisincontactwithorveryclosetothelamponthetableInsomeinstances,"to"canalsoreceiveasenseofattachmentorconnectionbetweentwoentitiesForinstance,"Thekeyisattachedtothekeyring"impliesthatthekeyisconnectedtothekeyring,eitherphysicallyorconceptuallyIndicators"contact"or"closeproximity"Whenusedtoindicatearrivalataspecificlocation,"to"canexpresstheideaofmovementrewardsandultimatereachingthatlocationForexample,"Wearegoingtothepark"suggestionsthatwearemovinginthedirectionoftheparkwiththeintentionofattackingthere"To"canalsobeusedtoindicateadirectionorpathtowardsaspecificplaceForinstance,"Theroadleadstothecitycenter"meansthattheroadguidesyouareinthedirectionofthecitycenterIndications"arrival"or"direction"06SummaryandPracticeAt,in,on:Thesepositionsareusedtoindicatelocationinrelationtoapoint,anenclo